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Perception of cervical cancer screening among Immigrant African women residing in Houston, Texas Esther I. Orji M.Ed., University of Lagos, 2002 B. Ed, Abia State University, 1998 A.C. E. University of Benin, 1990 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University August 2016 Disparities in cervical cancer screening participation still exist especially among immigrant and minority women compared to non immigrant populations. Research investigators through multiple studies have explored reasons for non participation in cervical cancer screening among immigrant and minority women. However, there was limited research specifically on how immigrant women of African descent could be empowered to overcome barriers associated with cervical cancer screening in Houston Texas. The purpose of this study was to explore and understand the perceptions of factors which are barriers to perform cervical cancer screening tests among immigrant women of African descent, as well as their beliefs on preventive medicine, and how immigrant women could be empowered in order to overcome barriers associated with cervical cancer screening. The theoretical framework was based on the health belief model. The participants for the study were 20 immigrant women of African descent aged 21-65. A semi-structured interview schedule which comprised of open ended questions was used to collect data on the perspectives of immigrant women towards cervical cancer screening. Data was transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. The social change implications of the study can be that immigrant women could be more encouraged to seek access to the appropriate state of the art in cervical cancer screening which could contribute in reducing mortality, morbidity rate, and costs associated with cervical cancer.

Magister Legum - LLM

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of K-12 Educational Administration, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Mar. 30, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 172-182). Also issued in print.

L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les différentes formes de pratiques de l'économie sociale et solidaire qui permettent aux femmes africaines d'aller au delà de leur vulnérabilité. Ces activités génératrices de revenus entraînent à la fois une augmentation de l'empowerment individuel et collectif des femmes ainsi que le développement de leurs communautés. Les femmes africaines sont des agents incontournables du changement par le biais des actions individuelles, mais surtout, collectives. En Afrique comme dans les différents pays du sud, les associations féminines constituent non seulement un lieu pour les femmes pour acquérir une certaine autonomie économique mais un véritable espace de liberté et d'échange qui permettent aux femmes de sortir de l'isolement, d'avoir de nouvelles compétences, d'avoir plus d'estime et confiance en soi en tant qu'un individu à part entière au même titre qu'un homme dans des sociétés à dominance patriarcale. C'est à travers ces activités que les femmes confirment leur rôle, affirment leur statut social et renforcent toute leur féminité en terme d'avoir, d'être et surtout de paraître. Les groupements féminins avec des degrés différents, ont acquis un certain succès. L'impact positif de la participation des femmes dans ces groupements permet de penser que l'empowerment individuel ou collectif des femmes pauvres est possible en optant pour des solutions alternatives basées sur des pratiques et actions collectives qui permettent d'acquérir plus de capacités et de liberté. Dans ce sens, l'approche des capacités de Sen est pertinente dans la mesure où elle renforce le poids des activités féminines issue de l'économie sociale et solidaire, permettant ainsi de renforcer les gains en terme d'empowerment.La principale fonction des groupements économiques féminins est de permettre aux femmes membres de pouvoir subvenir à leurs besoins par une mobilisation et une redistribution des ressources et par conséquent sortir de la précarité. Ces femmes qui s'activent dans les groupements et qui sont souvent responsables de famille, cherchent les moyens surtout financiers de pouvoir s'acquitter de leurs obligations familiales et sociales. A travers notre travail, nous avons relevé d'autres gains pour les femmes sur le plan individuel et collectif qui sont aussi importants et moins quantifiables. Le contexte de crise et de précarité confère aux activités féminines un rôle social très important surtout dans les pays du sud, où la féminisation de la pauvreté est importante. / The objectives of this work are to analyse different practices of social and solidarity economy that enable African women to move beyond vulnerability. Income generating activities involve both an increase in individual and collective empowerment of women, and in addition - further development of their communities. African women are key agents of change through individual actions, but most of all - though collective once. In Africa, as well as in various countries of the South, female organisations are not only a place for women to gain some economic independence, but a genuine areas of freedom and exchange, that allow them to come out of isolation, to learn new skills, and to have more esteem and self-confidence as individuals in their own rights alongside the men in a patriarchal societies. It is through these activities that women strengthen their role, their social status, and reinforce their femininity and presence Women's organisations, in different degree, manage to gain some success. The positive impact of women's participation in these groups suggests that the individual or collective empowerment of poor women is possible by opting for alternative solutions based on practical and collective actions that develop more capacity and greater freedom. In this sense, Sen's capability approach is relevant to the extent, that it reinforces the importance of women's activities within the social economy, thereby strengthening the gains in terms of empowerment. The main function of female economic organisations is to enable women members to be able to support themselves through mobilisation and redistribution of resources and therefore help them out of poverty. These women who are active in organisations and are often responsible for the family, often seek most financial means to meet their family and social obligations. Through our work, we have identified further significant gains for women as individuals, as well as in a collective, but these gains are less quantifiable. The context of crisis and insecurity gives women's activities a very important social role especially in the South, where the feminisation of poverty is important.

