This thesis concerns the formation, sintering and humidity dependent electrical behaviour of the spinel ceramic material nickel germanate, Ni(_2)Ge0(_4).Ni(_2)Ge0(_4) has been prepared via the solid state reaction between NiO and GeO(_2) over a range of temperatures, and characterised using a number of techniques. The sintering behaviour of pressed pellets of Ni(_2)Ge0(_4) has also been investigated, together with a characterisation of the microstructure of the sintered bodies. Substitutional doping of Ni(_2)GeO(_4) with Li as a replacement for Ni is found to promote a high degree of shrinkage in the sintering process, probably due to the formation of a liquid phase. XRD revealed that even when 10 % of the Ni atoms were replaced with Li, no change in the crystal structure could be detected. A C. impedance spectroscopy of Ni(_2)Ge0(_4) samples was used to investigate the humidity sensitivity of this material. Equivalent circuit analysis, based on a network of resistors and constant phase elements, shows that the humidity sensitivity is due to conduction in a surface layer of water, in agreement with the models currently popular in the Uterature. Measurement of the water adsorption isotherm of Ni(_2)Ge0(_4) in pellet form indicates that a single monolayer of water is formed at around 20 %R(_H), with an approximately linear increase in water layer thickness up to around 80 %R(_H), after which capillary condensation causes a large increase in the volume of adsorbed water. The information gained on the thickness of this layer of water has been correlated with the resistance of the layer measured by impedance spectroscopy, and subsequently used to provide evidence for a model of the humidity sensitive conduction. The conduction in the surface layer is thought to be due to dissociation of the water, where the amount of dissociation is exponentially dependent on the humidity.

Actinobactérias são microrganismos capazes de produzir compostos bioativos presentes em extratos brutos com ação antibiótica e ionófora. A hipótese deste estudo foi de que extratos brutos de actinobactérias apresentem eficácia similar à monensina sódica para modulação da fermentação ruminal; no aumento da digestibilidade da matéria seca e matéria orgânica, aumento da concentração de propionato e redução da produção de gases totais, da desaminação protéica e de metano. Portanto, o objetivo foi avaliar in vitro dois extratos brutos (AMC e Caat) sobre a fermentação ruminal (produção total de gases, de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e de metano (CH4); digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) e produção de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). O estudo foi dividido em duas fases; a primeira objetivou estabelecer a curva dose-resposta dos extratos e a segunda para avaliação com controle positivo de monensina sódica. Para ambas fases, foram utilizadas como doadoras de líquido ruminal (inóculo) três vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, portadoras de fístula ruminal. As dietas fornecidas foram à base de silagem de milho, farelo de soja, ureia, milho moído e suplemento mineral, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40. Amostras de fluido ruminal foram coletadas por meio de bomba de vácuo, armazenadas em garrafas e caixas térmicas e transportadas ao laboratório para incubação em frascos de vidro. Para a primeira fase, foram avaliadas 4 doses (0,3; 0,6; 0,9 e 1,20 mg) de 2 extratos (AMC e Caat) em ensaio in vitro de 72 horas, no qual foram mensuradas a produção de gás durante a incubação e, ao final, as concentrações de AGCC, DIVMS e DIVMO foram determinadas. Na segunda fase, o ensaio foi de 24 horas, e ao final foram feitas análises para CH4 e N-NH3, além de AGCC, DIVMS, DIVMO e produção de gás. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) para ambas as fases. Na primeira fase, a inclusão do Caat diminuiu linearmente a DIVMO após 72 hs e reduziu as concentrações de ácido isovalérico, butírico, da relação acetato:propionato e da produção de gás acumulado por 24, 48 e 72 h. Na segunda fase, a inclusão dos extratos causaram diminuição da produção de gás acumulada em 24 horas, sendo menor no tratamento monensina e no Caat. Houve efeito de inclusão do Caat e da monensina sobre a concentração de AGCC, aumentando a concentração de propionato e diminuindo a concentração de butirato, acetato e a relação acetato:propionato. A concentração de N-NH3 foi menor mediante inclusão do extrato Caat e da monensina enquanto que a concentração de CH4 foi maior para a inclusão dos extratos quando comparados com a inclusão de monensina, entretanto não foram maiores do que o controle. A inclusão do extrato Caat foi capaz de modificar a fermentação in vitro de forma semelhante à monensina sódica, mas não alterou a digestibilidade da fibra. Por outro lado, o AMC não alterou a fermentação ruminal, seja na digestibilidade da fibra, na produção de gases totais, metano, nitrogênio amoniacal e AGCC / Actinobacteria are microorganisms that can produce bioactive compounds present in crude extracts with antibiotic and ionophore activity. Our hypothesis was that actinobacteria crude extracts showed similar efficacy to monensin on ruminal fermentation; increasing the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, increasing propionate concentration and reducing the total gas production, protein deamination and methane. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate two crude extracts (AMC and Caat) on in vitro ruminal fermentation (total gas, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and methane (CH4) production; in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), of organic matter (IVOMD) and ammonia nitrogen production (NH3-N). The study was divided into two phases: the first aimed to establish the dose-response curve of the extracts and the second aimed to evaluate a positive monensin control. For both, it was used three lactating Holstein cows with ruminal fistula as rumen fluid donors (inoculum). The diets were based on corn silage, soybean meal, urea, ground corn and mineral supplement under forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Ruminal fluid samples were collected by a vacuum pump, stored in bottles and coolers and transported to the laboratory for incubation in glass bottles. For the first phase, they were evaluated 4 doses (0.3; 0.6; 0.9 and 1.20 mg) of 2 extracts (AMC and Caat) on a 72 hours in vitro assay, which were measured gas production during incubation and in the end, SCFA, IVDMD and IVOMD concentrations were determined. In the second phase, it was a 24 hours assay, and include final analyzes for CH4 and NH3-N, plus SCFA, IVDMD, IVOMD and gas production. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC) for both phases. In the first phase, the Caat inclusion linearly decreased IVOMD after 72 hours and reduced isovaleric acid and butyric acid concentration and acetate:propionate ratio and cumulative gas production by 24, 48 and 72 h. In the second stage, the inclusion of the extracts caused a reduction of the cumulative gas production in 24 hours, being lower in monensin and Caat treatments. There was an effect of Caat and monensin inclusion on SCFA concentration, increasing the propionate concentration and reducing the butyrate and acetate concentration and the acetate: propionate ratio. The NH3-N concentration was lower by Caat inclusion and monensin while the CH4 concentration was higher for the extracts inclusion as compared with monensin, however were not bigger than control. The Caat inclusion was able to modify the in vitro fermentation similarly to monensin, but did not affect the fiber digestibility. Moreover, AMC did not affect the rumen fermentation, either in fiber digestibility, total gas, methane, ammonia nitrogen and SCFA production

