Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-109).

<p>New efficient vaccines against infectious diseases are in demand. Some important factors impeding the vaccine development are the poor immunogenicity and the MHC restriction of the immune responses to a number of antigens. The use of novel vaccine adjuvants or carrier proteins, which are known to enhance the immunogenicity of the subunit antigens and provide T-cell help, can circumvent these problems. The potential of heat shock proteins (HSPs) to function as adjuvants when fused to or co-delivered with protein antigens, make them attractive vaccine candidates. In this thesis we have evaluated the potency of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) as a possible vaccine adjuvant and studied the mechanisms behind the adjuvanticity.</p><p>The first article aims to evaluate the carrier effect of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) on a malarial antigen EB200 that induces a MHC restricted response in mice. Immunization of CBA and C57BL/6 mice, high and low responders to EB200, respectively, with the GST-EB200 fusion protein elicited EB200 specific antibody responses in both strains of mice, which indicated that MHC restriction was broken in C57BL/6 mice. However, the antibody affinity and the magnitude of the response were lower in the C57BL/6 mice compared with that in CBA. To improve the response, the efficacy of various adjuvants like alum, HSP70 from <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, and the adjuvant combination (HSP70 and cholera toxin) was evaluated. The results indicated that cholera toxin and HSP70 act synergistically and improve the immunogenicity of EB200 antigen by increasing the affinity and magnitude of the response.</p><p>HSP belongs to a family of conserved molecules and the maximum homology lies on the N-terminal region of the protein, therefore there is a risk that use of a complete molecule would give rise to autoimmunity. Thus, in our second study we first evaluated the adjuvant effect of the less conserved portion of HSP70 derived from <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (Pf70C). We found that the Pf70C exhibited similar adjuvant properties as the whole molecule. We further analyzed the adjuvant potential of Pf70C against EB200 formulated as a chimeric DNA vaccine construct. These constructs alone failed to generate substantial levels of EB200 specific antibodies in mice. However, the DNA immunization efficiently primed the immune system. This was evident as the subsequent boosting with the corresponding recombinant fusion proteins Pf70C-EB200 elicited strong EB200 specific Th-1 antibody responses. In contrast, no such priming effect was observed for <i>ex vivo</i> IFN-γ production, however stimulation with the Pf70C-EB200 fusion protein induced an enhanced secretion of IFN-γ <i>in vitro</i>.</p><p>During the infection process, the synthesis of bacterial HSP is up-regulated, which is known to sensitize T cells in the infected host. Since a high degree of homology exists within the phylogenetic families of HSPs, we postulated that exposure of mice to microorganisms could prime the immune system for evolutionary diverse HSPs and for any antigen coupled to them. We tested this hypothesis by priming mice with different microorganisms such as BCG, <i>Mycobacterium vaccae</i> or <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> and boosted with a recombinant fusion protein Pf70C-EB200 or with a panel of HSPs. We found that BCG and <i>M. vaccae</i> but not <i>C. pneumoniae</i> could provide priming of the immune system to induce secondary IgG responses to Pf70C as well as to other HSPs tested. The priming effect was also observed when the EB200 antigen was coupled to Pf70C. Analysis of the IgG1 and IgG2a profiles and IFN-g production induced against the HSPs revealed a mixture of Th1/Th2 type of responses. We also observed that HSP70 specific sera cross-reacted some extent with certain autoreactive antigens. However, no deposits were observed in the kidneys of HSP treated animals.</p><p>Finally, we investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 on HSP70-mediated adjuvanticity. We found that HSPs displayed different degrees of adjuvanticity regarding both the strength and the profile of the induced immune response. Also, they possessed different requirements for signaling through TLRs. While HSP70 from <i>T. cruzi</i> induced antigen-specific humoral responses in wild type as well as in both the TLR2 and TLR4 knockout mice, the response was diminished in the TLR4 knockout mice when both the whole and C-terminal fragment of HSP70 from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> was used. However, the C-terminal fragment of <i>P. falciparum</i> HSP70 elicited responses only in wild type mice but not in TLR2 or TLR4 knockout mice indicating that the adjuvant function differ for phylogenetically related HSPs. Taken together our data suggest that HSPs can be promising candidates in future vaccines.</p>

