This thesis provides a historical materialist policy analysis of the diversity of capital-account policies (CAPs) deployed in Brazil and South Africa over the period 2008-2014. Facing relatively similar patterns of cross-border money-capital movements and comparable financial challenges, these two emerging capitalist countries implemented radically different CAPs: while Brazil deployed a remarkable array of measures (capital controls on inflows, foreign exchange interventions, regulations of derivatives contracts, etc.), the policy response in South Africa was much more orthodox, and mainly characterised by the further liberalisation of outflows. The historical materialist policy analysis combines a variety of theoretical literatures (including historical materialism, financial and economic geography, and post-Keynesian economics) and research methods (qualitative research interviews, policy document analysis, and macroeconomic analysis). It examines the drivers of the CAP policy-making process in Brazil and South Africa in the light of (1) the social constitution and the class character of the capitalist state and money-capital, conceived of as particular 'moments' in the totality of capitalist social relations from which they are constituted; (2) the historical-geographical specificity of the Brazilian and South African capitalist development trajectory, (3) the unfolding of the broader social struggles of the working class, and (4) with specific reference to the highly uneven geographies of the contemporary global financial system. I claim that in both countries, post-crisis CAPs were not part of a political attempt at restructuring the state and altering class relations. By contrast, CAPs were instrumental in reproducing particular modes of managing class relations and accumulation in a changing international context, though in a precarious and temporary manner. Post-crisis CAPs involved the creation, enhancement, and adaptation of financial and monetary regulatory capacity (involving both drastic innovation and more subtle forms of change) to deepen the CAPs deployed in the previous decade, while coping with their (perceived) worst consequences: sustaining the historically-specific mode of mediating the global movement of money-capital in each country required the uneven re-articulation of state power. The thesis contributes to the literatures on the distinctively Marxian-inspired approaches to development, the uneven geographies of finance/financialisation, materialist state theory, and to the debates about more progressive forms of financial governance in emerging capitalist countries. It also shows the limits of the concept of 'policy space' as an analytical device, chiefly due to its almost complete blindness to class and to the active role of the working class in shaping policies. This results in difficulties in envisaging progressive policy alternatives, that is, policies that do not only aim at stabilising capital accumulation and facilitating the reproduction of key capitalist social forms in the short term.

Os debates sobre a identidade brasileira, entre meados do século XIX e início do XX, encaravam o negro enquanto um problema para a afirmação deste país como nação. A interpretação da precedência européia, particularmente portuguesa, era vista como solução deste problema, ao caracterizar secundária a participação de negros e índios neste processo. Essa é a razão dos primeiro estudos africanos surgirem no Brasil para explicar a viabilidade da nação diante da sua presença. Pioneiro nesses estudos, Nina Rodrigues privilegiava um tipo específico de cultura africana, conhecida como nagô. A generalização nagô para o entendimento da totalidade do continente africano marcou as gerações de pesquisadores procedentes. Entre eles, Gilberto Freyre, ampliou a defesa da ancestralidade portuguesa com o conceito de lusotropicalismo. A influência desses estudiosos influenciou praticamente todos os pesquisadores interessados nos temas africanos e afro-brasileiros da primeira metade do século XX. Entretanto, tais estudos institucionalizar-se-iam por iniciativa de Agostinho da Silva; intelectual português atuante na Renascença Portuguesa e na Seara Nova, auto-exilou-se em 1944 no Brasil país que enxergava como continuidade de um Portugal idealizado e que teria a missão de criar uma nova civilização baseada em uma comunidade luso-brasileira onde fundou e atuou em diversas entidades científicas e culturais, entre elas o Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais na Bahia (CEAO) em 1959. Ao analisar as ações do CEAO nos primeiros anos de sua existência (1959-1961), verificamos que as influências ideológicas precedentes dos estudos afro-brasileiros fundiram-se aos ideais de Agostinho da Silva, iniciando uma série de correspondências com instituições brasileiras e estrangeiras, que muito contribuíram para o alargamento das relações internacionais brasileiras e para a continuidade e ampliação das pesquisas africanas no Brasil. / Discussions about brazilian identity, between the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, saw the Negro as a problem for the affirmation of this country as a nation. The interpretation of european precedence, particularly portuguese, was seen as a solution to this problem, to characterize secondary participation of blacks and indians in this process. This is why the first african studies in Brazil appear to explain the viability of the nation in his presence. A pioneer in these studies, Nina Rodrigues favored a \"type\" specific of African culture, known as nagô. The spread nagô to the understanding of the entire African continent marked the coming generations of researchers. Among them, Gilberto Freyre, expanded the defense of portuguese ancestry with the concept of lusotropicalism. The influence of these scholars has influenced virtually all researchers interested in African issues in the first half of the twentieth century. However, these studies institutionalize would be the initiative of Agostinho da Silva, portuguese intellectual active in the Portuguese Renaissance and Seara Nova, self-exiled in 1944 in Brazil a country he saw as a continuation of an idealized Portugal, would have to task of creating a new civilization based on a luso-brazilian community where he founded and served in various scientific and cultural entities, including the Center for Afro-Oriental Studies (CEAO) in Bahia, 1959. By analyzing the actions of CEAO during the first years of its existence (1959-1961), we find that the ideological influences of previous studies african-Brazilians were merged with the ideals of Agostinho da Silva, began a series of matches with Brazilian and foreign institutions, which greatly contributed to the expansion of Brazil\'s international relations and the continuity and expansion of African studies in Brazil.

