L’eau et le fourrage sont deux ressources non substituables pour les herbivores dans les écosystèmes arides et semi-arides. La distribution spatiale de l’eau de surface détermine la distribution et l’abondance des espèces dépendantes de l’eau. Cependant les processus impliqués à l’échelle individuelle demeurent méconnus. Treize groupes familiaux d’éléphants d’Afrique (Loxodonta africana) et dix mâles ont été équipé de colliers GPS dans le parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, et à sa périphérie. Les éléphants fourragent autour de multiples points centraux : ils visitent un point d’eau périodiquement toutes les 5h, 24h, 48h ou 72h et s’éloignent plus de l’eau lorsque ils font des trajets de plus longue durée. Pendant la saison sèche, la température augmente et les ressources fourragères s’épuisent à proximité de l’eau. Les groupes familiaux d’éléphants visitent les points d’eau plus souvent en augmentant la fréquence des trajets courts et en abandonnant les trajets de 72h. Cependant, ils parviennent à se rendre plus loin de l’eau pendant les trajets de 24h en augmentant la vitesse de déplacement. Ainsi les patrons de déplacement révèlent que les capacités de locomotion et de navigation des éléphants sont au cœur de leur stratégie d’adaptation à la saison sèche. Malgré cela, ces capacités sont rarement incluses dans les modèles d’approvisionnement dans des environnements hétérogènes. Pendant ces trajets, les groupes familiaux sélectionnent les zones de faible densité de points d’eau à des échelles multiples. La force de la sélection pour ces zones de faible densité augmente avec la longueur du trajet et au cours de la saison. Malgré le fait que l’importance des échelles spatiales soit bien établie dans la littérature, les contraintes associées à l’utilisation de multiples points centraux distribués de manière hétérogène dans le paysage ont été négligé alors que cette distribution détermine le degré d’épuisement des ressources fourragères et les rétroactions sur la sélection de l’habitat. J’ai aussi montré que la faune sauvage évite fortement le bétail et les humains qui les conduisent en périphérie d’une zone protégée pendant la saison des pluies. Cependant cet évitement décline au cours de la saison sèche en raison de l’assèchement des points d’eau et de la raréfaction des ressources fourragères. Les éléphants sont de plus en plus contraints par la distribution de l’eau de surface en saison sèche en raison de l’augmentation de leur besoins en eau tandis qu’ils tentent de maintenir leur approvisionnement en fourrage. Cette étude donne une évaluation quantitative de la contrainte en eau à l’échelle individuelle ainsi que les effets de la distribution en eau dans le paysage sur un grand herbivore. Ces résultats peuvent guider les politiques de gestion de l’eau dans un contexte d’aridification dû au changement climatique. / Water and forage are key non-substitutable resources for herbivores in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The distribution of surface water determines the distribution and abundance of water dependent animal species yet little is known about the processes involved at the individual level. Thirteen African savanna elephant family groups and ten bulls (Loxodonta Africana) were tracked with GPS collars within and on the outskirts of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Elephants behave as multiple central place foragers: They visit waterholes periodically every 5h, 24h, 48h or 72h and travel further from water during longer trips. During the dry season, temperatures increase and forage becomes depleted closer to water. Elephant family groups visit waterholes more often by increasing the proportion of briefer trips and abandoning 72h trips. However, they forage further during 24h trips by increasing travelling speed. Elephant movement patterns revealed locomotional and navigational abilities are at the core of their coping strategies although they are seldom allowed to vary in most foraging models of animal's use of heterogeneously distributed resources. During these foraging trips, family herds select for areas with low waterhole density at multiple scales. Selection strength for low density areas increases with both distance to water and the advancement of the dry season. Although scaling effects are widely recognized, the effects of the spatial distribution of multiple central places constraining foraging have been ignored yet they determine depletion effects and their feedbacks on habitat selection. I also showed that wildlife strongly avoid livestock and people that herd them at the boundary of a protected area during the rainy season yet avoidance decreases during the dry season when foraging and drinking resources become scares. Elephants are increasingly constrained by surface water availability during the dry season as their drinking requirements increase while they strive to main their forage intake. This study provides quantitative assessment of individual water dependence and of landscape effects of surface water distribution on a large herbivore. These findings can inform surface water management in contexts of aridification resulting from climate change.

