Effective provision of school counselling as an integrated part of the overall educational system of South Africa is essential. Counselling in its present form has not been clearly defined yet. This fact can lead to possible generalization and superficiality in the presentation thereof. In this study an effort was made to give an account of the present educational and school counselling system of the Netherlands, by means of the descriptive method. The school counselling service in the abovementioned country was analised as follows at the onset a few important contextual concepts were defined. School counselling was then discussed as it exists in the different school contexts. was on the school counselling post itself. Finally the emphasis The various aspects of the school counsellor's work were discussed. The school counselling system of the Republic of South Africa was described next, with specific reference to the current manifestation of counselling as implemented by the Transvaal Education Department. A comparison was drawn between the educational and school counselling service of the Netherlands and that of the RSA. A list of requirements to which a school counselling service must comply, was also compiled. By using these requirements as guidelines, a few problem areas, as well as positive attributes of school counselling in the RSA, were identified. New insight gained after the study of the school counselling service of the Netherlands and the identification of certain problem areas or deficiencies in that of the RSA, led to a few recommendations concerning school counselling in the RSA. / Skripsie (MEd)--PU vir CHO, 1990

This study is aimed at indicating the development of technical education at secondary level from 1925 to 1974. Attention is paid to the development of technical education as it is presented at full-time day-schools. For the purpose of this research, technical education is defined as: a preparatory study towards an apprenticeship or a further study in technology, while the value of general-formative education is continually stressed. Chapter 2 deals with the control and judicial foundations of technical education. This aspect is treated in three sub-sections namely: * technical education under provincial control before 1925: * technical education under control of the Union Department of Education and the Department of Education, Arts and Science (1925-1967) and * technical education, once more the responsibility of the provincial departments of education (1968-1974). Chapter 3 shows the composition of the curricula for technical schools during 1925-1974 and how it was adapted periodically to continually changing industrial circumstances. In an effort to provide educated technically trained manpower, pupils are educated in the more general scientific principles which are fundamental to each trade. The emphasis, however. did not only fall on the technological training. Since 1925 generally-formative education had already been offered at technical schools. Chapter 4 deals with the entrance requirements for, as well as the number of pupils in technical high schools. This chapter also tries to explain the manner in which pupils are affected by stipulations concerning compulsory education. chapter 5 deals with the financial implications concerning technical education. The financial burden has been the major factor which impeded the realistic development of technical education. It was also one of the most important factors which determined the place of technical schools in the South African school system. Attention is paid in Chapter 6 to the training of teachers for the technical schools and the training of personnel for the workshops at technical schools is stressed, as this kind of education is peculiar to the technical schools. Chapter 7 gives a short summary of the entire study. / Thesis (MEd)--PU vir CHO

In this study an effort has been made to establish the current position of religious instruction in the Afrikaans medium secondary schools of the Transvaal. In the modern world with its phenomenal development in every imaginable field it is of the utmost importance that the pupil should have the Word of God as a directing principle. The Word of God is the only anchor to keep the faltering modern man steady. The question arises whether religious training in our schools succeeds in accomplishing this great task, since it is God's command that we educate our children in the fear of God. Since the earliest days of its settlement, the young and growing nation on the African continent has realised that its survival is in the hand of God Almighty, and in the school curriculum, provision has been made for religious instruction at school. In the Transvaal secondary school definite provision is made in the curriculum for religious instruction at schools The Transvaal Education Department is decidedly concerned that the subject should have its due. Certain criteria have been established in this study to which religious instruction has to conform. The demands of the Bible, Statute 39 of 1967, the parents, the church, the State, the Transvaal Education Department according to the Manual of Instructions to Principals, Ordinance 29 of 1953, the psychological pedagogical aspects, the modern child and the demands made on the modern educator are discussed. Two questionnaires were circulated to determine the current position of religious instruction. Questionnaire I was directed to the teachers of religious instruction in twenty Afrikaans medium secondary schools that were selected for this study. These schools represent both urban and country schools. The questionnaires to these teachers covered a wide field. Among other things, inquiries were made after the religious instructor's qualifications in the subject, his method of presentation, his views on the syllabuses, the nature of the subject, ways of testing and discipline in the class. The religious attitude of the pupils and also the teaching aids used in religious instruction classes were investigated. The response to the questionnaires submitted to the teachers of the subject, religious instruction, yielded much to gladden the heart. However, certain deficiencies that still have to be rectified were also revealed. Questionnaire II was submitted to the pupils of the same twenty secondary schools. Twenty pupils per standerd, i.e., for standerd six to standerd ten, were asked to complete this questionnaire. The questions to the pupils covered the following aspects: pupil's opinions regarding the subject, the attitude of their fellow -pupils towards the subject, questions about religious denomination, Bible reading and family devotions. Pupils answered these questions frankly and honestly. In Chapter 4 the findings of the investigation are evaluated. In Chapter 5 recommendations are made to rectify certain weaknesses exposed in the previous chapter. On the whole, one can conclude that religious instruction at school enjoys the serious attention of all people concerned with it and that pupils in the main adopt a positive attitude towards Bible instruction. Should the various shortcomings receive the attention suggested, the Education Department and the legislators, the parents and the pupils, the church and the nation ought to feel at ease with regard to the position of religious instruction in the Afrikaans medium secondary schools of the Transvaal. / Thesis (MEd)--PU vir CHO