Os debates sobre a identidade brasileira, entre meados do século XIX e início do XX, encaravam o negro enquanto um problema para a afirmação deste país como nação. A interpretação da precedência européia, particularmente portuguesa, era vista como solução deste problema, ao caracterizar secundária a participação de negros e índios neste processo. Essa é a razão dos primeiro estudos africanos surgirem no Brasil para explicar a viabilidade da nação diante da sua presença. Pioneiro nesses estudos, Nina Rodrigues privilegiava um tipo específico de cultura africana, conhecida como nagô. A generalização nagô para o entendimento da totalidade do continente africano marcou as gerações de pesquisadores procedentes. Entre eles, Gilberto Freyre, ampliou a defesa da ancestralidade portuguesa com o conceito de lusotropicalismo. A influência desses estudiosos influenciou praticamente todos os pesquisadores interessados nos temas africanos e afro-brasileiros da primeira metade do século XX. Entretanto, tais estudos institucionalizar-se-iam por iniciativa de Agostinho da Silva; intelectual português atuante na Renascença Portuguesa e na Seara Nova, auto-exilou-se em 1944 no Brasil país que enxergava como continuidade de um Portugal idealizado e que teria a missão de criar uma nova civilização baseada em uma comunidade luso-brasileira onde fundou e atuou em diversas entidades científicas e culturais, entre elas o Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais na Bahia (CEAO) em 1959. Ao analisar as ações do CEAO nos primeiros anos de sua existência (1959-1961), verificamos que as influências ideológicas precedentes dos estudos afro-brasileiros fundiram-se aos ideais de Agostinho da Silva, iniciando uma série de correspondências com instituições brasileiras e estrangeiras, que muito contribuíram para o alargamento das relações internacionais brasileiras e para a continuidade e ampliação das pesquisas africanas no Brasil. / Discussions about brazilian identity, between the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, saw the Negro as a problem for the affirmation of this country as a nation. The interpretation of european precedence, particularly portuguese, was seen as a solution to this problem, to characterize secondary participation of blacks and indians in this process. This is why the first african studies in Brazil appear to explain the viability of the nation in his presence. A pioneer in these studies, Nina Rodrigues favored a \"type\" specific of African culture, known as nagô. The spread nagô to the understanding of the entire African continent marked the coming generations of researchers. Among them, Gilberto Freyre, expanded the defense of portuguese ancestry with the concept of lusotropicalism. The influence of these scholars has influenced virtually all researchers interested in African issues in the first half of the twentieth century. However, these studies institutionalize would be the initiative of Agostinho da Silva, portuguese intellectual active in the Portuguese Renaissance and Seara Nova, self-exiled in 1944 in Brazil a country he saw as a continuation of an idealized Portugal, would have to task of creating a new civilization based on a luso-brazilian community where he founded and served in various scientific and cultural entities, including the Center for Afro-Oriental Studies (CEAO) in Bahia, 1959. By analyzing the actions of CEAO during the first years of its existence (1959-1961), we find that the ideological influences of previous studies african-Brazilians were merged with the ideals of Agostinho da Silva, began a series of matches with Brazilian and foreign institutions, which greatly contributed to the expansion of Brazil\'s international relations and the continuity and expansion of African studies in Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:17:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marli _Francisco.pdf: 1671615 bytes, checksum: c3f79eac888bd4d8340dfb141535a6ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-29 / In this study we present the dissertation initial problem developed in the Master of Education, research line "History of Education". The proposed overall goal is to understand the narratives in oral reports on the school careers of Angolan students who undertake their studies in Brazil, through the Students-Agreement Graduate Program (PEC-G). The general objective involves: identifying the reasons that led the Angolan students to choose Brazil for the fulfilment of academic mobility; analyze the Program Students-Agreement Graduation (PEC-G) which allows academic mobility in Brazil and the relationship with the choice of Brazil to effect the graduate studies; and understand the narratives about the school route taken by the research subjects. In the investigation established as a research problem the following question: ─ How is the school career of Angolan students who chose Brazil for the