No presente trabalho foram produzidas duas ligas policristalinas de Fe-Ga e Fe-Ga-B para estudar a influência do boro nas propriedades piezomagnéticas da liga Fe-Ga. As propriedades piezomagnéticas foram obtidas a partir de medidas de magnetostricção (λ) em função de campo magnético (H) pelo coeficiente d33 = dλ/dH e medidas de indução magnética (B) em função da tensão compressiva aplicada (σ) pelo coeficiente d*33 = dB/dσ. A composição escolhida foi com 18,6% de Ga para ambas as ligas, que é a composição que possui o maior valor de magnetostricção na liga binária. A análise da microestrutura indicou a presença das fases Fe(Ga)-α (A2) e Fe3Ga (D03) para ambas as ligas e da fase Fe2B para a liga ternária. A presença da fase Fe2B causou o refinamento dos grãos e consequentemente um pequeno aumento do campo coercitivo da liga Fe-Ga-B se comparada à liga Fe-Ga e, além disto, aumentou o campo de saturação. Consequentemente os coeficientes piezomagnéticos da liga com boro foram duas vezes menores que da liga Fe-Ga. A igualdade d33* = d33 não é satisfeita para a liga Fe-Ga nem para a Fe-Ga-B, significando que os experimentos não foram realizados em condições estritamente reversíveis. Atribui-se esta irreversibilidade à alta velocidade de carregamento usada nos experimentos de B vs σ. No entanto, a dependência dos coeficientes piezomagnéticos do campo magnético e da tensão compressiva aplicada da liga Fe-Ga-B é bem menor que da liga Fe-Ga e os valores obtidos de ~ 4 nm/A são suficientemente adequados para muitas aplicações. / In this work were maked two polycrystalline alloys of Fe-Ga e Fe-Ga-B for to study the influence of borun in the piezomagnetc properties of the Fe-Ga alloys. The piezomagnetc properties were obteined from magnetostrictive measuments (λ) in function of magnetic field (H) by the coefficient d33 = dλ/dH and magnetic induction measuments (B) in function of compressive stress applied (σ) by the coefficient d*33 = dB/dσ. The chosen composition were 18.6% of Ga to both alloys, which is the composition for the largest magnetostriction to the binary alloy. The microstructural analysis indicated the presence of the phases Fe(Ga)-α and Fe3Ga (D03) for the both alloys and Fe2B phases to the ternary alloy. The presence of the Fe2B caused the refinament of the grains and consequently a small increase in the coercive field of the Fe-Ga alloy and, in addition, increased the saturation field. Consequently, the piezomagnetic coefficients of the boron alloys were twice as low as that of the Fe-Ga alloy. The equality d33* = d33 was not satisfied for the Fe-Ga and to Fe-Ga-B meaning that the experiments were not performed under strictly reversible conditions. This irreversibility was attributed to the high loading speed used in the experiments of B vs σ. However, the dependence of the piezomagnetic coefficients of the magnetic field and the applied compressive stress of the Fe-Ga-B alloy is much lower than that of the Fe-Ga alloy and the values obtained from ~ 4nm/A are sufficiently suitable for many applications.