Nanoscale drug delivery systems have a great impact in current medical field. These carriers have the potential to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of various medicinal products. A broad variety of different lipid based carriers had been developed and used as delivery systems in the past decades. This dissertation focused on the development of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as delivery systems for a chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel, and the use of liposomes as a carrier for recombinant protein vaccines. Docetaxel is a potent anticancer drug. However, there continues to be a need for alternative docetaxel delivery systems to improve its efficacy. Docetaxel nanoparticles comprised of lecithin as the main component were engineered using two methods, the emulsion precursor method and the solvent emulsification/evaporation method. Docetaxel in nanoparticles were more effective in killing tumor cells in culture than docetaxel solution. The intravenously injected docetaxel-nanoparticles increased the accumulation of docetaxel in tumors in mice. When administered by intravenous injection or oral routes, docetaxel-nanoparticles showed antitumor activity in tumor-bearing mice. The lecithin-based nanoparticles have the potential to be a novel biocompatible and efficacious delivery system for docetaxel. Liposomes, a well-known lipid based carrier, have been investigated extensively as a vaccine delivery system. The adjuvant activities of liposomes with different net surface charges (neutral, positive, or negative) were evaluated when simply admixed with protein antigens. Immunization study in mice after subcutaneously injection of different net charged liposomes showed different antibody responses, depending on the protein antigens. Antigens (OVA, PA) admixed with the negatively charged liposomes prepared with phospholipid, DOPA, induced a strong and functional antibody response comparable to the positively charged liposomes prepared with DOTAP lipid. The negatively charged DOPA liposomes admixed with OVA also induced OVA-specific CD8��� cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and significantly delayed the growth of OVA-expressing B16-OVA melanoma in a mouse model. The adjuvant activity of the negatively charged liposomes may be related to the liposome's ability (i) to upregulate the expression of molecules related to the activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells and (ii) to slightly facilitate the uptake of the antigens by antigen-presenting cells. Simply admixing certain negatively charged liposomes with certain protein antigens of interest may represent a novel platform for vaccine development. / Graduation date: 2012 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Sept. 6, 2011 - Sept. 6, 2012

New efficient vaccines against infectious diseases are in demand. Some important factors impeding the vaccine development are the poor immunogenicity and the MHC restriction of the immune responses to a number of antigens. The use of novel vaccine adjuvants or carrier proteins, which are known to enhance the immunogenicity of the subunit antigens and provide T-cell help, can circumvent these problems. The potential of heat shock proteins (HSPs) to function as adjuvants when fused to or co-delivered with protein antigens, make them attractive vaccine candidates. In this thesis we have evaluated the potency of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) as a possible vaccine adjuvant and studied the mechanisms behind the adjuvanticity. The first article aims to evaluate the carrier effect of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) on a malarial antigen EB200 that induces a MHC restricted response in mice. Immunization of CBA and C57BL/6 mice, high and low responders to EB200, respectively, with the GST-EB200 fusion protein elicited EB200 specific antibody responses in both strains of mice, which indicated that MHC restriction was broken in C57BL/6 mice. However, the antibody affinity and the magnitude of the response were lower in the C57BL/6 mice compared with that in CBA. To improve the response, the efficacy of various adjuvants like alum, HSP70 from Trypanosoma cruzi, and the adjuvant combination (HSP70 and cholera toxin) was evaluated. The results indicated that cholera toxin and HSP70 act synergistically and improve the immunogenicity of EB200 antigen by increasing the affinity and magnitude of the response. HSP belongs to a family of conserved molecules and the maximum homology lies on the N-terminal region of the protein, therefore there is a risk that use of a complete molecule would give rise to autoimmunity. Thus, in our second study we first evaluated the adjuvant effect of the less conserved portion of HSP70 derived from Plasmodium falciparum (Pf70C). We found that the Pf70C exhibited similar adjuvant properties as the whole molecule. We