As técnicas de remediação para solos contaminados como os processos de oxidação avançados \"in situ\" visam essencialmente a mineralização dos contaminantes, reduzindo-os, em última instância, a CO2 e H2O. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar os resultados de experimentos conduzidos para investigar como as características do solo, tais como a granulação, o teor e a natureza dos minerais argilosos, e o teor da matéria orgânica influem no desempenho da mineralização do contaminante linar alquilbenzeno no solo. Em várias partes da cidade de São Paulo há locais contaminados por esse e outros tipos de vazamentos e os responsáveis e as autoridades estão interessadas em possíveis soluções. Uma possível solução seria o tratamento in situ através dos processos de oxidação avançada. Porém, não há como decidir a priori sobre a melhor técnica, pois ela dependerá tanto do reagente empregado como do tipo de solo contaminado. Essa resposta poderá ser cientificamente fundamentada a partir de ensaios no laboratório desenhados para investigar os fatores que controlam a eficácia do processo. Os experimentos em laboratório foram conduzidos com dois tipos de solo da região metropolitana de São Paulo contaminados com linear alquilbenzeno, composto utilizado como óleo térmico em revestimentos de cabos subterrâneos de alta voltagem. Os desempenhos da mineralização com o Reagente de Fenton e Persulfato de Sódio foram avaliados na oxidação do composto linear alquilbenzeno com uma concentração inicial de 10 mg/grama de solo contaminado. Os resultados mostram uma redução considerável em massa de 82% a 85% do contaminante nos dois solos com a utilização de Persulfato de Sódio ativado termicamente e através de metal de transição \'Fe POT.2+\' disponível naturalmente no solo . O reagente de Fenton nas mesmas condições do experimento mostrou um desempenho mais limitado entre 10 % a 30% de redução em massa do contaminante. O conhecimento prévio das características do solo como o teor de argila , teor de carbono orgânico que influem fortemente os fenômenos de sorção e desorção e a composição mineralógica são variáveis importantes na definição dos reagentes e nas condições de reação de oxidação dos poluentes e contribuem na escolha mais acertada da tecnologia de remediação \'in situ\". / The remediation techniques used in contaminated soils such as \"in situ\" chemical oxidation aim essentially the mineralization of contaminants, reducing it to CO2 and H2O. The objective of this study is pointing out the results of experiments conducted to investigate how the soil characteristics such as granulometry, assay and nature of clay minerals as well as organic matter can influence in the mineralization performance of linear alkylbenzene in the soil. In some areas of São Paulo city there are contaminated sites by leakage of linear alkylbenzene and many other chemical leakages and site\'s responsible and local authorities are interested in possible technical solutions to clean it. One possible solution would be in situ treatment through advanced oxidation process; however there is no way how to decide about the best technique because it depends on contaminant substance, reagents used as well as the contaminated soil characteristics. The answer could be scientifically based on bench laboratory experiments properly designed to investigate the factors that control the process performance. The bench lab experiments were conducted with two soils sampled from metropolitan region of São Paulo and contaminated with linear alkyl benzene, used in high and medium voltage underground electrical cables. The mineralization performance was evaluated in soils contaminated with an initial concentration of 10 mg / gr of contaminated soil by oxidation of linear alkyl benzene with Fenton reagent and sodium persulfate. The final results pointed out a considerable mass reduction from 82% to 85% in both soils tested with sodium persulfate thermally activated and by naturally available transition metal \'Fe pot.2+\' in the soil. The Fenton reagent in the same experiment conditions pointed out a more limited mass reduction performance between 10% and 30%. The previous knowledge of soil characteristics such as clay assay , natural carbon content in the soil which influence the sorption / desorption phenomenon as well as the mineral composition of the soil are the key variables to define reagents and the oxidation reaction conditions which contribute to select a proper in situ chemical oxidation technology.

Le secteur industriel du traitement de surface (TS), secteur d’excellence en Bourgogne Franche-Comté, est contraint de recourir à de nouvelles méthodes d’épuration des eaux du fait d’une règlementation européenne de plus en plus stricte. En effet, notamment dans le cadre de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau, les industriels doivent sans cesse améliorer la qualité de leurs rejets et diminuer les impacts générés par ceux-ci. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans cet objectif. Ainsi, trois grands types d’investigations ont été menés : le premier a permis de définir la composition qualitative et quantitative en substances dangereuses (SD) des rejets de TS et d’étudier leur variabilité temporelle ; le second a validé des modifications d’une station physico-chimique de traitement des eaux franc-comtoise pour diminuer le flux de SD ; le dernier a proposé des solutions innovantes par bioadsorption sur des matériaux de cyclodextrine et par procédé d’oxydation avancée (POA) soit par ozone/UV, soit par l’utilisation de catalyseurs Pd-Cu pour atteindre le même objectif.[...] / The industrial sector of surface treatment (ST), sector of excellence in Bourgogne Franche-Comté, is forced to resort to new methods for water treatment due to European regulations increasingly strict. Indeed, particularly in the context of the Water Framework Directive, industries must continually improve the quality of their discharge waters and reduce the impacts generated by them. This work is part of this. Thus, three types of investigations were conducted: the first has defined qualitative and quantitative composition of hazardous substances (HS) in ST discharge waters and study their temporal variability; the second has approved changes in a physicochemical wastewater decontamination station to decrease HS water flow; the last proposed innovative solutions by biosorption on cyclodextrin materials and advanced oxidation process (AOP) by ozone / UV, or by the use of Pd-Cu catalysts to achieve the same objective.[...]

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei verschiedene Klassen oxidischer Nanomaterialien nasschemisch synthetisiert und strukturell-morphologisch charakterisiert. Zum einen betrifft dies TiO2-, TiO2/SiO2-, Ag/TiO2- und Pd/TiO2-Sole, welche die photokatalytisch aktive Modifikation Anatas in nanokristalliner Form enthalten und über einen solvothermalen Sol-Gel-Prozess hergestellt werden konnten. Im Hinblick auf eine potentielle Anwendung in der Desinfektionstechnologie und für den Abbau organischer Umweltschadstoffe wurde die photokatalytische Aktivität von Pulvern und Beschichtungen auf Textil durch E. coli-Abtötung bzw. Modellfarbstoffabbau untersucht. Im Weiteren wurde die antimikrobielle Aktivität pyroelektrischer LiNbO3- und LiTaO3-Pulvermaterialien unter zyklischer thermischer Anregung nachgewiesen. Diese als Pyroelektrokatalyse bezeichnete Nutzung des pyroelektrischen Effektes in einem katalytischen bzw. elektrochemischen Prozess ist dabei von grundlegender Neuheit. Aufsetzend auf den physiko-chemischen Grundlagen dieses Phänomens wurde eine Hypothese des Mechanismus entwickelt und in Analogie zur Photokatalyse diskutiert. / This thesis deals with two classes of oxidic nanomaterials that were synthesized by chemical solution routes and characterized with respect to structure and morphology. Sols of TiO2, TiO2/SiO2, Ag/TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 containing the photocatalytically active modification anatase in nanocrystalline form were prepared via a solvothermal sol-gel process. With regard to potential application in disinfection and environmental remediation technology the photocatalytic activity of powders and coatings on textile was investigated by means of E. coli decomposition and organic dye degradation. Further the antimicrobial activity of pyroelectric LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 powder materials under cyclical thermal excitation was demonstrated. In this context the application of the pyroelectric effect in a catalytic or electrochemical process – termed as pyroelectrocatalysis – is of fundamental novelty. Based on the physico-chemical principles of the phenomenon a hypothesis of the mechanism was developed and discussed in analogy with photocatalysis.