Le but de la thèse est de retracer le développement et l’évolution de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, et son expansion, grâce à l’accroissement de son usage dans la vie quotidienne, comme instrument de communication dans tous les domaines sans exception. On y décrit la situation sociolinguistique de l’arabe de Juba, dans les années récentes, et le rôle d’une nouvelle génération dans le processus de son développement spectaculaire. L’étude est descriptive, analytique, et diachronique; elle donne une image historique des débuts de son existence, à partir du Sud en direction du Nord. Il s’agit d’observer, de près, son progrès dans la société, malgré sa complexité linguistique, face à une soixantaine de langues maternelles [langues vernaculaires], dans une société multi-ethnique, multi-culturelle et géographiquement étendue; l’élargissement de son utilisation dans les occasions officielles, rassemblements populaires, etc. Il s’agit aussi d’analyser le développement de sa structure grammaticale, à partir des données récoltées du corpus. L'objectif est aussi de montrer l’évolution linguistique de l’Arabe de Juba, en particulier son usage moderne et son rapprochement de l’arabe de Khartoum (Dialecte du nord Soudan), son usage quotidien à la radio et à la télévision qui jouent un rôle incontournable. Il s’agit enfin de montrer que l’arabe de Juba a fait un grand pas dans les domaines suivants: la poésie populaire, le théâtre, la chanson, la publicité, les blagues, les programmes télévisés, le discours politique, etc. La thèse dresse le tableau de la situation actuelle de ce phénomène linguistique considérable qu’est l’extension de l’usage de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, tout en étudiant les représentations dont il est l’objet, chez les locuteurs natifs ou non. Cette étude des nouveaux visages de l’arabe de Juba n’oublie pas de s’appuyer sur l’état ancien de cette langue et sur les travaux qui lui ont été consacrés. Par ailleurs, la thèse comprend la transcription et la traduction d’un vaste corpus recueilli sur place. / The aim of the thesis, "Use and representations of Juba Arabic in North Sudan" is to relate the development and evolution of Juba Arabic in North Sudan, and its expansion by its increasing use in everyday life as an instrument of communication in all fields without exception. The thesis describes the sociolinguistic situation of Juba Arabic, in recent years, and the role of a new generation in the process of its dramatic growth. The study is descriptive, analytical, and diachronic, giving a historical account of the beginnings of its existence, from the South up to the North. It is a close observation of its progress in society, in spite of its linguistic complexity, confronted with sixty vernacular languages in a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural society spreading out on a wide geographical space, the expansion of its use in formal occasions, public gatherings, etc. It analyzes the development of grammatical structure, based on collected data. The objective is also to show the evolution of Juba Arabic and its modern use and how it is getting closer to the Arabic of Khartoum [dialect of northern Sudan], as well as its daily use on radio and television which play a key role. It is also to show that Juba Arabic has taken a big step forward in the fields of folk poetry, drama, song, commercials, jokes, television programs, political speech, etc. This thesis thus draws an image of contemporary use and representations of Juba Arabic in Sudan, studying the significant linguistic phenomenon of its extension in North Sudan, as well as of how native and non native speakers look at it. It addresses the new faces of Juba Arabic, without losing to take into account the ancient state of the language and the work that had been carried out by previous scholars. Furthermore, an extensive corpus collected locally is given both in transcription and translation.