further analyzed the adjuvant potential of Pf70C against EB200 formulated as a chimeric DNA vaccine construct. These constructs alone failed to generate substantial levels of EB200 specific antibodies in mice. However, the DNA immunization efficiently primed the immune system. This was evident as the subsequent boosting with the corresponding recombinant fusion proteins Pf70C-EB200 elicited strong EB200 specific Th-1 antibody responses. In contrast, no such priming effect was observed for ex vivo IFN-γ production, however stimulation with the Pf70C-EB200 fusion protein induced an enhanced secretion of IFN-γ in vitro. During the infection process, the synthesis of bacterial HSP is up-regulated, which is known to sensitize T cells in the infected host. Since a high degree of homology exists within the phylogenetic families of HSPs, we postulated that exposure of mice to microorganisms could prime the immune system for evolutionary diverse HSPs and for any antigen coupled to them. We tested this hypothesis by priming mice with different microorganisms such as BCG, Mycobacterium vaccae or Chlamydia pneumoniae and boosted with a recombinant fusion protein Pf70C-EB200 or with a panel of HSPs. We found that BCG and M. vaccae but not C. pneumoniae could provide priming of the immune system to induce secondary IgG responses to Pf70C as well as to other HSPs tested. The priming effect was also observed when the EB200 antigen was coupled to Pf70C. Analysis of the IgG1 and IgG2a profiles and IFN-g production induced against the HSPs revealed a mixture of Th1/Th2 type of responses. We also observed that HSP70 specific sera cross-reacted some extent with certain autoreactive antigens. However, no deposits were observed in the kidneys of HSP treated animals. Finally, we investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 on HSP70-mediated adjuvanticity. We found that HSPs displayed different degrees of adjuvanticity regarding both the strength and the profile of the induced immune response. Also, they possessed different requirements for signaling through TLRs. While HSP70 from T. cruzi induced antigen-specific humoral responses in wild type as well as in both the TLR2 and TLR4 knockout mice, the response was diminished in the TLR4 knockout mice when both the whole and C-terminal fragment of HSP70 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis was used. However, the C-terminal fragment of P. falciparum HSP70 elicited responses only in wild type mice but not in TLR2 or TLR4 knockout mice indicating that the adjuvant function differ for phylogenetically related HSPs. Taken together our data suggest that HSPs can be promising candidates in future vaccines.

No description available.

As respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a respiratory pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants, there has always been great interest in the development of a vaccine. In the 1960s, children were immunized with formalin-inactivated (FI)-RSV vaccines. Not only did these vaccines fail to prevent infection, but in most cases they resulted in enhanced disease upon subsequent exposure to the virus. In the intervening years, studies in mice have led to the hypothesis that the enhanced disease is due to an aberrant Th2-biased immune response. Thus, we hypothesized that formulating FI-RSV vaccines with a Th1 promoting adjuvant, such as CpG oligoeoxynucleotides (ODN), would result in the induction of protective immunity against RSV without risk of deleterious effects. We observed in calves that parenterally delivered FI-bovine RSV (BRSV) formulated with CpG ODN resulted in a shift towards a Th1-biased or more balanced immune response that was protective against BRSV.<p> As RSV infects the lung mucosa, vaccines that induce mucosal immunity are desirable. Parenterally delivered vaccines typically induce systemic immunity with low mucosal immune response levels, whereas mucosally delivered vaccines induce systemic and mucosal immunity. However, upon mucosal delivery there is an increased chance of vaccine components being degraded or washed away prior to the induction of immunity. Thus, we added polyphosphazenes (PP) to our mucosal vaccine formulations. PP are synthetic polymers that form non-covalent complexes with other vaccine components, increasing their stability. Intranasally delivered FI-BRSV co-formulated with CpG ODN and PP performed better than FI-BRSV alone, or FI-BRSV formulated with either adjuvant individually, in terms of inducing protective immunity against BRSV in mice. Furthermore, mice that received intranasally-delivered FI-BRSV or BRSV F protein co-formulated with CpG ODN and PP developed higher levels of immunity and protection than mice that received parenterally delivered vaccines. Because of the similarities between BRSV and HRSV, co-formulation of intranasally delivered HRSV vaccines with CpG ODN and PP could prove important in the development of a safe vaccine against HRSV in humans.

