1 Abstract Urgent and unrepeatable acts are an integral part of criminal proceedings and it would be difficult for law enforcement authorities to detect perpetrators of criminal offenses without them. Despite their characteristic of denying fundamental human rights, their implementation is in some cases essential for finding the material truth. This contradiction between the state's effort to maintain security on the one hand and the individual's right to a fair trial on the other poses a risk of possible misconduct for the entire criminal proceedings. The aim of this work was to point out that their implementation has a significant impact on the overall outcome of criminal proceedings considering their changing probative value, or even their absolute ineffectiveness. The individual acts were gradually incorporated into the Criminal Procedure Code from the most general legal boundaries to their present form. However, even today, it cannot be said with certainty that their legal regulation corresponds to the current needs. An analysis of the case law of individual urgent and / or unrepeatable acts shows that their completion by courts is necessary. From the available analysis, the following factors were found to affect the probative value: (i) insufficient reasoning of urgency or non-repeatability, but also...

O presente trabalho trata da questão da Cooperação Jurídica Internacional em matéria penal e seus reflexos no direito à prova no processo penal brasileiro, nos diferentes pontos de intersecção de diversos temas contemporâneos, decorrentes da globalização da economia e da crescente demanda de segurança pública internacional. Em razão dessa tendência, vimos cada vez mais o risco de violação das garantias inerentes ao justo processo, asseguradas aos acusados em geral, no que concerne ao direito à prova. Neste sentido, o estudo que ora realizamos aborda as questões dos mecanismos de cooperação jurídica internacional, em um mundo de diversidade cultural, em matéria de prova penal, quando o Brasil é o país requerente; das garantias processuais inerentes ao justo processo, asseguradas pelos direitos humanos, que constitui o padrão normativo da cooperação; dos limites impostos pela soberania e ordem pública na cooperação jurídica; da admissibilidade da prova produzida no exterior e o respeito ao núcleo central dos direitos fundamentais (vida privada, intimidade etc.), sob a ótica do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, de modo a evitar, insegurança jurídica e a inadmissibilidade da prova. Procurou-se demonstrar a importância do direito à prova no processo penal e a necessidade de se garantir paridade de armas na cooperação, com eficácia, propugnando-se pela normatização e harmonização das legislações, de modo a permitir a admissibilidade das provas obtidas pela via cooperacional. A pesquisa e o exame das fontes bibliográficas utilizadas foram fundamentais para a realização desta tese. / The present work is about the International Legal Cooperation regarding penal matters and the repercussions in the right to proof in the Brazilian Prosecution, upon the different intersection points of several contemporary themes from the globalization of the economy and the rising demand on international public security. As for this tendency, the risk of breach of warranties inherent in the due process is currently perceived, insured to the accused ones in general, on the issue of right to proof. In this sense, the study here presented approaches the issues of the mechanisms on the international legal cooperation, in a world of cultural diversity, concerning the evidence in criminal proceedings, when Brazil is the claimant country; of the warranties inherent in the due process, insured by the human rights, constituting the normative standards of the cooperation; the limits imposed by the sovereignty and the public order in the legal cooperation; the admissibility of the presented evidence abroad and concerning the core of the fundamental rights (private life, intimacy etc.), from the perspective of the Brazilian legal system, as to prevent legal uncertainty and the inadmissibility of evidence. In order to demonstrate the importance of the right to proof in criminal proceedings and the need to insure even parity in the cooperation, efficacy, advocating the standardization and harmony of the legislation, so as to enable the admissibility of the presented evidence via cooperation. The research and examination of the bibliographic sources were fundamental to this thesis accomplishment.

The problem of admissibility of evidence in the penal cause takes special place because not all evidence is admissible as main tool for defending one’s violated rights and legal interests.In the first chapter of final paper the conception of admissibility of evidence is revealed, the general requirements for the evidence, the rules of admissibility of evidence, peculiarities of violated procedural form of admissibility of evidence are analyzed.In the second chapter the peculiarities of admissibility of evidence are analyzed in the countries of common and civil law. In the third chapter using the practice of courts it is revealed how common rules of admissibility of evidence can be applied practically in different ways.