undergraduate study? To assist in understanding, the problem established as research questions: ─ Why Brazil was the destination chosen by the Angolan students for academic mobility? ─ What are the difficulties and expectations of Angolan students who undertake their studies in surveyed institutions? ─ What are the life stories of the Angolan students who participate in academic mobility agreements in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) selected for the survey. To answer these questions the option was there for a characterizable as qualitative research, carried out by means of narrative interviews in the second half of 2013, from which it was possible to know the school careers of six Angolan students enrolled in two higher education institutions (IES), the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) and the Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG). The document analysis was also selected to provide access to information in relation to student mobility of Angolan students. The survey results showed that student mobility held by Angolan students in Brazil is through the Student-Agreement Graduate Program (PEC-G) as a result of educational, cultural, scientific and technological agreements that Brazil has with Angola and with other developing countries, with the main objective the promotion and the training of human resources of the countries participating in the Program, enhancing the development of the local community and the country through education internationalization. For theoretical and methodological support of the actions we used the contributions of Antonio Torres Montenegro, Homi K. Bhabha, Jacques Le Goff, João Carlos Cattelan, Julio Aróstegui, Eva Maria Lakatos and Marina de Andrade Marconi, Michel de Certeau, Michel Maffesoli, Paul Thompson, Stuart Hall, Lucilia de Almeida Neves Delgado, François Dosse, among others / Na presente pesquisa apresentamos a problemática inicial de dissertação desenvolvida no Mestrado em Educação, Linha de Pesquisa História da Educação . O objetivo geral proposto é o de compreender as narrativas em relatos orais sobre os percursos escolares de estudantes angolanos que realizam seus estudos no Brasil, por meio do Programa de Estudantes-Convênio de Graduação (PEC-G). O objetivo geral envolve: identificar as razões que levaram os estudantes angolanos a escolher o Brasil para a realização da mobilidade acadêmica; analisar o Programa de Estudantes-Convênio de Graduação (PEC-G) que permite a mobilidade acadêmica no Brasil e a relação com a escolha do Brasil para efetivar os estudos de graduação; e compreender as narrativas sobre o percurso escolar realizado pelos sujeitos da pesquisa. Na investigação estabelecemos como problema de pesquisa o seguinte questionamento: ─ Como é o percurso escolar dos estudantes angolanos que escolheram o Brasil para realizar o estudo de graduação? Para auxiliar na compreensão do problema estabelecemos como questões de pesquisa: ─ Por que o Brasil foi o destino escolhido pelos estudantes angolanos para a mobilidade acadêmica? ─ Quais são as dificuldades e expectativas dos estudantes angolanos que realizam seus estudos nas instituições pesquisadas? ─ Quais são as histórias de vida dos estudantes angolanos que participam de convênios de mobilidade acadêmica nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) selecionadas para a pesquisa. Para responder a essas questões a opção foi por uma pesquisa caracterizável como qualitativa, realizada por meio de entrevistas narrativas realizadas no segundo semestre de 2013, a partir das quais foi possível conhecer os percursos escolares de seis estudantes angolanos matriculados em duas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), a Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) e a Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG). A análise documental também foi selecionada para o acesso das informações no que se refere à mobilidade estudantil dos estudantes angolanos. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram concluir que a mobilidade estudantil realizada pelos estudantes angolanos no Brasil ocorre por meio do Programa de Estudantes-Convênio de Graduação (PEC-G) em decorrência dos acordos educacionais, culturais, científico e tecnológico que o Brasil mantém com Angola e com os demais países em vias de desenvolvimento, tendo como objetivo principal a promoção e a formação de recursos humanos dos países que participam do Programa, melhorando o desenvolvimento da comunidade local e do país por meio da internacionalização da educação. Para suporte teórico-metodológico das ações fizemos uso das contribuições de Antônio Torres Montenegro, Homi K. Bhabha, Jacques Le Goff, João Carlos Cattelan, Julio Aróstegui Eva Maria Lakatos e Marina de Andrade Marconi, Michel de Certeau, Michel Maffesoli, Paul Thompson, Stuart Hall, Lucilia de Almeida Neves Delgado, François Dosse, dentre outros.