ESTUDIO: Se sabe que DPYD interviene en procesos catabólicos ó de degradación del 5-fluorouracilo, así como el enzima CDA participa en procesos anabólicos, al proveer de sustrato a la timidilato sintetasa para la síntesis de DNA, y por analogía, en la síntesis de RNA. Por lo tanto, la incorporación de la molécula de 5-FU por semejanza a la molécula de uracilo en procesos anabólicos significa el freno en la síntesis de DNA y de RNA tumoral, al "engañar" el fármaco a los enzimas de estas vías.OBJETIVOS: 1. Analizar polimorfismos en los genes dihidropirimidina dehidrogenasa (DPYD) y citidina deaminasa (CDA); 2. Determinar si estos polimorfismos aumentan o disminuyen la actividad del enzima; y 3. Comprobar si estos polimorfismos están implicados en la supervivencia de pacientes tratados con quimioterapia adyuvante con Tegafur. MÉTODOS: Análisis de polimorfismos por discriminación alélica de muestras parafinadas de 53 pacientes con cáncer gástrico con seguimiento por el Servicio de Oncologia del Hospital Clinic de Barcelona entre mayo de 1995 y noviembre de 2003 que recibieron quimioterapia adyuvante con Tegafur, un profármaco del 5-fluorouracilo y para DPYD Ile543Val (A/G), DPYD Arg29Cys (C/T) y CDA Lys27Gln (A/C). CONCLUSIONES: Polimorfismos en DPYD Ile543Val, DPYD Arg29Cys y CDA Lys27Gln pueden predecir el pronóstico, supervivencia y toxicidad de pacientes con cáncer gástrico tratados con quimioterapia adyuvante con 5-FU. Polimorfismos en DPYD inducen deficiencia en este gen, dando lugar a una actividad aumentada de los derivados de 5-fluorouracil con posible toxicidad, y en concreto se ha observado una mayor supervivencia y significancia estadística para pacientes con DPYD Ile543Val A/G ó G/G. También se observó significancia estadística en pacientes homocigotos para la combinación de DPYD Arg29Cys más CDA Lys27Gln frente a heterocigotos. La asociación de un tercer polimorfismo (DPYD Ile543Val) no tuvo correlación clinica. Las frecuencias alélicas para DPYD Arg29Cys diferían de los valores de las bases de datos obtenidas por Internet para el resto de la población mundial. / "Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenases (DPYD) and cytidine deaminase (CDA) gene polymorphisms as genomic predictors of clinical outcome in resected gastric cancer patients (GCP) treated with fluoropyrimidine based chemotherapy".BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DPYD gene induces deficiency in this gene resulting in a increased activity of 5-fluorouracil derivates in treatment of colorectal cancer patients. In GCP has not been previously analysed.OBJECTIVES: 1. To analyse polymorphisms in the genes dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) and cytidine deaminase (CDA); 2. To prove if these polymorphisms increase or decrease the activity of the enzyme; and 3. To observe if these polymorphisms are involved in the survival of patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy with Tegafur.METHODS: Analysis of polymorphisms by allelic discrimination of paraffin-embedded biopsies from 53 consecutive GCP of the Department of Oncology in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona in the period of time between May 1985 and November 2003, who received adjuvant chemotherapy with Tegafur, one prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, for DPYD Ile543Val (A/G), DPYD Arg29Cys (C/T) and CDA Lys27Gln (A/C).CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms of DPYD Ile543Val, DPYD Arg29Cys and CDA Lys27Gln predict outcome, survival and toxicity of GCP treated with 5-FU based adjuvant chemotherapy, with major survival with statistic significance for patients DPYD Ile543Val A/G ó G/G and for homozygous patients for the combination of DPYD Arg29Cys plus CDA Lys27Gln front heterozygous. The association of one third polymorphism (DPYD Ile543Val) hadn't clinic correlation.

1. Introducció:El càncer de mama té un enorme impacte en la salut de la dona degut a la seva elevada incidència, mortalitat i prevalença. A Catalunya representa també la primera causa de mort per càncer a les dones. Segons dades recents aportades per l'actualització del metaanàlisi sobre tractament complementari a la cirurgia, la quimioteràpia adjuvant aporta un benefici significatiu sobre la recidiva i supervivència de les pacients amb càncer de mama. Aquest benefici està influenciat pel risc de recidiva que presentin aquestes pacients en el moment del diagnòstic. Les pacients amb extensa afectació ganglionar axil·lar presenten un elevat risc de recidiva, tot i no objectivar-se afectació metastàsica en el moment del diagnòstic. El càncer de mama presenta una gran heterogeneïtat en el seu comportament. Aprofundir en l'estudi de la biologia tumoral, delimitant la implicació de cada factor pronòstic i predictiu de risc de recidiva i mort, ha de permetre millorar la seva curabilitat amb la menor morbilitat possible.L'esquema de quimioteràpia adriamicina (A) seguit de CMF (ciclofosfamida, metotrexat i fluorouracil) s'ha mostrat superior a esquemes amb CMF i a pautes amb altes dosis de quimioteràpia. No és disposa encara d'estudis definitius que defineixin el seu paper front a esquemes amb taxans.2. Pacients i mètodesCent seixanta-tres pacients diagnosticades de càncer de mama