This project will expand and extend the current concept of homeplace, as offered by cultural critic and scholar bell hooks. In doing so, it will assess the various ways that home has been constructed by persons of African descent, and suggests that homeplace is a form of maroonage that is manifested both physically and psychologically. In addition to conceptually theorizing on homeplace, this project will also introduce Homeplace Theory, a theoretical prescriptive to the issue of diminished and erased cultural consciousness amongst persons of African descent. Additionally, this project will explain the historical and socio-cultural role the Africana woman plays in the creation and maintenance of homeplace. By privileging Afrocentricity as the primary theoretical thrust, Homeplace Theory finds an intellectual home within the Afrocentric Paradigm with the addition of Afrocentric principles in the creation and explanation of Homeplace Theory. Afrocentricity also validates the subjective inquiry of African derived phenomena. In this regard, this project fortifies the intellectual subjective investigation of the Afrocentric enterprise within the discipline of Africology/Africana Studies/African American Studies. / African American Studies

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biotechnological applications are useful for adding value to the local medicinal plants and may provide an alternative source of pharmacologically-active compounds thus assisting with the conservation of wild populations. Salvia africana-lutea aromatic herb has long been used in folk medicine by traditional healers in the Western Cape Province (South Africa) for various ailments. As an in vitro conservation strategy, a continuous S. africana-lutea shoot culture was successfully established in solid MS medium containing BA (0.5 mg L-1) and NAA (0.2 mg L-1). The regeneration rate of the S. africana-lutea plants was high which produced approximately 720 plantlets in 20 culture bottles over a four week cycle. The microshoots were rooted in the MS medium without PGRs prior to acclimatisation. A survival rate of 92% was recorded for the greenhouse-acclimatised shoots. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Biotegnologiese toepassings is nuttig vir waarde toevoeging tot inheemse medisinale plante en kan ‘n alternatiewe bron van farmakologies aktiewe verbindings verskaf wat bydrae tot die bewaring van populasies in die natuur. Die aromatiese krui Salvia. Africana-lutea is reeds vir ‘n lang tydperk in volks medisyne deur tradisionele geneesheers in die Wes Kaap provinsie (Suid Afrika) vir ‘n verskeidenheid kwale gebruik. ‘n Kontinu S. africana-lutea lootkultuur in soliede Murashige en Skoog (1962) (MS) media wat BA (0.5 mg L-1) en NAA (0.2 mg L-1) bevat, is suksesvol as ‘n in vitro konservasie strategie ontwikkel. Die regenerasie tempo van die S. africana-lutea plante was hoog en het ongeveer 720 plante in 20 kultuur bottels tydens ‘n vier week siklus gelewer. Die mikrolote is op plant groei reguleerder vrye MS media gewortel voordat plante geaklimatiseer is. ’n Oorlewingstempo van 92% is vir die glashuis geaklimatiseerde lote waargeneem.

O escritor angolano Pepetela possui em sua produção literária a obra O quase fim do mundo (2008), na qual cria condições para o reinício da humanidade a partir de poucos sobreviventes a uma hecatombe, o que a faz ser inserida no rol de discursos escatológicos. Seu diferencial, a nosso ver, estará nas discussões suscitadas quanto à realidade africana, em especial de Angola. Nesse sentido, há no romance a formação de uma sociedade a partir de valores principalmente africanos, já que África surge como o espaço central da nova era - são desse continente, em sua quase totalidade, os indivíduos selecionados e ali reconstroem suas vidas e o passado que ficará como História. Paralelamente, é possível relacionar a narrativa e seus elementos à formulação de uma nova utopia, desta vez priorizando características próprias em detrimento daquelas importadas (a não ser que relidas sob a ótica local). No entanto, o autor sabe da complexidade da empresa e não se furta a apontar e problematizar entraves. Com o livro OQFM, Pepetela volta a pôr em pauta os rumos e os projetos de seu país, situando-o na produção estético-política da literatura angolana de língua portuguesa. / The Angolan writer Pepetela has in his compose the work O quase fim do mundo (2008), wherein creates conditions for the resumption of humanity from few survivors of a catastrophe, which puts it in the list of eschatological discourses. Its differential, in our view, will be in the discussions raised about the african reality, especially Angola. Thus, there is in novel the formation of a society from mainly African values, since Africa emerges as the central space of the new era the selected individuals are, almost entirely, from this continent, where rebuild their lives and the past that will be leave as History. In parallel, it is possible to relate the story and its elements to the formulation of a new utopia, this time prioritizing characteristics over those imported (unless re-read from the viewpoint location). However, the author knows the complexity of the feat and does not shirk from pointing and discuss barriers. With the book OQFM, Pepetela backs to put in question the direction and projects of his country, placing it in the production aesthetic-political of Angolan literature in Portuguese.

