Educationists, linguists and other stakeholders are concerned about the effectivity of the level of teaching regarding Afrikaans Additional Language. Some of the teachers of Afrikaans Additional Language are not qualified in the teaching of specifically a foreign language. There is a lot of uncertainty concerning the difference between the teaching of a home language and additional language teaching. In order to ensure learners improvement and achievement as well as future use of Afrikaans Additional Language it is necessary that the teaching of additional languages, especially Afrikaans must be given appropriate attention. The purpose if this study was to determine the selection the teachers made regarding teaching and learning approaches, methods and teaching materials, including the curriculum, textbooks and other documents, as well as to establish the perceptions of the learners regarding these approaches, methods and materials in the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language in the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District through empirical research, and to undertake a literature study to establish a teaching-learning program framework that can facilitate to the effective implementation of the National Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement in all the language skills of Afrikaans Additional Language. An interpretive research paradigm was used as foundation for this study. A literature study was undertaken to establish what such a framework should look like with specific attention to language skills. Qualitative research was undertaken through using multiple case studies where teachers and learners who were willing to take part were questioned and observed regarding the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language as well as the problems they experienced. Documents such as teaching materials and the curriculum were analysed as well. The analyses had a two-pronged focus: thematic analysis with the use of the computer software program, NVivo 8, where the data was reduced and thereafter analysed manually by the researcher. The researcher then used a comparative analysis to compare the different case studies (schools). The results of this study showed that the implementation of the curriculum was problematic for teachers, they were uncertain about the degree of difficulty of the teaching materials, and would rather stick to textbooks. The results also indicated that the teachers who did not use the communicative approach preferred to teach mainly through direct instruction. The communication in the classrooms was mainly teacher-orientated and the learners got little chance to use the language in interactive activities. The proposed teaching-learning programme framework for Afrikaans Additional Language should help teachers with the planning of their teaching as well as the implementation of the curriculum that could result in more effective Additional Language Teaching to learners. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Teaching and Learning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Educationists, linguists and other stakeholders are concerned about the effectivity of the level of teaching regarding Afrikaans Additional Language. Some of the teachers of Afrikaans Additional Language are not qualified in the teaching of specifically a foreign language. There is a lot of uncertainty concerning the difference between the teaching of a home language and additional language teaching. In order to ensure learners improvement and achievement as well as future use of Afrikaans Additional Language it is necessary that the teaching of additional languages, especially Afrikaans must be given appropriate attention. The purpose if this study was to determine the selection the teachers made regarding teaching and learning approaches, methods and teaching materials, including the curriculum, textbooks and other documents, as well as to establish the perceptions of the learners regarding these approaches, methods and materials in the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language in the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District through empirical research, and to undertake a literature study to establish a teaching-learning program framework that can facilitate to the effective implementation of the National Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement in all the language skills of Afrikaans Additional Language. An interpretive research paradigm was used as foundation for this study. A literature study was undertaken to establish what such a framework should look like with specific attention to language skills. Qualitative research was undertaken through using multiple case studies where teachers and learners who were willing to take part were questioned and observed regarding the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language as well as the problems they experienced. Documents such as teaching materials and the curriculum were analysed as well. The analyses had a two-pronged focus: thematic analysis with the use of the computer software program, NVivo 8, where the data was reduced and thereafter analysed manually by the researcher. The researcher then used a comparative analysis to compare the different case studies (schools). The results of this study showed that the implementation of the curriculum was problematic for teachers, they were uncertain about the degree of difficulty of the teaching materials, and would rather stick to textbooks. The results also indicated that the teachers who did not use the communicative approach preferred to teach mainly through direct instruction. The communication in the classrooms was mainly teacher-orientated and the learners got little chance to use the language in interactive activities. The proposed teaching-learning programme framework for Afrikaans Additional Language should help teachers with the planning of their teaching as well as the implementation of the curriculum that could result in more effective Additional Language Teaching to learners. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Teaching and Learning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Este trabalho apresenta e analisa uma unidade didática elaborada por mim para o ensino de língua inglesa na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) visando a discutir a relação entre as tarefas pedagógicas e o uso da língua inglesa pelos alunos no projeto proposto. A unidade busca colocar em prática as noções de letramento e de gêneros do discurso através de uma das propostas de projetos pedagógicos dos Referenciais Curriculares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RGS, 2009a). A fundamentação teórica que subjaz à elaboração da unidade didática apresentada está baseada nos estudos sobre letramento (SCRIBNER e COLE, 1981; STREET, 1984; HEATH, 2001; GEE, 2004; BARTON, 2007) e na noção bakhtiniana de gênero do discurso (BAKHTIN, 2003). Entende-se letramento como um conjunto de práticas organizadas social e culturalmente que envolvem na sua constituição a tecnologia da escrita, e define-se gênero do discurso como tipos relativamente estáveis de enunciados em diferentes campos de atuação humana. A unidade didática teve como objetivo ampliar a participação dos educandos em debates sobre turismo, propiciando oportunidades para que refletissem criticamente sobre a temática e para que pudessem ressignificar seus conhecimentos sobre sua própria cidade. A análise da unidade didática discute seu processo de elaboração, os critérios utilizados para o planejamento e os objetivos de cada tarefa, salientando a relação da sequência de tarefas com os objetivos gerais da unidade e com o desenvolvimento de leitura e escrita pretendido. A unidade foi desenvolvida pela professora regente com um grupo de treze alunos em um período de dezesseis aulas de noventa minutos cada. Para acompanhar o desenvolvimento da unidade pelos participantes, frequentei todas as aulas e fiz anotações em um diário de campo, observando o desenvolvimento das tarefas em aula, o que os alunos e a professora faziam, as instruções da professora, as discussões em aula das questões propostas na unidade, o tempo de duração de cada tarefa. Também os alunos e a professora foram solicitados a avaliar as tarefas elaboradas através de questionários respondidos no final de cada aula. Além desse material, no fim do semestre, os alunos entregaram seus Cadernos do Aluno e os textos produzidos. Os resultados evidenciam que o desenvolvimento da unidade didática pela turma observada promoveu a participação dos alunos e possibilitou que lessem e produzissem textos em língua inglesa, além de refletirem sobre seu próprio contexto e sua vida. Este trabalho busca contribuir para a reflexão sobre a elaboração de unidades didáticas para o ensino de línguas adicionais e sobre metodologias de ensino de inglês na escola pública e na EJA. / This paper proposes and analyzes an English as an Additional Language (EAL) teaching unit designed for Youth and Adult Education in order to discuss how pedagogical tasks relate to the students’ use of EAL in the project proposed. The design of the teaching unit aims at putting into practice the notions of literacy and speech genres by means of a pedagogical project, as proposed by the State Standards for English/Spanish Language Arts and Literacy (Referenciais Curriculares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - RGS, 2009a). The theoretical framework used in the design of the EAL teaching unit is based primarily on literacy studies that view literacy as a set of social-cultural practices involving, in their constitution, the technology of writing (SCRIBNER e COLE, 1981; STREET, 1984; HEATH, 2001; GEE, 2004; BARTON, 2007), as well as on the Bakhtinian notion of speech genre (BAKHTIN, 2003): relatively stable types of utterances used in different spheres of human activity. The EAL teaching unit aimed at fostering students’ participation in debates about tourism, offering them opportunities to reflect critically about the issue and to give new meanings to what they already knew about their own city. The analysis presented herein discusses the process of designing the unit, the criteria used for task planning and the goals of each task, relating the task sequence to the main goals of the unit and its reading and writing objectives. The unit was developed by a group of thirteen students and their regular teacher along sixteen ninety-minute classes. I attended all the classes and wrote notes in a field journal focusing on the way the tasks were developed, the students’ and the teacher’s actions in class, the instructions given by the teacher, the discussions the participants engaged in concerning the issues proposed in the unit, and how long each task lasted. Both the students and the teacher were also asked to evaluate the tasks through questionnaires answered at the end of each class and, at the end of the semester, the students’ notebooks and texts were collected. The results of this study show that the development of the EAL teaching unit by the group observed promoted the students’ participation and enabled them to read and write in English and also to reflect on their own contexts and lives. This investigation aims at contributing to the reflection on the design of additional language teaching lessons and on EAL teaching methodologies in public school and Youth and Adult Education.