Trade liberalization has different impacts on groups of individuals in the society. Some of them improve their situation, the other ones get worse. Due to the existing gender inequali-ties the distribution of benefits from trade liberalization between women and men is dis-proportional. The paper indentifies main areas, in which are the gender inequalities the most significant. African women are limited in their access to education, productive resources and to technologies, but also to the means of financing. These limits prevent women from full participation in trade and therefore also in economic growth of the country. The creation of new jobs in export-oriented sectors presents the main contribution of trade liberalization for African women. The income they are getting form those jobs are usually used to finance the education and health care for children, that is why their quality of life may improve. The paper concentrates on the reciprocal relation between liberalization and gender equality, which is demonstrated on the status of women in trade and in export-oriented sectors.

I aim to showcase post-African female identity through the exhibition, The princess in the veld. The exhibition displays selected works produced by South African women artists, underpinned by the proposed curatorial framework. This curatorial approach is feminist, and may allow for a liminal reading of local female identity. I premise my theorised curatorial framework liminally, in-between binary oppositions. This position allows for a feminist position and/or reading of female identities that simultaneously allude to, and reject a so-called local (essentialised) women’s art production within the ambit of global, Western dominated feminism. I argue that, for such a display to be successful, an alternative curatorial space is needed. For this purpose, I introduce the notion of heterotopia, a counter-space, to renegotiate binaries and to render identity formations temporarily in-between prevailing norms. This heterotopic counter-curatorial space is realised through an exhibition that employs the medium of video, rather than conventional exhibition media installed in real space. An exploration of specified key local and international survey exhibitions foregrounding women’s concerns from the 1980s onwards, serves to inform my theorised curatorial framework. The research embarks on an investigation of a recent large-scale exhibition hosted in France, to gain an understanding of the pitfalls prevalent in curating an exhibition of artwork produced by women. From a feminist standpoint, I critically analyse this display to suggest more inclusive alternative curatorial strategies to shift the conventionally Western approach followed by this curator. The revisionist, feminist, re-reading of certain South African curated exhibitions from both the apartheid and post-apartheid periods proposes a feminist trajectory that follows the shaping of local women’s identities, which remain deeply inscribed in this country’s politics and histories. This section of the survey underlines local post- African female identity as liminal and in flux, through the investigation of seminal exhibitions and artworks produced by South African women. I argue that this liminal account allows for an inclusive and extended understanding of women, while explicating the South African multicultural dispensation wherein the post-African woman operates. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / National Research Foundation / University of Pretoria / Visual Arts / DPhil / Unrestricted

The thesis examines how the social construction of African women in development discourse transformed from the 1970s to the 2000s, focusing in particular on the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). From the 1970s to the 1990s representations of African women were based on women’s economic potential. The mainstreaming of gender in the 1990s resulted in women being represented as agents of change. This approach gave women an opportunity to play roles in decision-making but led to policies that failed to challenge the established institutions. The emphasis on women as agents of change opened doors to some African women but with implications for the women’s movement. Only some middle-class women appear to benefit but their gains have been marginal in comparison to the gender inequalities that persist. The thesis uses secondary sources and interviews with development practitioners in Ottawa to understand the representation of African women as agents of change.

This thesis deals with the topic of childbirth and birth delivery in Eastern Africa. The theoretical part tackles mostly the high birth rates, midwifery and hygiene habits and rituals, health system, alternative approaches in midwifery care and traditional healing methods, post-natal care as well as high maternal and infant mortality rates. It uncovers the taboo topic of female circumcision and the impact that it has on giving birth. It furthermore describes a case of an especially complicated labour of a Ugandan girl called Fatima Mirembe who gave birth in a prison hospital. The practical part of this paper consists of a research survey that, using questionnaires, aims to find out what the women from the Ugandan Nyakyera Village and the communities nearby experience during and after the delivery and what the quality of local post-natal care is. It also describes the abortion rate in the area and common causes of abortions and it also describes the knowledge of the true story of Fatima Mirembe. Keywords African women, Fatima Mirembe, childbirth, birthrate, Uganda, East Africa, health care, female circumcision

The thesis examines how the social construction of African women in development discourse transformed from the 1970s to the 2000s, focusing in particular on the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). From the 1970s to the 1990s representations of African women were based on women’s economic potential. The mainstreaming of gender in the 1990s resulted in women being represented as agents of change. This approach gave women an opportunity to play roles in decision-making but led to policies that failed to challenge the established institutions. The emphasis on women as agents of change opened doors to some African women but with implications for the women’s movement. Only some middle-class women appear to benefit but their gains have been marginal in comparison to the gender inequalities that persist. The thesis uses secondary sources and interviews with development practitioners in Ottawa to understand the representation of African women as agents of change.