Título original: O corpo como escrita da memória : (re)existências africanas na capoeira / Orientador: Maria Rosa Rodrigues Martins de Camargo / Banca: Dagoberto José Fonseca / Banca: Letícia Vidor de Sousa Reis / Resumo: Este trabalho busca cartografar as (re)existências africanas na cultura da capoeira, tendo como objeto de estudo os fundamentos e a linguagem corporal no ritual da roda. A capoeira, como uma manifestação cultural de tradição negra, incorpora símbolos, cosmologias e ontologias dos povos da diáspora africana. Os povos de matriz africana, que se reterritorializaram em terras brasileiras, reconstituíram suas visões de mundo e desenharam suas formas de conhecimento por meio da escrita do corpo, entrecruzando nos movimentos e nos ritmos, saberes riscados pelas epistemologias das macumbas. Partindo do plano de imanência da Filosofia Afroperspectivista, e incorporando a perspectiva do cruzo entre as minhas experiências como capoeira, a base conceitual de obras de referências, o acervo documental de músicas, fotografias e vídeos, busquei cartografar no jogo de corpo de mandinga e nos ritos da roda de capoeira, a visibilidade das (re)existências africanas que coreografam saberes por meio de práticas de encantes, que reafirmam, entre as dobras das epistemes vigentes, um modo particular de ser e estar no mundo / Abstract: This work aims to cartograph the african (re)existences into the capoeira culture, having as object of study the fundaments and the body language from the rodas de capoeira. Capoeira is a cultural manifestation derived from a black culture tradition and as such, incorporates symbols, cosmologies and ontologies from the people of the african diaspora. The people of the african roots that reterritorialized in brazilian lands, reconstituted their world vision and designed their forms of knowledge through their body writings, crisscrossing into the rhythms and movements, wisdoms scratched by the epistemology of the macumbas. Starting from the imanence plan on the afroperspectivist philosophy and incorporating the perspective of the crossing amongst my experiences as a capoeirista, the conceptual basis of the reference works, the music, photography and video documental archives, I've searched to cartograph the mandinga body set and the rites of the rodas de capoeira for a visibility of the african (re)existences that coreograph knowledges through the enchants that reaffirm, between the bends of the current epistemes, a particular way of being in the world / Mestre

Orientadora: Fabiana Lopes da Cunha / Banca: Lucia Helena Oliveira Silva / Banca: Selma Alves Pantoja / Resumo: Procuramos pensar, nesse trabalho, uma história das mulheres da África Ocidental do século XIX a partir da mitologia dos orixás. Esses deuses africanos têm seus relatos mitológicos repletos de indicações do cotidiano dessas mulheres iorubás que foram também retratadas pelos viajantes que passaram pela África nesse período, embora com objetivos distintos do nosso. O dia-a-dia, no desempenho de suas funções sociais de mãe e esposa, também foram encontrados nas receitas recolhidas por Pierre Verger. Complementamos nossa análise com os Odus de Ifá - relatos sobre um tempo primordial, onde se aconselha o modo de viver e proceder para que se possa desenvolver uma vida de acordo com a vontade dos deuses - onde as mulheres são interpretadas pela ótica masculina, uma vez que apenas os homens detinham o segredo desse oráculo. As africanas, da região estudada por nós, foram descritas e reinterpretadas pelos homens e mulheres que delas se recordaram após