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On July 31st of last year, the Democratic Republic of the Congo held its first multiparty democratic elections in over forty years. These elections followed nearly half a century of the oppressive dictatorship of Mobutu Sese Seko, as well as a recent civil war. The Congo was first recognized as a cohesive land area during the 1884-85 Berlin West Africa Conference, which formally recognized King Leopold II of Belgium's hold over the economically strategic area. The Congo "Free State", as it became known, officially became a Belgian colony in 1908 when Leopold conceded personal administrative control to his country, and remained so until its independence in May of 1960, which involved the interests of many Western powers, including the United Nations. There is much debate on the influence of the West on the Congo's current instability, from Belgian colonial policy to Western interference in the years directly following Congolese independence. This thesis will attempt to prove the negative impact that the West has had on the current state of the Congo, and defend the Congolese against the argument that they in fact have promoted their own instability and could have effectively changed their own destiny. This will be accomplished through a multi-faceted analysis of Belgian educational policies, Western economic and political policies and influences, including sections on colonial influences and the secession of the province of Katanga, as well as an in depth analysis of the potential of Patrice Lumumba as a stable leader for the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

This study examines a range of South African speculative novels which situate their narratives in futuristic or ‘alternative’ milieus, exploring how these narratives not only address identity formation in a deeply divided and rapidly changing society, but also the ways in which human beings place themselves in relation to Nature and form notions of ‘ecological’ belonging. It offers close readings of these speculative narratives in order to investigate the ways in which they evince concerns which are rooted in the natural, social and political landscapes which inform them. Specific attention is paid to the texts’ treatment of the intertwined issues of identity, belonging and ecological crisis. This dissertation draws on the fields of Ecocriticism, Postcolonial Studies and Science Fiction Studies, and assumes a culturally specific approach to primary texts while investigating possible cross-cultural commonalities between Afrikaans and English speculative narratives, as well as the cross-fertilisation of global SF/speculative features. It is suggested that South African speculative fiction presents a socio-historically situated, rhizomatic approach to ecology – one that is attuned to the tension between humanistic- and ecological concerns.