Thesis (MEd)--PU vir CHO

The teacher has a notable legal duty with regard to attentive supervision and the safety of the pupils in the workshop. It is expected of the professionally trained workshop teacher to look after the pupil placed in his care as conscientiously as a solicitous father would. The teacher's discretion and conduct should always be based on predictable and preventative action. Because pupils cannot possibly have the discernment of adults about more and Jess dangerous situations, the teacher should make provision for this factor in. his daily planning. Juridical aspects such as solicitous care, predictable and preventative action, in addition to the elements of accountability such as action, illegality, guilt, causality and damage demarcate and elucidate the daily task of the workshop teacher, who should ascertain that he is familiar with all these aspects. Because of this, a literature research on this matter has been undertaken. The aim of the empirical research has been to determine the present state of knowledge of the workshop teacher regarding to certain educational law aspects and the teacher's solicitous supervising role concerning pupil safety. A case study with appropriate questions on juridical teaching matters has been used to determine if the workshop teacher is capable of applying in practice, during normal situations, those juridical instructions which apply directly to his profession. By means of this empirical study the following problems were identified: • The respondents revealed an ignorance with regard to the following characteristic behaviour traits of pupils: impulsiveness, recklessness, disobedience, inconsiderate motion and disadvantage-causing behaviour. • A large number of respondents were not capable of applying their knowledge of juridical teaching matters in a case study. Specific recommendations have been made which should lead to a more sound prepared workshop teacher for his task as solicitous supervisor of his pupils' safety. / Skripsie (MEd)--PU vir CHO, 1994

This study has been an attempt to identify the most important problems associated with Religious instruction and other religious matters in white schools in the Transvaal. The crux of the matter is that children with different religious and ideological views attend the same provincial schools, which gives rise to certain problems .in the teaching' situation, especially as far as Religious instruction and other religious matters are concerned. In an attempt to offer a solution to this problem, the following hypothesis was formulated: the application of the principle of religious and ideological differentiation in education in white schools in the Republic of South-Africa will ensure that no problems in connection with Religious instruction and other religious affairs will he encountered. The following steps were taken to verify the hypothesis: firstly, a scriptural fundamental standpoint w.as adopted in connection with the position of Religious instruction at school as well as the Christian Protestant attitude towards dissenters. In education the Christian Protestant attitude towards dissenters is determined by the general accepted point of view that all people are equal, but that each person is unique in every aspect and that education should cater for every person through differentiation. Hence religious and ideological differentiation is anthropologically justifiable. Historical research revealed several factors which gave rise to Act 39 of 1967 being promulgated and the acceptance of Ordinance 29 of 1953 of Transvaal. A fact which was revealed by this research is that there are two distinct trends of thought in South African education, namely one based on the principle of Christian national education and a liberal trend which propagates and promotes a neutral, undogmatic education. Closer analysis of the laws concerned and the ordinance referred to exposed a contradiction which makes true Christian education impossible. Since Ordinance 29 of 1953 stipulated that all dogma is prohibited in schools, it makes the Christian dogma likewise undesirable and is thus in direct contrast with Act 39 of 1967. A comparison with Religious instruction in the Netherlands and England revealed certain problems in these countries and that some of these problems corresponded closely with those in South Africa, especially in the Transvaal. After all problems had been identified and the hypothesis tested by deliberation, the conclusion was drawn that the application of the principle of religious and ideological differentiation in education/schools is the only acceptable solution for most of the problems identified. Since this research has revealed clearly that effective application of religious and ideological differentiation is no easy matter, further possible areas for research have been briefly indicated. / Thesis (MEd)--PU vir CHO, 1981