Dentre as práticas mágicas realizadas pelos africanos e crioulos no Império Português, tiveram destaque os amuletos em formato de bolsinha contendo ingredientes que protegiam contra armas e doenças. Sua popularidade atiçou os inquisidores do Santo Oficio que a denominou bolsa de mandinga, e os confeccionadores de mandingueiros, e interpretaram a prática como uma manifestação de feitiçaria. Essa pesquisa propõe uma análise das bolsas de mandinga utilizadas nas sociedades atlânticas como resultado da recriação de tradições africanas no mundo do cativeiro e da circulação de saberes entre africanos de diferentes origens, a partir de um fundamento da cultura banto associada ao cristianismo. / Among the magical practices done by Africans and Creoles in the Portuguese Empire, we can point out charms in shape of small bags containing specific ingredients that protected against harm made by guns and illness. Their popularity intrigued the Inquisition and their agents had called them bolsa de mandinga, and the people who made them mandingueiros, interpreting those practices as manifestations of sorcery. This research tries to analyze the bolsas de mandinga utilized in the Atlantic societies as a result of the recreation of African traditions in the world of slavery and circulation of knowledge related to Africans from different origins, based in a Bantu culture associated with Christianity.

Dentre as práticas mágicas realizadas pelos africanos e crioulos no Império Português, tiveram destaque os amuletos em formato de bolsinha contendo ingredientes que protegiam contra armas e doenças. Sua popularidade atiçou os inquisidores do Santo Oficio que a denominou bolsa de mandinga, e os confeccionadores de mandingueiros, e interpretaram a prática como uma manifestação de feitiçaria. Essa pesquisa propõe uma análise das bolsas de mandinga utilizadas nas sociedades atlânticas como resultado da recriação de tradições africanas no mundo do cativeiro e da circulação de saberes entre africanos de diferentes origens, a partir de um fundamento da cultura banto associada ao cristianismo. / Among the magical practices done by Africans and Creoles in the Portuguese Empire, we can point out charms in shape of small bags containing specific ingredients that protected against harm made by guns and illness. Their popularity intrigued the Inquisition and their agents had called them bolsa de mandinga, and the people who made them mandingueiros, interpreting those practices as manifestations of sorcery. This research tries to analyze the bolsas de mandinga utilized in the Atlantic societies as a result of the recreation of African traditions in the world of slavery and circulation of knowledge related to Africans from different origins, based in a Bantu culture associated with Christianity.