Este trabalho apresenta e analisa uma unidade didática elaborada por mim para o ensino de língua inglesa na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) visando a discutir a relação entre as tarefas pedagógicas e o uso da língua inglesa pelos alunos no projeto proposto. A unidade busca colocar em prática as noções de letramento e de gêneros do discurso através de uma das propostas de projetos pedagógicos dos Referenciais Curriculares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RGS, 2009a). A fundamentação teórica que subjaz à elaboração da unidade didática apresentada está baseada nos estudos sobre letramento (SCRIBNER e COLE, 1981; STREET, 1984; HEATH, 2001; GEE, 2004; BARTON, 2007) e na noção bakhtiniana de gênero do discurso (BAKHTIN, 2003). Entende-se letramento como um conjunto de práticas organizadas social e culturalmente que envolvem na sua constituição a tecnologia da escrita, e define-se gênero do discurso como tipos relativamente estáveis de enunciados em diferentes campos de atuação humana. A unidade didática teve como objetivo ampliar a participação dos educandos em debates sobre turismo, propiciando oportunidades para que refletissem criticamente sobre a temática e para que pudessem ressignificar seus conhecimentos sobre sua própria cidade. A análise da unidade didática discute seu processo de elaboração, os critérios utilizados para o planejamento e os objetivos de cada tarefa, salientando a relação da sequência de tarefas com os objetivos gerais da unidade e com o desenvolvimento de leitura e escrita pretendido. A unidade foi desenvolvida pela professora regente com um grupo de treze alunos em um período de dezesseis aulas de noventa minutos cada. Para acompanhar o desenvolvimento da unidade pelos participantes, frequentei todas as aulas e fiz anotações em um diário de campo, observando o desenvolvimento das tarefas em aula, o que os alunos e a professora faziam, as instruções da professora, as discussões em aula das questões propostas na unidade, o tempo de duração de cada tarefa. Também os alunos e a professora foram solicitados a avaliar as tarefas elaboradas através de questionários respondidos no final de cada aula. Além desse material, no fim do semestre, os alunos entregaram seus Cadernos do Aluno e os textos produzidos. Os resultados evidenciam que o desenvolvimento da unidade didática pela turma observada promoveu a participação dos alunos e possibilitou que lessem e produzissem textos em língua inglesa, além de refletirem sobre seu próprio contexto e sua vida. Este trabalho busca contribuir para a reflexão sobre a elaboração de unidades didáticas para o ensino de línguas adicionais e sobre metodologias de ensino de inglês na escola pública e na EJA. / This paper proposes and analyzes an English as an Additional Language (EAL) teaching unit designed for Youth and Adult Education in order to discuss how pedagogical tasks relate to the students’ use of EAL in the project proposed. The design of the teaching unit aims at putting into practice the notions of literacy and speech genres by means of a pedagogical project, as proposed by the State Standards for English/Spanish Language Arts and Literacy (Referenciais Curriculares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - RGS, 2009a). The theoretical framework used in the design of the EAL teaching unit is based primarily on literacy studies that view literacy as a set of social-cultural practices involving, in their constitution, the technology of writing (SCRIBNER e COLE, 1981; STREET, 1984; HEATH, 2001; GEE, 2004; BARTON, 2007), as well as on the Bakhtinian notion of speech genre (BAKHTIN, 2003): relatively stable types of utterances used in different spheres of human activity. The EAL teaching unit aimed at fostering students’ participation in debates about tourism, offering them opportunities to reflect critically about the issue and to give new meanings to what they already knew about their own city. The analysis presented herein discusses the process of designing the unit, the criteria used for task planning and the goals of each task, relating the task sequence to the main goals of the unit and its reading and writing objectives. The unit was developed by a group of thirteen students and their regular teacher along sixteen ninety-minute classes. I attended all the classes and wrote notes in a field journal focusing on the way the tasks were developed, the students’ and the teacher’s actions in class, the instructions given by the teacher, the discussions the participants engaged in concerning the issues proposed in the unit, and how long each task lasted. Both the students and the teacher were also asked to evaluate the tasks through questionnaires answered at the end of each class and, at the end of the semester, the students’ notebooks and texts were collected. The results of this study show that the development of the EAL teaching unit by the group observed promoted the students’ participation and enabled them to read and write in English and also to reflect on their own contexts and lives. This investigation aims at contributing to the reflection on the design of additional language teaching lessons and on EAL teaching methodologies in public school and Youth and Adult Education.