La chute de Carthage devant les armées romaines en (146 avant J.-C.) est contemporaine de la constitution de grands États : celui des successeurs de Massinissa, en Afrique du Nord centrale et celui des maures en Afrique du Nord occidentale. Ces États étaient attachés à leur génie propre, qui trouvait longtemps sa meilleure expression dans l’œuvre unificatrice et expansionniste de Massinissa et de ses successeurs, notamment Jugurtha et Juba Ier, de même que dans les prouesses en diplomatie du roi maure Bocchus l’Ancien. Ces rois avaient œuvré, par divers moyens, pour l’édification d’un vaste État africain, original, puissant, unifié sous le même sceptre, et relativement à l’abri de toute ingérence. De nombreux indices témoignent de la continuité et de l’originalité des États maures et numides : une population regroupée notamment autour des villes, nommées « villes royales » par les Romains ; les frappes de monnaies dites de Massinissa et de ses successeurs ; le commerce avec le monde méditerranéen surtout avec Carthage, les Gétules, les Îles Grecques, l’Espagne, et bien sûr avec Rome ; l’armée numide, de par ses prouesses en guerre face à l’armée romaine, constitue un témoignage probant que Jugurtha était un fin stratège et un chef militaire hors pair ; il en va de même pour Juba Ire, qui avait non seulement organisé un État, mais administré également une armée très efficace ; une armée montée selon les normes méditerranéennes alors en cours, donc moderne en cette époque de l’Antiquité. Par ailleurs, dans le domaine religieux, ces États ont laissé des traces monumentales (tombeaux et mausolées). Ces vestiges religieux prouvent que même au moment où la romanisation pesait de tout son poids, cette civilisation a su, en dépit de superficielles adaptations, préserver son originalité. / The fall of Carthage in front of the Roman armies (146 BC) is contemporary of the constitution of big States: that of the successors of Massinissa, in central North Africa and that of the Moors in western North Africa. These States were attached to their appropriate genius, which found for a long time its best expression in the unifying and expansionist work of Massinissa and his successors, in particular Jugurtha and Juba I, as well as in the exploit in diplomacy of Moorish king Bocchus the Old. These kings had worked, by diverse ways, at the construction of a vast African, original, powerful State, unified under the same scepter, and with regard to the shelter of any intervention. Numerous indications testify of the continuity and the originality of the Moorish and Numidian States: a population grouped in particular around cities, named " royal cities " by Romain; the said striking’s of coins of Massinissa and his successors; the trade with the Mediterranean world especially with Carthage, Gaetulians, the Greek Islands, Spain, and of course with Rome; the Numidian army, due to its exploit at war in front of the Roman army, constitute a convincing testimony that Jugurtha was a fine strategist and an outstanding military leader; It's the same for Juba I, who had not only organized a State, but also administered a very effective army; an army taken up according to the then current Mediterranean standards, thus modern in this time of the Antiquity. Besides, in the religious domain, these States left monumental tracks (graves and mausoleums). These religious vestiges prove that even as the romanization pressed with all the weight, this civilization knew how to, in spite of superficial adaptations, protect its originality.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第20109号 / 文博第734号 / 新制||文||643(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 豊, 教授 吉田 和彦, 准教授 千田 俊太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

This research explores the tensions between non-formal land access, violence and urban land policy in the post-conflict city of Juba in Southern Sudan. It departs from the conventional notion of rights to land based on property rights to a broader concept of ‘access’ to investigate the means, processes and relations within society, or ‘mechanisms’, by which individuals attempt to gain and maintain access to non-formal settlement land, how this is controlled and the connections to violence. Moving beyond current dualist frameworks used to understand informality, this research aims to unpack the formal and non-formal institutions in the city whose interplay results in unequal opportunities for individuals to access urban land and how violence is both a mechanism and outcome of this. Using a mixed methods methodology, the research was carried out in Juba and three of its non-formal settlements that have emerged at different times during the city’s approximately ninety-year history. It used mainly in-depth interviews, group discussions, participant observation, structured settlement surveys and semi-structured key informant interviews. As the ‘new’ capital of a multi-ethnic region that has experienced decades of civil war, Juba provides fertile ground to explore these issues. Firstly, by tracing the evolution of the region’s political economy the research shows how, rather than being a new phenomenon, exploitation by government and violence have been integral features of urban land management in the region. Secondly, by considering Juba’s development it shows how violence underpins contemporary settlement patterns in the post-conflict period. Thirdly, by providing case studies of three non-formal settlements it details the evolvement from a sense of community to more segregated practices where land access is becoming highly ethnicised, reflecting broader tensions in the region. Finally, it shows how both ethnic tensions and unclear legislation are being instrumentalised by a web of powerful actors who, whether through coercion, deception or violence, are undermining urban planning in the post-conflict city for their own benefit, and hence the ability of non-formal inhabitants to access land. The research concludes that partly due to the formative nature of institutions controlling urban land access, violence has not ended in the post-conflict period but remains integral. Nevertheless, whilst approaches to non-formal settlements may be seen as a consequence of the persistence of dysfunctional institutions, it also relates to the post-conflict political economy that is emerging in Southern Sudan and the extent to which urban land access is facilitated by connections with the urban political or military elite. As a result, for hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons, returnees, combatants and ex-combatants the ‘peace dividend’ is compromised. In an urban environment hostile to their presence, they have no choice but to settle in non-formal settlements that, rather than being a solution to their shelter needs, leave them exposed to exploitation by a range of powerful actors.