O presente trabalho trata da questão da Cooperação Jurídica Internacional em matéria penal e seus reflexos no direito à prova no processo penal brasileiro, nos diferentes pontos de intersecção de diversos temas contemporâneos, decorrentes da globalização da economia e da crescente demanda de segurança pública internacional. Em razão dessa tendência, vimos cada vez mais o risco de violação das garantias inerentes ao justo processo, asseguradas aos acusados em geral, no que concerne ao direito à prova. Neste sentido, o estudo que ora realizamos aborda as questões dos mecanismos de cooperação jurídica internacional, em um mundo de diversidade cultural, em matéria de prova penal, quando o Brasil é o país requerente; das garantias processuais inerentes ao justo processo, asseguradas pelos direitos humanos, que constitui o padrão normativo da cooperação; dos limites impostos pela soberania e ordem pública na cooperação jurídica; da admissibilidade da prova produzida no exterior e o respeito ao núcleo central dos direitos fundamentais (vida privada, intimidade etc.), sob a ótica do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, de modo a evitar, insegurança jurídica e a inadmissibilidade da prova. Procurou-se demonstrar a importância do direito à prova no processo penal e a necessidade de se garantir paridade de armas na cooperação, com eficácia, propugnando-se pela normatização e harmonização das legislações, de modo a permitir a admissibilidade das provas obtidas pela via cooperacional. A pesquisa e o exame das fontes bibliográficas utilizadas foram fundamentais para a realização desta tese. / The present work is about the International Legal Cooperation regarding penal matters and the repercussions in the right to proof in the Brazilian Prosecution, upon the different intersection points of several contemporary themes from the globalization of the economy and the rising demand on international public security. As for this tendency, the risk of breach of warranties inherent in the due process is currently perceived, insured to the accused ones in general, on the issue of right to proof. In this sense, the study here presented approaches the issues of the mechanisms on the international legal cooperation, in a world of cultural diversity, concerning the evidence in criminal proceedings, when Brazil is the claimant country; of the warranties inherent in the due process, insured by the human rights, constituting the normative standards of the cooperation; the limits imposed by the sovereignty and the public order in the legal cooperation; the admissibility of the presented evidence abroad and concerning the core of the fundamental rights (private life, intimacy etc.), from the perspective of the Brazilian legal system, as to prevent legal uncertainty and the inadmissibility of evidence. In order to demonstrate the importance of the right to proof in criminal proceedings and the need to insure even parity in the cooperation, efficacy, advocating the standardization and harmony of the legislation, so as to enable the admissibility of the presented evidence via cooperation. The research and examination of the bibliographic sources were fundamental to this thesis accomplishment.

<p>There are several techniques and methods on how to capture data during a Live Box response in computer forensics, but the key towards these acquisitions is to keep the collected data admissible in a judicial court process. Different approaches during a Live Box examination will lead to data changes in the computer, due to the volatile nature of data stored in memory. The inevitable changes of volatile data are what cause the controversy when admitting digital evidence to court room proceedings.</p> <p>The main goal of this dissertation was to create a process model, titled Live Box Computer Preservation Response(LBCPR), that would assist in ensuing validity, reliably and accuracy of evidence in a court of law. This approach maximizes the admissibly of digital data derived from a Live Box response. </p> <p>The LBCPR was created to meet legal and technical requirements in acquiring data from a live computer. With captured Live Box computer data, investigators can further add value to their investigation when processing and analyzing the captured data set, that would have otherwise been permanently unrecoverable upon powering down the machine. By collecting the volatile data prior to conducting Dead Box forensics, there is an increased amount of information that that can be a utilized to understand the state of the machine upon collection when combined with the stored data contents. </p> <p>This study created a comparative analysis on data collection with the LBCPR method versus traditional Dead Box forensics techniques, further proving the expected results of Live Box techniques capturing volatile data. However, due to the structure of the LBCPR, there were enhanced capabilities of obtaining value from the randomization of memory dumps, because of the assistance of the collected logs in the process model. In addition, with the legal admissibility focus, there was incorporation of techniques to keep data admissible in a court of law. </p>

Thesis title: Urgent and unrepeatable acts Abstract Urgent and unrepeatable acts are procedural acts of criminal proceedings that have two opposite aspects. On the one hand, there is an interest in combating crime, and an urgent or unrepeatable act can help law enforcement authorities to obtain evidence that might not be possible to prove at later stages of the criminal proceedings (whether after the prosecution or the proceedings before court), if the law enforcement authorities did not intervene without undue delay. On the other hand, the urgent and unrepeatable acts could be a significant interference with the rights of the defense, especially in cases where they are carried out before the prosecution begins. This is why there are special provision on the requirements for urgent or unrepeatable acts in the Criminal Procedure Code. The aim of the thesis was to analyze selected questions within the topic of urgent and unrepeatable acts, which are currently discussed mainly due to their insufficient legal regulation, and to propose de lege ferenda solution, if possible. These sub-themes included: (i) the requirements of the urgent and unrepeatable acts, in particular with regards to the misconduct of law enforcement authorities in meeting the requirement of proper justification of the urgency and...