a Diáspora Africana pelo Novo Mundo, rememorando-as mascaradas nas mitologias das orixás: Euá, Nanã, Obá, Iansã e Oxum. Dentre os temas abordados por nós estão o casamento, a vida doméstica, a maternidade, a concepção e outras nuances da vida dessas mulheres / Abstract: We try to think, in this work, a story of women in West Africa of the nineteenth century from the mythology of the orishas. These African gods have their mythological stories full of everyday indications of these Yoruba women who were also portrayed by travelers who passed through Africa in that period, although with different objectives from ours. The day-to-day performance of their social duties of mother and wife, were also found in the revenue collected by Pierre Verger. We complement our analysis with Odus of Ifa - reports of a prime time, where we advise how to live and carry so that you can develop a life according to the will of the gods - where women are interpreted by male perspective, since that only they held the secret of this oracle. The african woman, of the region studied by us, have been described and reinterpreted by men and women who are recalled them after the African Diaspora in the New World, reminiscing masked in the mythologies of the Orishas: Eua, Nanã, Oba, Iansa and Oshun. Among the topics addressed by us are marriage, domestic life, motherhood, design and other nuances of the lives of these women / Mestre

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a simultaneidade crepuscular do espaçotempo unitário de matriz afroameríndia, pensando o lugar, a paisagem, como portas abertas, um espelho das culturas que possibilita a inspiração de símbolos, de suas matrizes ancestrais à arte e cotidiano das cidades e campos. Ao mesmo tempo, possibilita que o contexto tradicional na contemporaneidade auxilie em desdobramentos suscetíveis à superação de situações-limites sociais e educacionais. Uma pretaíndia desaldeada como pesquisadora contou com o primeiro conjunto de pensadores, além dos Situacionistas1 que apoiaram nossa constituição epistemológica, assim como Juana Elbein dos Santos e mestre Didi. O estilo investigativo se apóia na leitura mitohermenêutica de Marcos Ferreira-Santos, atrelados às coorientações de Kabengele Munanga e Carlos Serrano. Milton Santos e Paulo Freire complementam a abordagem apoiando a compreensão e a fundamentação do que podemos chamar de Epistemologias do Sul ou ainda de uma antropologia cabocla. / This work talks about spacetime notion in AfroAmerIndians Thought and the researsh have been doing since author graduate in Geography. In that time the Situacionists thinkers and Henry Lefebvre were composed the eyes of critics theorys of everyday lives with Black Antropology suports. Its a interdisciplinary study that becomes a intersectional researsh between race, class, gender and cultures. We were studing with prof. Kabengele Munanga and Carlos Serrano, about their Cultural Antropology of SubSaarian Africa and the theory of race and racism, especially in Brazil. In Education, the teses chair was in Imaginary Studies with prof. Marcos Ferreira-Santos, so this work became to be suported by Hermeneutics ways of thinking. The foudation of this master work was the Ancestrality, the Orality, the Corporelity, the Word, the Arts and Traditional Crafts. The simbology is, in that dimensions, like messages of its philosophy and comunication, all this concepts are impressed in the territoriality of those communities and in its landscapes that permeates the body until the Arquiteture, the Mitology (cosmology and the cosmogony).