The research investigations presented herein are concerned with the syntheses and applications of arylboronic acids and their derivatives; with a particular focus on their accessibility or utility in certain of the most significant modern transition metal-catalysed reactions to involve organoborons. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the field of organoboron chemistry, from its roots employing borane and related highly reactive derivatives for uncatalysed hydroboration of olefins and acetylenes, to the modern classes of organoboron reagents of the greatest significance to the related contemporary transition metal-catalysed methodologies. Furthermore particular emphasis is placed on the discussion of arylboronic acids, their synthesis, and application to transition metal catalysis as a result of their propensity to undergo useful transmetallation events. Chapter 2 details the use of a commercially available sulfonated monophosphine ligand in the rhodium-catalysed 1,2-addition reaction employing aryl aldehydes and arylboronic acids in aqueous media. The high and continued activity of the catalytic complex is demonstrated by it being successfully recycled five consecutive times in the arylation reaction of an aryl aldehyde; as well as being active for the arylations of more sterically demanding aryl methyl ketone substrates. Chapter 3 details the design and synthesis of a novel bench-stable azidomethylene substituted arylboronate ester. The reactivity of this compound and a related analogue in both the coppercatalysed azide alkyne cycloaddition reaction and the Suzuki coupling reaction are detailed, culminating in the proof-of-concept use of such versatile synthetic building blocks in the synthesis of a drug-substance derivative. Chapter 4 details alternative synthetic approaches to that used in Chapter 3 in order to access bifunctional azidomethylene substituted arylboronate esters. In particular the application of Miyaura borylation of arylhalides bearing benzylic azides is addressed as a means to rapidly access substrates which are otherwise shown to be incompatible with classical s-block synthetic intermediates.

<p>For the purpose of this descriptive translation study, a translation corpus was built from roughly the first 20,000 words of each of the first four Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, and their respective translations into Swedish. I*Link, a new type of word alignment tool, was used to align the samples on a word level and to investigate and analyse the aligned corpus. The purpose of the study was threefold: to investigate manifestations of translation universals, to search for evidence of translator development and to study the efficiency of different strategies for using the alignment tools.</p><p>The results show that all three translation universals were manifested in the corpus, both on a general pattern level and on a more specific lexical level. Additionally, a clear pattern of translator development was discovered, showing that there are differences between the four different samples. The tendency is that the translations become further removed from the original texts, and this difference occurs homogeneously and sequentially. In the word alignment, four different ways of using the tools were tested, and one strategy was found to be more efficient than the others. This strategy uses dynamic resources from previous alignment sessions as input to I*Trix, an automatic alignment tool, and the output file is manually post-edited in I*Link.</p><p>In conclusion, the study shows how new tools and methods can be used in descriptive translation studies to extract information that is not readily obtainable with traditional tools and methods.</p>