Achieving food security under climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. The challenge becomes even greater when contextualised within our current limited understanding of how the food system functions as a complex, adaptive socio-ecological system, with food security as one of its outcomes. Adding climate change into this already complex and uncertain mix creates a ‘wicked problem’ that must be solved through the development of adaptive food governance. The thesis has 4 key aims: <ul><li>1. To move beyond an understanding of food security that is dependent solely on agricultural production, and therefore the reliance of future food security predictions on production data based on climate model inputs.</li><li>2. To ground the theoretical aspects of complex adaptive systems with empirical data from multi-level case studies.</li><li>3. To investigate the potential role of the private sector in food system futures.</li><li>4. To analyse food system dynamics across scales and levels.</li></ul> In order to realise these aims, a complex adaptive system (CAS) approach within the GECAFS food system framework is employed to multilevel case studies in South Africa and Brazil. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the private sector and how these vital actors, comprising a powerful component of the global food system, can be mobilized towards building adaptive capacity for a more resilient food system. Critically, the private sector is often left out of academic discussions on adaptation, which tend to focus more on civil society and governmental capacity to adapt. This thesis provides novel insight into how the power of the private sector can be harnessed to build adaptive capacity. The findings of the thesis showed that applying CAS to issues of governance has three important implications: The first is that in a complex system, it is critical to maintain diversity. This can translate into appreciating a multiplicity of viewpoints in order to reflect a range of decision-making options. This finding makes the case for closer synergy between the public and private sectors around areas like product development and distribution that includes an emphasis on enhancing food security under climate change. In the developing country context, the inclusion of smallholders and local entrepreneurs is also vital for building adaptive capacity. In this sense, it is possible for business to help achieve development goals by developing the capacity of those most vulnerable to socio-economic and environmental shocks. Secondly, adapting to climate change and other environmental and economic pressures will require a shift in mind-set that embraces the uncertainty of the future: ‘managing for uncertainty rather than against it’. This entails a shift in governance mindset away from linear thinking to a decision-making paradigm that is more flexible to deal with unexpected shocks. The third implication for governance is the need to understand the complex interplay of multiple interlinking processes and drivers that function across many levels and sometimes have exponential positive feedbacks in the food system. Adaptive governance is an iterative process, but as more is learnt and information is retained in the system, the ideal is that the beneficial processes that lower inequality and increase food security will start to be reinforced over those that entrench the current inequality in the food system.

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Ìsìnrú na ní bawo ohun pàtàkì na ise ìtenumó ni Brasili ati ìbi: "ki banújé ní fun àwon ki jadekúrò Instituto Metodista Porto Alegre (IPA-RS) àwon ise ìtenumó?" Èrò: yé, mó, túka ìwé ré ati/tabi banújé fun àwon jadekúrò ilá ìweé àgbá ni Brasili ki tó si Centro Ecumênico de Cultura Negra (CECUNE). Kan ekeji ibéèrè àwárì: mò nípa ikó àwon egúngun Afrika; kó bawo bi fifún àwon ohun lâárín èda ènià, arãlé ati egbé; mò, ònà àwon já ogun aráye Dudu gaúcho ati Brasili; túka àwon ònà ise wonyi ni ilê-ayé, ni Brasili ati Àwon Ìlú Fi Kún. Ekó àwon ohun – ìwádi ìrí – síbí àwon ohun nípa àwon ibéèrè, ìbi, pàdé àwon èniyàn ki jadekúrò, ati, túka àwon ìwé àwon ibi iwadí. Ibéèrè pèlú àwon olùkó The John Lewis Warfield Center for African and African Americen Studies at The University of Texas at Austin – USA ati túka ida sílè àwon ìwé ìlú eyi nípa ibéèrè. Àwon ìdáhùn: bá àwon asa ibi ojõjó ti dé ikoja Afrika ki kòsílè àdáwó ré nínú awa; nínú àwon àkókò àwon erú, àwon ja ogun quilombolas rú jade àwon ni/fun òmìnirà àwon ko ìbásededé – ni ìtóbi ati àwon àkója – ni ekó ati ni ojá ise ati, ni àwon onírúurú ni àwon ibi egbé. Àwon ìdáhùn: àwon ibéèrè èdá ènià-arãlé- egbé ni eta àwon ohun pàtàkì fun àwon ise ìtenumó fun àwon jadekúrò: èhin-òla isé; èhin-òla ebí ati ara; àlá da; èda titun ènia; titun àsìkò; pó si ife pàápàá; ìwé ìhòhìn àwon ohun egbé; pó si ìdàpò ati ìsúná ati ayé. / A tese tem o ponto central nas Ações Afirmativas na sociedade brasileira e problematiza: "Que sentidos têm para os egressos do Instituto Metodista Porto Alegre (IPA-RS) as Ações Afirmativas?" Seu objetivo foi entender, compreender, analisar o papel dessas ações e/ou o sentido que tem para os egressos dessa Instituição de Ensino Superior privada, no Brasil, conveniada com o Centro Ecumênico de Cultura Negra (CECUNE). De forma secundária, ela