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The immigration process of Africans to Brazil and Cearà for the purpose of studying has been straightening in the last decades, especially since 2012, after the first selection processes for the Universidade da IntegraÃÃo Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-brasileira (UNILAB). These young people have suffered the daily experience of prejudice and racism, related to their condition of belonging to a social minority, being the psychosocial implication the research problem of this dissertation. The general objective, then, was to analyze the psychosocial implications of the prejudice and racism in the UNILAB Africans students; and the specific objectives are to identify the demonstrations of prejudice and racism from the reports about the experience of immigration for the purpose of studying, to analyze the psychosocial implications - such as thoughts, actions and feelings from these demonstrations and to describe strategies developed by African students at UNILAB in order to face prejudice and racism. This investigation has a qualitative approach, being fourteen the interviewed students, belonging to different African nationalities of Portuguese as official language (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, SÃo Tomà and PrÃncipe). All of them are students at UNILAB, living in Cearà as beneficiaries of social programs for student assistance. The data were run through Content Analysis with software Atlas Ti. Our main results describe different exclusion practices, as much as individual, institutional and cultural manifestations of racism, predominantly understood as cordial racism. These practices are related to processes of social categorization and stigmatization, which, by its turn, result in the assignment of social stereotypes, as well as processes of social discrimination and social suffering (shame, humiliation, fear, rejection). As a way to face this reality, we observe the importance of assertion policies for black and african identity by these young people, as much as support offered by established social networks and collective organization in search of acknowledgment and respect. We conclude that racism suffered by these young people in Brazil is enhanced by processes of distinction between Brazilian and African groups, which have a strong impact upon the psychosocial experience of migration for educational purposes. / O processo imigratÃrio ao Brasil e ao Cearà de jovens africanos para fins estudantis vem se fortalecendo nas Ãltimas dÃcadas, contexto que ganha forÃa maior a partir de 2012, apÃs os primeiros processos seletivos da Universidade da IntegraÃÃo Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-brasileira (UNILAB). Estes jovens sofrem a cotidiana experiÃncia do preconceito e do racismo, relacionados à sua condiÃÃo de pertencentes a uma minoria social, sendo nosso problema de pesquisa as suas implicaÃÃes psicossociais. Nosso objetivo geral, assim, foi analisar as implicaÃÃes psicossociais do preconceito e do racismo nos estudantes africanos da UNILAB; e nossos objetivos especÃficos: identificar as manifestaÃÃes de preconceito e racismo a partir dos relatos sobre a experiÃncia de imigraÃÃo para fins estudantis; analisar as implicaÃÃes psicossociais â pensamentos, aÃÃes e sentimentos provenientes destas manifestaÃÃes; descrever estratÃgias desenvolvidas pelos estudantes africanos da UNILAB para o enfrentamento do preconceito e do racismo. Esta investigaÃÃo possuiu carÃter qualitativo, onde foram entrevistados quatorze estudantes de diferentes nacionalidades africanas de lÃngua oficial portuguesa (Angola, Cabo-verde, GuinÃ-Bissau, MoÃambique, SÃo Tomà e PrÃncipe). Todos os participantes sÃo estudantes da UNILAB no Cearà e beneficiÃrios de programa de assistÃncia estudantil. Os dados foram trabalhados atravÃs de AnÃlise de ConteÃdo, com auxÃlio do software Atlas Ti. Nossos resultados principais descrevem diferentes prÃticas de exclusÃo, alÃm de manifestaÃÃes individuais, institucionais e culturais de racismo, predominantemente compreendidas a partir do racismo cordial. Estas prÃticas relacionam-se aos processos de categorizaÃÃo social e estigmatizaÃÃo, que, por sua vez, resultam na atribuiÃÃo de estereÃtipos sociais, em processos de discriminaÃÃo social e em sofrimentos sociais (vergonha, humilhaÃÃo, medo, rejeiÃÃo). Como forma de lidar com esta realidade, observamos a importÃncia de estratÃgias de afirmaÃÃo da identidade negra e africana por parte destes jovens, assim como o apoio prestado pelas redes sociais estabelecidas e a organizaÃÃo coletiva em busca de reconhecimento e respeito. ConcluÃmos que o racismo sofrido por estes jovens no Brasil à potencializado pelos processos de distinÃÃo entre os grupos âos/as brasileirosâ e âos/as africanosâ, impactando sobremaneira na experiÃncia psicossocial de imigraÃÃo para fins estudantis.

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O presente relatório consiste na descrição das atividades desenvolvidas durante o período de estágio realizado no Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade do Porto (CEAUP). Neste relatório são abordados os principais temas e contextos relativos ao trabalho de produção de um filme documentário baseado em entrevistas, centrados na temática das migrações dos PALOP no Grande Porto. O relatório está organizado em várias secções, abordando, no possível, todos os aspetos essenciais do trabalho desenvolvido. Em primeiro lugar, na introdução apresentam-se os objetivos do relatório e a organização do mesmo. A segunda e terceira parte consistem na apresentação dos aspetos teóricos relacionados com o trabalho realizado. Uma quarta parte corresponde à apresentação e descrição da metodologia do projeto e das atividades realizadas durante o período de estágio. Por último, apresenta-se a conclusão, seguida de um pequeno apartado de anexos.