Thesis (MEd)--PU vir CHO

This research focussed on the development of certain aspects of teaching practice in the Transvaal in the period 1950-1963 which co-incided with the directorship of the late Dr. A.H. du P. van Wyk. It encompasses the new educational policy of which Differentiated Secondary Education forms the most important aspect in the so-called comprehensive high school. This type of school has replaced the purely academic high school, the junior high school and the school farm, of which the latter two had already failed. It provides for courses leading to University Entrance, the Secondary School Certificate and a std 8 Certificate. The factors which gave rise to this policy, its formulation and implementation are discussed on the basis of various Commissions of Enquiry during the period 1939-1955. The most important impediments to full-fledged differentiation are evinced after which the problem of failure as well as the effect of differentiation on the retentiveness of high schools are analysed. The development of primary teaching was less perceptible. The most important change boiled down to the admission of five-year olds and the transfer of Std. 6 to the high schools. Education of deviate children on the other hand, developed considerably in all its facets and extreme efforts were employed to eliminate a great backlog. An intensive study was made of the development of educational facilities such as school buildings, halls, swimming baths and libraries. The supplementary educational services of the Department of Education such as the School Medical Service, the Psychological, the Library, the Hostel and the Bus Services, etc., also received due attention. The teaching staff also was a focal point of interest. The most important development in teachers' training is discussed as well as the most significant amendments in the conditions of service for teachers. A salient point was the continual struggle which the Department waged against the lingering shortage of teachers. The research was concluded with a short review of the significance of the period and the implications for the aspects which had been discussed. / Proefskrif--PU vir CHO