Este trabalho apresenta e analisa uma unidade didática elaborada por mim para o ensino de língua inglesa na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) visando a discutir a relação entre as tarefas pedagógicas e o uso da língua inglesa pelos alunos no projeto proposto. A unidade busca colocar em prática as noções de letramento e de gêneros do discurso através de uma das propostas de projetos pedagógicos dos Referenciais Curriculares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RGS, 2009a). A fundamentação teórica que subjaz à elaboração da unidade didática apresentada está baseada nos estudos sobre letramento (SCRIBNER e COLE, 1981; STREET, 1984; HEATH, 2001; GEE, 2004; BARTON, 2007) e na noção bakhtiniana de gênero do discurso (BAKHTIN, 2003). Entende-se letramento como um conjunto de práticas organizadas social e culturalmente que envolvem na sua constituição a tecnologia da escrita, e define-se gênero do discurso como tipos relativamente estáveis de enunciados em diferentes campos de atuação humana. A unidade didática teve como objetivo ampliar a participação dos educandos em debates sobre turismo, propiciando oportunidades para que refletissem criticamente sobre a temática e para que pudessem ressignificar seus conhecimentos sobre sua própria cidade. A análise da unidade didática discute seu processo de elaboração, os critérios utilizados para o planejamento e os objetivos de cada tarefa, salientando a relação da sequência de tarefas com os objetivos gerais da unidade e com o desenvolvimento de leitura e escrita pretendido. A unidade foi desenvolvida pela professora regente com um grupo de treze alunos em um período de dezesseis aulas de noventa minutos cada. Para acompanhar o desenvolvimento da unidade pelos participantes, frequentei todas as aulas e fiz anotações em um diário de campo, observando o desenvolvimento das tarefas em aula, o que os alunos e a professora faziam, as instruções da professora, as discussões em aula das questões propostas na unidade, o tempo de duração de cada tarefa. Também os alunos e a professora foram solicitados a avaliar as tarefas elaboradas através de questionários respondidos no final de cada aula. Além desse material, no fim do semestre, os alunos entregaram seus Cadernos do Aluno e os textos produzidos. Os resultados evidenciam que o desenvolvimento da unidade didática pela turma observada promoveu a participação dos alunos e possibilitou que lessem e produzissem textos em língua inglesa, além de refletirem sobre seu próprio contexto e sua vida. Este trabalho busca contribuir para a reflexão sobre a elaboração de unidades didáticas para o ensino de línguas adicionais e sobre metodologias de ensino de inglês na escola pública e na EJA. / This paper proposes and analyzes an English as an Additional Language (EAL) teaching unit designed for Youth and Adult Education in order to discuss how pedagogical tasks relate to the students’ use of EAL in the project proposed. The design of the teaching unit aims at putting into practice the notions of literacy and speech genres by means of a pedagogical project, as proposed by the State Standards for English/Spanish Language Arts and Literacy (Referenciais Curriculares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - RGS, 2009a). The theoretical framework used in the design of the EAL teaching unit is based primarily on literacy studies that view literacy as a set of social-cultural practices involving, in their constitution, the technology of writing (SCRIBNER e COLE, 1981; STREET, 1984; HEATH, 2001; GEE, 2004; BARTON, 2007), as well as on the Bakhtinian notion of speech genre (BAKHTIN, 2003): relatively stable types of utterances used in different spheres of human activity. The EAL teaching unit aimed at fostering students’ participation in debates about tourism, offering them opportunities to reflect critically about the issue and to give new meanings to what they already knew about their own city. The analysis presented herein discusses the process of designing the unit, the criteria used for task planning and the goals of each task, relating the task sequence to the main goals of the unit and its reading and writing objectives. The unit was developed by a group of thirteen students and their regular teacher along sixteen ninety-minute classes. I attended all the classes and wrote notes