Scientific evidence is increasingly relied on in litigation. Discussions and debates aimed at enabling courts to make the best use scientific evidence are therefore critical. This thesis adds the perspective of procedural legitimacy to the science and law dialogue. Procedural Legitimacy is the concept that consistent adherence to legal procedure maintains the overall legitimacy of the legal system, and the validity of its outcomes. I argue that to maintain legitimate legal outcomes, procedural rules must be applied consistently and vigilantly to scientific evidence. This means that admissibility rules must be applied properly to scientific evidence, and that admitted scientific evidence must be duly scrutinized and weighed against the legal standard of proof. This ensures that the legal outcome will be based on valid legal facts. When the law is applied to those legal facts, litigants are legitimately bound by the judicial decision, despite the risk of factual inaccuracy. / The bulk of this thesis develops the notion of procedural legitimacy, and argues that its role in the adjudicative process is vital. The argument is founded on the conditions of uncertainty in which legal decisions are made. I show that both liability determinations and damages determinations in personal injury actions are made in conditions of uncertainty, and are dependent on consistency in procedure to maintain legitimacy. Ultimately, I apply the procedural legitimacy argument to admissibility and use of scientific evidence, and endorse the recommendations of the Goudge Inquiry in that respect.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojami su įrodymų leistinumu ir sąsajumu civiliniame procese susiję aspektai. Įrodymų leistinumas ir sąsajumas aktualūs tuo, kad būtent nuo byloje surinktų įrodymų priklauso galutinis teismo sprendimas ir tai, ar pažeista asmens teisė ar interesas bus tinkamai ir operatyviai apginti. Siekiant tinkamai suprasti leistinumo ir sąsajumo kriterijų reikšmę, pirmoje darbo dalyje pateikiama ir aptariama įrodymų bei įrodinėjimo priemonių samprata. Antroji darbo dalis skiriama įrodymų leistinumo ir sąsajumo kriterijų analizei. Leistinumo kriterijus svarbus tuo, kad apibūdina įrodymų procesinę formą, rinkimo bei tyrimo tvarką, o sąsajumo taisyklė padeda užtikrinti proceso ekonomiškumą bei koncentruotumą. Analizuojant leistinumo aspektą, aptariama ir 2011 10 01 įsigaliojusio nebaigtinio įrodinėjimo priemonių sąrašo reikšmė, nes įsigalioję pakeitimai praplėtė įrodinėjimo galimybes, tačiau paliko neaiškumą dėl konkrečiai neįvardintų įrodinėjimo priemonių leistinumo reikalavimų. Trečioje darbo dalyje dėmesys skiriamas ne tik atskiromis įrodinėjimo priemonėmis gaunamų įrodymų leistinumui, bet ir konkrečių įrodinėjimo priemonių panaudojimui. Aptariami dažniausi būtinojo įrodinėjimo ir draudimo naudoti konkrečiai numatytas įrodinėjimo priemones atvejai. Kaip atskira leistina įrodinėjimo priemonė aptariami elektroniniai įrodymai, kurių panaudojimas civiliniame procese auga. Analizuojant elektroninius įrodymus, pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas jų autentiškumo ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master’s thesis analyzes the aspects, related to admissibility and correlativity of evidence in civil procedure. The admissibility and correlativity of evidence are relevant, because a final judgment depends on the evidence collected in the case, and whether the person’s rights or interests will be properly and promptly defended. In order to properly understand the importance of factors of admissibility and correlativity of evidence, the first part of the Thesis presents and discusses the concept of evidence and means of proof. The second part of the Thesis is focused on an analysis of the factors of admissibility and correlativity of evidence. An admissibility criterion is important because it describes the procedural form of evidence, collection and the investigative procedure, and the rule of correlativity helps to ensure economy and concentration of the process. In analyzing the admissibility aspect, the value of a non-finite list of means of proof is also discussed, which came into force on 2011 10 01. These changes which came into force have expanded the capabilities of proof, but have left uncertainty in respect of the requirements of the admissibility of innominate means of proof. The third part focuses not only on the admissibility of evidence obtained by individual means of proof, but also the use of the particular means of proof. Here, the most common cases of necessary proof and prohibition of the use of specifically intended means of proof are discussed... [to full text]

This PhD thesis focuses on the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings. Appropriate setting of limits of admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in the criminal proceedings is not only regarded as one of the main guaranties of fair justice system, but also represents topical and vital issue which raises number of legal dilemmas. The importance of the topic has been increasing recently as gathering of evidence in criminal proceedings often conflicts with the fundamental rights of individuals that are subject to severe limitation on constitutional and especially international level and that are broadly endangered during the process of collecting evidence. The core of the thesis lies in the in-depth analysis of current legislation, jurisprudence and case law dealing with the issue. Within the framework of that analysis, all of the important and disputed questions relating to the general aspects of admissibility of evidence are examined from the perspective of jurisprudence and case law; the knowledge is enriched with real practical impacts on domestic judicial practice. Special attention is paid to the issues related to the exclusion of illegally obtained evidence from the process of evaluating evidence and forming final decision on the case. The thesis does not overlook the problems...

This PhD thesis focuses on the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings. Appropriate setting of limits of admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in the criminal proceedings is not only regarded as one of the main guaranties of fair justice system, but also represents topical and vital issue which raises number of legal dilemmas. The importance of the topic has been increasing recently as gathering of evidence in criminal proceedings often conflicts with the fundamental rights of individuals that are subject to severe limitation on constitutional and especially international level and that are broadly endangered during the process of collecting evidence. The core of the thesis lies in the in-depth analysis of current legislation, jurisprudence and case law dealing with the issue. Within the framework of that analysis, all of the important and disputed questions relating to the general aspects of admissibility of evidence are examined from the perspective of jurisprudence and case law; the knowledge is enriched with real practical impacts on domestic judicial practice. Special attention is paid to the issues related to the exclusion of illegally obtained evidence from the process of evaluating evidence and forming final decision on the case. The thesis does not overlook the problems...