No description available.

La recherche s'inscrit dans une démarche de sociolinguistique et d'études sur les pidgins-créoles. Elle vise à décrire les différents usages du Juba Arabic parlée comme langue véhiculaire ou langue première à Juba et dans la province d'Equatoria au Sud Soudan. Le corpus collecté en 1981 comprend une série de questionnaires portant sur les usages linguistiques, des entretiens enregistrés avec des chefs de villages et des enregistrements dans les tribunaux coutumiers de Juba et plusieurs villes d'Equatoria. Ce corpus sonore a été déposé à la phonothèque de la MMSH http://pnonotheque.mmsh.huma-num.fr ). L'analyse phonologique et morpho-syntaxique du Juba Arabic illustre les variations entre niveau basilectal et mésolectal ou encore entre usages urbains ou ruraux.

This thesis argues that the International Criminal Court (ICC) brings a new more deontological paradigm to international interventions, founded upon the universal application of legal principle, and displacing consequentialist notions of justice linked to human rights. Based upon the Court’s Statute and mode of operations, it is argued that this is associated with assumptions concerning the ICC’s primacy, military enforcement, and theory of change. The consequences of this development in volatile contexts are demonstrated. The case study, founded upon analysis from the war-affected community, examines the impact of the International Criminal Court in the Lord’s Resistance Army war, and reveals the relationship between criminal justice enforcement, and community priorities for peace and human rights. On the basis of evidence, and contrary to narratives repeated but unsubstantiated in the literature, it demonstrates that in this case these two imperatives were in opposition to one another. The Court’s pursuit of retributive legal principle was detrimental to the community’s interests in peace and human rights. The subsequent failure of the ICC’s review process to interrogate this important issue is also established. The research establishes that statutory and operational assumptions upon which Court interventions are based do not hold in volatile contexts. For the case study community and elsewhere, this has had adverse impacts, with significant implications for the ICC. The findings indicate that if these issues are not fundamentally addressed, principled international criminal justice enforcement in volatile environments will continue to have profoundly negative human rights consequences.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2013-09-30T11:59:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_SaberesCotidianosAzeite.pdf: 5626195 bytes, checksum: 83cb6d9e09193d0254a537c06a0f7b58 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho(irvana@ufpa.br) on 2013-09-30T12:00:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_SaberesCotidianosAzeite.pdf: 5626195 bytes, checksum: 83cb6d9e09193d0254a537c06a0f7b58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T12:00:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_SaberesCotidianosAzeite.pdf: 5626195 bytes, checksum: 83cb6d9e09193d0254a537c06a0f7b58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Este estudo que ora apresento aqui, fundamenta-se na História Oral, utilizando fontes e memórias orais, relatórios institucionais, imagens fotográficas, a partir da escuta sensível dos relatos, das falas e dos depoimentos dos sujeitos. A presente pesquisa buscou investigar, refletir e sistematizar uma das práticas seculares dos povos das águas: a prática de extração do azeite de andiroba, que envolve as mulheres, homens, jovens, crianças e velhos extrativistas da Ilha de Juba, município de Cametá/PA, dando ênfase ao papel feminino. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é reconstituir os saberes cotidianos das práticas socioculturais produtivas das mulheres extrativistas do óleo de andiroba da localidade pesquisada. Este trabalho buscou investigar a problemática, a partir do viés da história social. Partindo da análise das relações entre mulheres e homens ribeirinhos da região Tocantina com a natureza, no período de tempo entre a instalação da Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí na década referente ao ano de 1980, até os dias atuais. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa de campo onde foram ouvidas 48 pessoas, referentes a 40 famílias visitadas e entrevistadas na localidade, através de formulários com questionamentos acerca do modo de vida da população residente na localidade pesquisada, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, que foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas; dentre as pessoas pesquisadas estão: membros da comunidade e de outras ilhas desta região do município de Cametá. A pesquisa diagnosticou algumas limitações em relação a produção e a comercialização do óleo de andiroba, sendo possível identificar as dificuldades mais latentes do processo da extração desse produto natural, como a pouca qualificação profissional e a ausência de organização das mulheres e dificuldade na entrada do produto no mercado e sua comercialização. Além disso, falta uma maior compreensão do papel social e histórico dessas mulheres. / The study I present is based on the Oral History, from which sources and oral memories, institutional reports, photographical images, from the sensitive listening of the individuals could be extracted. The present research sought to investigate, reflect and systemize one of the secular practices of the peoples of the waters, the practice of extraction of andiroba oil, which involves the extractor women, men, children, young and old people of Juba Island, municipality of Cametá/PA, emphasizing the feminine role. The main aim of this work is to reconstitute the daily acquirements of the productive sociocultural practices of the women who extract andiroba oil of the proposed locality. This work searched to investigate the problem from the relations between riverine women and men of the region of Tocantins and the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Station in the decade relating to the year of 1980 until the current days. The methodology put to use was that oh the field research where 48 people were heard, relating to 40 families which were visited and interviewed, through forms containing a set of questions about the way oh life of the population which is living in that inquired locality, semistructured interviews which were recorded, transcribed and analysed; among the community and of other islands of that region of the municipality of Cametá/PA the research diagnosed some imitations regarding to the production and commercialization of andiroba oil, causing the identification of the most latent difficulties of the extraction process of that natural product such as little professional qualification and the lack of organization of the market an its commercialization as well. Moreover, a broader comprehension of the social and historical role of those women is needed.