in a field journal focusing on the way the tasks were developed, the students’ and the teacher’s actions in class, the instructions given by the teacher, the discussions the participants engaged in concerning the issues proposed in the unit, and how long each task lasted. Both the students and the teacher were also asked to evaluate the tasks through questionnaires answered at the end of each class and, at the end of the semester, the students’ notebooks and texts were collected. The results of this study show that the development of the EAL teaching unit by the group observed promoted the students’ participation and enabled them to read and write in English and also to reflect on their own contexts and lives. This investigation aims at contributing to the reflection on the design of additional language teaching lessons and on EAL teaching methodologies in public school and Youth and Adult Education.

South African indigenous language teaching and learning materials do not provide sufficient information to help additional language learners learn the target languages effectively. While there are institutions that are tasked with developing and sharpening the skills of students in speaking South African indigenous languages, such students hardly, if at all master the art of speaking them eloquently. Students who study these languages in order to converse proficiently with their mother-tongue speakers experience insurmountable difficulties, in spite of various efforts made by the teachers who train them to read books on their own. Passing their examinations does not mean that the students’ ability to communicate with mother-tongue speakers will improve to the extent of eliminating the prevailing misunderstanding between the two groups. The persistence of this problem reveals a discrepancy between the studies of indigenous languages in South Africa and the way of speaking them, whereby important linguistic elements that make communication more authentic are excluded in language materials. This study analyses the use and significance of CIFWs in daily interactions by investigating the two Xhosa CIFWs words wethu and bethu. The overall aim of this study is to explore the use of a corpus in the examination of CIFWs in general, and wethu and bethu in particular. Both a quantitative approach based on the Gothenburg-Unisa spoken corpus and a qualitative approach based on Allwoods’ ACA theoretical framework were used in the analysis and description of the functions and significances of wethu and bethu as communicative and interactive function words. / Linguistics / MA ((Applied Linguistics)

South African indigenous language teaching and learning materials do not provide sufficient information to help additional language learners learn the target languages effectively. While there are institutions that are tasked with developing and sharpening the skills of students in speaking South African indigenous languages, such students hardly, if at all master the art of speaking them eloquently. Students who study these languages in order to converse proficiently with their mother-tongue speakers experience insurmountable difficulties, in spite of various efforts made by the teachers who train them to read books on their own. Passing their examinations does not mean that the students’ ability to communicate with mother-tongue speakers will improve to the extent of eliminating the prevailing misunderstanding between the two groups. The persistence of this problem reveals a discrepancy between the studies of indigenous languages in South Africa and the way of speaking them, whereby important linguistic elements that make communication more authentic are excluded in language materials. This study analyses the use and significance of CIFWs in daily interactions by investigating the two Xhosa CIFWs words wethu and bethu. The overall aim of this study is to explore the use of a corpus in the examination of CIFWs in general, and wethu and bethu in particular. Both a quantitative approach based on the Gothenburg-Unisa spoken corpus and a qualitative approach based on Allwoods’ ACA theoretical framework were used in the analysis and description of the functions and significances of wethu and bethu as communicative and interactive function words. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Applied Linguistics)