entre els anys 1992 i 1997, amb afectació de més de tres ganglis axil·lars i sense metàstasis a distància han estat tractades amb l'esquema de quimioteràpia A &#61664; CMF (quatre cicles de adriamicina seguits de vuit cicles de CMF cada 21 dies). La radioteràpia sobre mama o paret amb àrees ganglionars es va iniciar desprès de l'adriamicina i simultàniament a CMF. Una tercera part de les pacients amb receptors hormonal positius van rebre tractament hormonal amb tamoxifè al finalitzar la quimioteràpia i durant cinc anys.En l'estudi dels factors pronòstics s'han inclòs l'edat, l'estat menstrual, la mida tumoral, el grau histològic, el nombre de ganglis axil·lars afectes, els receptors d'estrògens i progesterona, la sobreexpressió de l'oncogèn HER-2 i l'amenorrea quimioinduïda.El seguiment i anàlisi de les dades s'ha efectuat de forma centralitzada i prospectiva. Per l'estudi de l'eficàcia sobre la recidiva i la supervivència s'ha utilitzat la supervivència lliure de malaltia (SLLM) i la supervivència global (SG). 3. ResultatsAmb una mediana de seguiment en el moment de l'anàlisi dels resultats de 86 mesos, s'ha observat una SLLM del 68 % i una SG del 78 %. En poques pacients s'han observat toxicitats agudes serioses, sense observar-se morts tòxiques com a conseqüència del tractament. La cardiotoxicitat clínica atribuïble ha estat del 1 % i fins al moment una pacient ha estat diagnosticada d'un procés leucèmic.En l'anàlisi dels factor pronòstics, el nombre de ganglis afectes, la mida tumoral i el grau histològic s'han mostrat com a paràmetres amb una influència significativa en l'avaluació multivariada del conjunt de pacients. Quan s'ha analitzat només les pacients premenopàusiques en el moment de l'inclusió, l'amenorrea s'esdevé un factor amb significació pronòstica independent.La sobreexpressió d'HER-2 i els RH no aporten informació pronòstica significativa en l'anàlisi multivariat.Quan s'estableixen comparacions indirectes entre els nostres resultats i els obtinguts per altres pautes de tractament quimioteràpia i per aquest subgrup de pacients, cap dels estudis publicats fins l'actualitat mostra taxes de SLLM i SG clarament superiors.4. Discussió i conclusionsLa pauta de tractament A &#61664; CMF, dins d'un plantejament de tractament combinat amb radioteràpia, presenta una efectivitat remarcable, en termes de SLLM i SG, i en el grup de pacients d'alt risc de recidiva.La pauta estudiada és perfectament aplicable en la pràctica assistencial, donat el seu compliment, la seva acceptable toxicitat aguda i tardana i la seva aplicabilitat en règim multiinstitucional.La mida tumoral, el grau histològic i el nombre de ganglis afectes mostren una influència esperada significativa e independent sobre la SLLM i la SG. L'impacte clarament significatiu de l'amenorrea secundària a la quimioteràpia sobre la recidiva i la mort i en les pacients premenopàusiques, obliga a considerar la supressió ovàrica de les pacients que no presentin amenorrea desprès de la quimioteràpia.La sobreexpressió de l'oncogèn HER-2 no confereix un pronòstic advers en les pacients que l'expressen i són tractades amb A &#61664; CMF; a diferència de altres tipus de quimioteràpia. Aquest és un fet a considera quan es consideri l'inclusió del tractament específic amb trastuzumab per les pacients amb HER-2 positiu.Els receptors hormonals tampoc afecten significativament sobre l'eficàcia de la pauta A &#61664; CMF. Per tant, i a diferència d'esquemes amb paclitaxel, també les pacients amb receptors hormonals positius semblen beneficiar-se de la pauta estudiada.Un subgrup de pacient amb tumors ben o moderadament diferenciats, tot i l'extensa afectació ganglionar axil·lar, presenten taxes de supervivència molt favorables, suggerint que el règim de tractament A &#61664; CMF pot ser especialment actiu i recomanable per aquest subgrup de pacients. / We sought to evaluate outcomes and the most likely prognostic factors associated with the use of sequential doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide-methotrexate-fluorouracil administered prior to scheduled radiation therapy, in non-selected consecutive patients (n=163) with &#61619;4 positive nodes. Variables included in statistical analyses included age, menopausal status, tumour size, histology grade, number of positive nodes (4 to 9 or &#61619;10), oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR), HER-2 status and chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea. With a median follow-up of 86 months, the results showed disease-free survival (DFS) at 5 years was 68% and overall survival (OS) was 78% and no toxic deaths. Number of positive nodes, tumour size, histology grade and amenorrhoea showed prognostic significance for DFS and OS. ER and PR reached significance only for OS. HER-2 positive status did not predict poorer DFS or OS. Tumor size > 2 cm, 10+ positive nodes and grade 3 tumours predicted DFS and OS in multivariate analysis. Amenorrhoea reach prognostic significance for DFS and OS in premenopausal patients. We conclude that DOX&#61664;CMF is an effective and safe regimen. Number of positive axillary nodes, histologic grade and tumor size , but not HER2 status, are predictive of outcome. Amenorrhoea favour DFS and OS in premenopausal patients.

As respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a respiratory pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants, there has always been great interest in the development of a vaccine. In the 1960s, children were immunized with formalin-inactivated (FI)-RSV vaccines. Not only did these vaccines fail to prevent infection, but in most cases they resulted in enhanced disease upon subsequent exposure to the virus. In the intervening years, studies in mice have led to the hypothesis that the enhanced disease is due to an aberrant Th2-biased immune response. Thus, we hypothesized that formulating FI-RSV vaccines with a Th1 promoting adjuvant, such as CpG oligoeoxynucleotides (ODN), would result in the induction of protective immunity against RSV without risk of deleterious effects. We observed in calves that parenterally delivered FI-bovine RSV (BRSV) formulated with CpG ODN resulted in a shift towards a Th1-biased or more balanced immune response that was protective against BRSV.<p> As RSV infects the lung mucosa, vaccines that induce mucosal immunity are desirable. Parenterally delivered vaccines typically induce systemic immunity with low mucosal immune response levels, whereas mucosally delivered vaccines induce systemic and mucosal immunity. However, upon mucosal delivery there is an increased chance of vaccine components being degraded or washed away prior to the induction of immunity. Thus, we added polyphosphazenes (PP) to our mucosal vaccine formulations. PP are synthetic polymers that form non-covalent complexes with other vaccine components, increasing their stability. Intranasally delivered FI-BRSV co-formulated with CpG ODN and PP performed better than FI-BRSV alone, or FI-BRSV formulated with either adjuvant individually, in terms of inducing protective immunity against BRSV in mice. Furthermore, mice that received intranasally-delivered FI-BRSV or BRSV F protein co-formulated with CpG ODN and PP developed higher levels of immunity and protection than mice that received parenterally delivered vaccines. Because of the similarities between BRSV and HRSV, co-formulation of intranasally delivered HRSV vaccines with CpG ODN and PP could prove important in the development of a safe vaccine against HRSV in humans.

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of administering CpG-ODN to commercial strain chickens as a potential adjuvant to vaccination against Salmonella, Eimeria spp., and Newcastle disease virus, or immunization to bovine serum albumin (BSA). During Experiment 1, which evaluated the dual application of CpG-ODN and a Newcastle disease virus vaccine, in the first of three replicate trials, on day 28 of the experiment, animals in the Vaccine + CpG 1& 14 experimental group were observed to have the highest levels of (p<0.05) anti-NDV IgG in serum. These levels were elevated above levels in animals from all other experimental groups. This suggestion for an adjuvant effect associated with CpG-ODN administration was not supported in the remaining two trials of experiment 1. Experiment 2 evaluated the potential for CpG-ODN to adjuvant a commercial live oocyst coccidial vaccine when applied by an oral route to neonatal broiler chickens. Overall, when body weight gain during challenge, development of intestinal lesions, and anti-Eimeria IgG levels were evaluated, vaccine administration alone was demonstrated to provide the best measure of protection among animals in all experimental groups, including those receiving either CpG-ODN or Non CpG-ODN. Experiment 3 investigated the simultaneous administration of CpG-ODN or Non-CpG ODN and a commercially acquired Salmonella typhimurium vaccine to SCWL chickens. Similar to experiments 1 and 2, antigen specific IgG responses in serum and indices of protection against field strain Salmonella challenge were variable and inconsistent. Anti-BSA IgG levels were compared in broiler and SCWL chickens immunized against BSA by a drinking water route of administration alone, or in combination with two different concentrations of CpG-ODN or Non CpG-ODN in experiment 4. The only observation where CpG-ODN and BSA co-administration resulted in anti-BSA IgG levels that were elevated above BSA alone immunized chickens was measured in broilers at day 19 post-final immunization. Taken together, given the variable results reported in this investigation related to the co-administration of ODN and vaccine or protein antigen, these data are largely inconclusive for suggesting that CpG-ODN can effectively adjuvant humoral immune responses in commercial strain chickens.