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) display severe social and academic deficits that can adversely affect their academic performance in mathematics and result in higher rates of failure throughout their schooling compared to other students with disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Webber & Plotts, 2008). Furthermore, students with E/BD are at a greater risk of being served in more exclusionary and restrictive settings compared to their peers as a result of their poor social skills and chronic disruptive behaviors (Gagnon & Leone, 2005; Furney, Hasazi, Clark-Keefe, & Hartnett, 2003; U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Whorton, Siders, Fowler, & Naylor, 2000). This is of great concern as students with E/BD often receive lower grades, fail more classes, have higher drop-out rates, have fewer employment opportunities, and have increased involvement in the legal system (Bullock & Gable, 2006; Cullinan & Sabornie, 2004; Jolivette, Stichter, Nelson, Scott, & Liaupsin, 2000; Kauffman, 2001). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the equal additions algorithm on subtraction with regrouping on the subtraction performance of fourth-grade students with E/BD and mathematics difficulties. The equal additions algorithm was taught using a direct instruction technique. This study investigated 3 participants at the fourth grade level in a residential treatment facility which serves students with E/BD. A multiprobe multiple baseline across participants design was used for this study. Assessments used for this study included (a) Woodcock Johnson III (WJIII), (b) the ENRIGHT, (c) a student questionnaire, (d) baseline probes, and (e) an error analysis student profile. Data was analyzed by visual analysis. The results suggest that when the equal additions algorithm was systematically implemented students were able to successfully complete subtraction with regrouping problems and errors dramatically decreased. Limitations and future for research directions are discussed.

<p>The intention of this essay is to illustrate and describe various means to overcome some of the difficulties that any translator dealing with technical translations at some point or another would come upon – presented in a qualitative analysis. The text under analysis is a chapter called Into the Cosmos and is part of the book Planet Quest – The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems by the American astronomer Ken Croswell. The analysis specifically focuses on terminology and two aspects that usually are part of the cultural adaptation of a text; namely additions and omissions. However, in this essay they help adapting the text towards a new target audience not so much because of culture, but rather because of my decision to fully disconnect the text from the context in which it previously functioned. And because of this, the target text was in the end given more of an educational character compared to the source text.</p>

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) display severe social and academic deficits that can adversely affect their academic performance in mathematics and result in higher rates of failure throughout their schooling compared to other students with disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Webber & Plotts, 2008). Furthermore, students with E/BD are at a greater risk of being served in more exclusionary and restrictive settings compared to their peers as a result of their poor social skills and chronic disruptive behaviors (Gagnon & Leone, 2005; Furney, Hasazi, Clark-Keefe, & Hartnett, 2003; U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Whorton, Siders, Fowler, & Naylor, 2000). This is of great concern as students with E/BD often receive lower grades, fail more classes, have higher drop-out rates, have fewer employment opportunities, and have increased involvement in the legal system (Bullock & Gable, 2006; Cullinan & Sabornie, 2004; Jolivette, Stichter, Nelson, Scott, & Liaupsin, 2000; Kauffman, 2001). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the equal additions algorithm on subtraction with regrouping on the subtraction performance of fourth-grade students with E/BD and mathematics difficulties. The equal additions algorithm was taught using a direct instruction technique. This study investigated 3 participants at the fourth grade level in a residential treatment facility which serves students with E/BD. A multiprobe multiple baseline across participants design was used for this study. Assessments used for this study included (a) Woodcock Johnson III (WJIII), (b) the ENRIGHT, (c) a student questionnaire, (d) baseline probes, and (e) an error analysis student profile. Data was analyzed by visual analysis. The results suggest that when the equal additions algorithm was systematically implemented students were able to successfully complete subtraction with regrouping problems and errors dramatically decreased. Limitations and future for research directions are discussed.

This term paper concerns the translation of three sports texts from English to Swedish. The main aim of the paper was to show which procedures that were used when translating sports terminology and proper nouns. A secondary aim was to look at challenges involved in the translation process, namely, adapting the translations to a new target audience and making sure the target text is up-to-date.                   The method used in the term paper included a couple of steps. The first one was to select primary sources. The material chosen for this study was three articles about the world’s best football or rugby players. Once the translation was accomplished, the second step was to choose examples from the target text on which the analyses could be based. At this stage, it was mostly the hard-to-translate terms and proper nouns, which were chosen. Finally, the mentioned challenges were analysed and the outcome was presented in a qualitative study. To support the analyses various secondary sources were used. The study showed that Ingo’s strategies were applicable while translating proper nouns. Also Ingo’s other guidelines regarding additions and omissions turned out to be useful. On the other hand, Vinay &amp; Darbelnet’s models were helpful when handling sports terminology.

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