objetivava conhecer, pelo estudo sistemático, a ancestralidade africana; aproximar as relações entre raça/etnia e classe social; compreender o caminho/processo das lutas do povo negro afro-gaúcho e brasileiro; analisar os caminhos dessas ações no mundo, especificamente no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Foi feito um estudo de caso – de natureza qualitativa – mediante coleta de dados por meio de questionários, entrevistas, encontro de egressos e análise de documentos dos locais da pesquisa. Foram entrevistados professores do The John Lewis Warfield Center for African and African American Studies at The University of Texas at Austin – USA e analisada a produção bibliográfica desse país sobre a temática. Como resultados, foram descobertos costumes locais cotidianos oriundos do passado africano que deixaram suas contribuições em nossa sociedade; nos tempos da escravidão, lutas quilombolas emergiram na/para abolição das desigualdades. Os conceitos das ações afirmativas se diferenciam – em amplitude e metas – na educação, no mercado de trabalho e na diversidade do convívio em espaços sociais. Concluiu-se que as relações raça-etnia-classe formam o tripé onde se destacam como sentidos da ação afirmativa para os egressos: futuro profissional; futuro familiar e pessoal; realização de um sonho; possibilidade de reconstrução da identidade; oportunidade única; elevação da autoestima; retratação cultural; avanço socioeconômico e perspectiva de vida. / This dissertation has the central concern with the affirmative actions in the Brazilian society and problematizes: "What meanings do the affirmative actions have to former students of the Instituto Metodista Porto Alegre (IPA-RS)?" Its objective was to understand, grasp, and analyze the affirmative actions role and/or meaning to former students of this Brazilian private college institution, affiliated to the Centro Ecumênico de Cultura Negra (CECUNE). Secondly it aimed at knowing the African ancestrality through a systematic study; at approaching the relations between race/ethnicity and social class; at grasping the path/process of Black people´s struggles in Rio Grande do Sul and in Brazil; at analyzing the ways of those actions in the world, specifically in Brazil and in the United States. A case study was performed – in qualitative terms – by collecting data through questionnaires, interviews, meetings with former students, and analysis of documents from the research sites. Were also interviewed professors of The John Lewis Warfield Center for African and African American Studies at The University of Texas at Austin – USA and analyzed the bibliographic works about the thematic produced in this country. As a result, were found daily local habits arisen from the Africans past, which bring contributions to our society; in slavery times, maroon struggles emerged to abolish racial inequalities. Affirmative actions concepts differ – in ampleness and goals – in education, in labor market and in the diversity of social contact in social spaces. The conclusion was that race-ethnicity-social class relations form the tripod where the meanings of affirmative actions to former students are highlighted: professional future; family and personal future; a dream fulfillment; ways of identity reconstruction; unique opportunity; self-esteem improvement; socioeconomic progress, cultural withdrawal and life perspective. / La tesis tiene el punto central en las acciones afirmativas en la sociedad brasileña y problematiza: "¿Qué sentidos tienen para los egresos del Instituto Metodista Porto Alegre (IPA-RS) las Acciones Afirmativas?" Objetivo: entender, comprender, analizar su papel y/o sentido para egresos de esta Institución de Enseñanza Superior privada en Brasil, conveniada al Centro Ecumenico de Cultura Negra (CECUNE). Secundariamente objetiva: conocer por el estudio sistemático la ancestralidad africana; aproximar las relaciones entre raza/etnia y clase social; comprender el camino/proceso de luchas del pueblo negro afro-gaucho y brasileño; analizar los caminos de esas acciones en los espacios del mundo, específicamente Brasil y Estados Unidos. Estudio de caso - naturaleza cualitativa - colecta de datos por medio de cuestionarios, entrevistas, encuentro de egresos, y, analiza documentos de los sitios de la pesquisa. Entrevistas con profesores de The John Lewis Warfield Center for African and African American Studies at The University of Texas at Austin- USA y análisis de la producción bibliográfica de este país sobre la temática. Resultados: fueron descubiertas costumbres locales cotidianas, oriundas del pasado africano que dejan sus contribuiciones en nuestra sociedad; entre los tiempos de esclavitud, luchas quilombolas emergen en las/para aboliciones de las desigualdades. Conceptos de las acciones afirmativas se diferencian – en amplitud y metas – en la educación y en el mercado de trabajo y, en la diversidad del convivio en espacios sociales. Conclusiones: Relaciones raza-etnia-clase forman el trípode que se destacan como sentidos de la acción afirmativa para los egresos: futuro profesional; futuro familiar y personal; realización de un sueño; posibilidad de reconstrucción de identidad; oportunidad única; elevación de la autoestima; retractación cultural; avanzo socioeconómico y perspectiva de vida.