This thesis argues that the International Criminal Court (ICC) brings a new more deontological paradigm to international interventions, founded upon the universal application of legal principle, and displacing consequentialist notions of justice linked to human rights. Based upon the Court’s Statute and mode of operations, it is argued that this is associated with assumptions concerning the ICC’s primacy, military enforcement, and theory of change. The consequences of this development in volatile contexts are demonstrated. The case study, founded upon analysis from the war-affected community, examines the impact of the International Criminal Court in the Lord’s Resistance Army war, and reveals the relationship between criminal justice enforcement, and community priorities for peace and human rights. On the basis of evidence, and contrary to narratives repeated but unsubstantiated in the literature, it demonstrates that in this case these two imperatives were in opposition to one another. The Court’s pursuit of retributive legal principle was detrimental to the community’s interests in peace and human rights. The subsequent failure of the ICC’s review process to interrogate this important issue is also established. The research establishes that statutory and operational assumptions upon which Court interventions are based do not hold in volatile contexts. For the case study community and elsewhere, this has had adverse impacts, with significant implications for the ICC. The findings indicate that if these issues are not fundamentally addressed, principled international criminal justice enforcement in volatile environments will continue to have profoundly negative human rights consequences.

Throughout the 19th century, large numbers of enslaved people were brought from southeastern Africa to work on Somali plantations along the Benadir Coast and Shebelle River. As these southeast Africans were manumitted or escaped bondage, many fled to the west and settled in the heavily forested and fertile Gosha district along the Juba River. Unattached, lacking security, and surrounded by Somalis-speaking groups, these refugees established agricultural communities and were forced to construct new identities. Initially these riverine peoples could easily access clan structures and political institutions of surrounding Somali sub-clans, which in pre-colonial Jubaland were relatively fluid, open, and—in time—would have allowed these groups to become assimilated into Somali society. British colonial rule however changed this flexibility. Somali identity, once porous and accessible, became increasingly more rigid and exclusive, especially towards the riverine ex-slave communities—collectively called the Gosha by the British—who were subsequently marginalized and othered by these new "Somali." This project explores how British colonial rule contributed to this process and argues that in Jubaland province a "Somali" identity coalesced largely in opposition to the Gosha. / Master of Arts