The Aim of the Study - The study aims at describing the organizational functioning of certain South African Universities, mainly in terms of a) The processes of goal formulation, b) The structure of the universities, as well as the relationships between the main structural components, c) The nature of the communication and control processes in the Universities. By doing this the study could be of use in promoting a better understanding of the university as an organization. The Method of the Study - The first part of the study consist of an investigation of the literature pertaining to: a) The historical development of the university in the western world with particular emphasis on structural aspects. b) The theory of organizations. c) Contemporary studies of universities, mainly in the USA and Great Britain. The second part of the study deals with the results of an empirical investigation at nine South African universities. During visits to these universities interviews were held with sixty-eight individuals. In the final part of the study the results of both the literature study and the interviews were interpreted leading to a model of the organizational functioning of these universities. The Limitations of the Study - a) The study was limited in that only nine of the seventeen universities in South Africa were included in the investigation. This was done to ensure a sample of similar institutions for the study. b) The university can be studied from different perspectives. This study concentrates on the university as an organization, rather than on the perspectives of the university as an institution or as a community. c) The study limits itself to the main structural components of the university, thus avoiding personal or interpersonal aspects. d) The study concentrates on the managerial level of the functioning of the universities avoiding any detailed involvement in aspects of instruction and research. The Historical Development of the University - The mediaeval university was modelled after the mediaeval guilds, and the university thus became an organization controlled by its members, particularly the masters or teachers. The structure of the University of Paris, consisting of four nations and four faculties, was complex, but it is noteworthy that the elected officials of the University had little executive authority and were only elected for short periods at a time. This was not the case in Bologna where the students, and not the teachers, were in control of the university and where the elected officials had more executive authority. The development of colleges at particularly the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge introduced, for the first time, a structure whereby the daily lives of students were controlled by the university. This was probably the first of a series of additional functions that the university took upon itself since the middle ages. These additional functions, including in later centuries. various aspects of research, student services and community services, brought about a greater complexity in the university but it was nevertheless still handled within the basic structural arrangements of the mediaeval universities. The new German universities of the nineteenth century introduced research as an essential function of the university and also introduced active involvement by the government in university affairs. These developments also lead to a more prominent position for the professor as the head of the academic department. The first South African universities grew from colleges that were founded by public groups in the nineteenth century. The first of those colleges came to be governed by a College Council consisting of a majority of lay members, including government representatives. Purely academic matters were delegated to a Senate, consisting of the professors of the College. This structure was eventually adopted by all South African universities. The Theory of Organizations and its application on Universities - The work of the early management thinkers like Fayol, Weber and Taylor lead to the development of a school of thought about management witch came to be known as the classical school. This work has gained widespread acceptance, particularly because of the "management' principles" that it developed. The work of the behaviouralist school challenged the classical school's incomplete view of particularly the human aspects of organizations and thus lead to a more comprehensive view of organizations. During the sixties various systems based approaches to the •Study of organizations were developed. The sociotechnical model, based on the work of Homans and the Tavistock-group, and the decision-based approach of the Carnegie-school formed a basis from which the contingency theory of organizations evolved. The contingency theory provides a useful approach to the study of various organizations, particularly because it recognises the differences that exist between organizations and also because it allows the prediction of such differences. on the basis of the various contingencies faced by organizations. The work of Khandwalla (1977) is a useful compilation of the contingency theory and the propositions of Khandwalla are used to predict the characteristics of South African universities on the basis of a description of these organizations and their environments. Different sets of assumptions and predictions were developed for both the academic activities of the university and the non-academic support functions. These predictions correlated well with the results •of the empirical investigations. Lastly the applicability of the organizations type, the "professional beaurocracy" (Mintzberg, 1979), was also evaluated in relation to these universities. This model correlated well with some aspects but not with all. Models of the University - Beaurocratic and Collegial Models: The two basic models of the university are the beaurocratic and the collegial models. These• models are both incomplete descriptions of South African universities. The beaurocratic model ignores the important decision-making processes in universities and the collegial model ignores the authority of the different formal positions in the university structure. Other Models: Rice (1970) outlines a model of the university largely based on the concept of "process flow". This model reduces the university to a rather mechanical structure, neglecting the many complex interactions that form part of the functioning of universities. Verry and Davies (1976) use an econometric approach to describe the university. This is useful in analyzing aspects such as marginal costs but it is not useful for the purposes of this study Baldridge (1971) developed a "political" model of the university focusing on the processes of negotiating and the role of interest groups. This is a useful model but it places too much emphasis on crisis and conflict situations and too little on the normal functioning of universities. Richman and Farmer (1974) states that universities are mismanaged due to a lack of clear goals and they propose goal formulation as the basis for a proposed system of university management. Cyert (1975) agrees with this reasoning and outlines a process of evaluation based on this approach. Clark (1977) described the university as a federation of groups.-whilst the groups are often run on a collegial basis the coordination between the groups is more often handled on a beaurocratic basis. Cohen and March (1974) found that the university was an "organized anarchy", an organization in which departments and other segments of the organization were almost autonomous. Leadership was very weak and the organization as a whole aimless and purposeless. Two generalized Models: From the foregoing two generalized models of the university were postulated. The first is called the "traditional model" and this model stresses values such as individual autonomy and collegial values. The second model is called the "management model" and it stresses the necessity of clear goals, evaluation of achievement and a •strong role for the university management. The management model is of a normative nature whilst the traditional model is more often found in empirical studies of universities. The Goals of Universities - The nature of an organization is largely determined by the goals of that organization. The model of goal formulation described by Cyert and March (1963) states that goals are not determined only by the management of an organization but that it should rather. be seen as the result of a negotiation process involving numerous persons and groups both inside and outside the organization. Normative goals of the University - Various authors discussed the role of the university and amongst them Newman (1858) is notable for his view that universities should see their main task as the transmission, of culture and the general education of men rather than training for professions. Another view is that universities should see their task firstly as the quest and transmission of knowledge. This emphasis on research has gained widespread acceptance as another basic function of the university. The function of training people, particularly for professions in the community, has always been a part of the task of universities. Particularly from the point of view of the community this is an important task of the university. The task of community service as a secondary function of universities has also been firmly established. It is shown that these views of the university are not necessary complementary and that a clear formulation of aims based on all these various views is difficult to achieve. Commissions of Enquiry into universities in Britain, the USA and South Africa all formulated aims of the university in similar terms, indicating the wide and vague nature of university goals. The Empirical Investigation into goals - The questions asked during the interviews which formed part. of this study were analyzed and it was shown that goals in a university are formulated on different levels. Goals pertaining to the area of research of individual academics were established by individual academics. Goals pertaining to the nature and content of courses were established by academic departments with some control by faculties. The management of the university thus had little direct involvement in the formulation of goals pertaining to the basic university functions. Their role was mostly on the level of the allocation of resources. THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES - The structure of the universities was reduced to the following seven components: 1. The Council and its committees, 2. The Senate and its committees. 3. The Principals and Vice-Principals. 4. The. Academics. 5. The Administrative Staff. 6. The Students. 7. The Environment of the University. Each of these components were analyzed in the literature and various aspects were also dealt with during the interviews, particularly by establishing the amount of agreement that the respondents had with a list of twenty statements concerning universities. The Council and its committees - It was found that whilst the council had great legal powers in running the university the style of the council, consisting of a majority of lay members, was likely to be reactive. The councils are often informed and guided by those members who are employed by the universities and lay members have limited influence. The Senate and its committees - Many respondents found university senates to be clumsy and ineffective bodies, mainly because they mostly consist of more than 100 members. Various mechanisms have been employed to streamline the functioning of senate but the overall results does not indicate a clear picture. The Principals and Vice-Principals - This component of the university is in a key position, not only because of its roll in both the council and senate but also because of its great influence in the allocation of resources within the University. The authority of the principals and vice-principals is however limited by the large amount of autonomy enjoyed by academics. The style of leadership that is appropriate to this component is that of persuasion and academic leadership rather than that of directing and controlling. The Academics - It is shown that academics can, for many purposes, be regarded as professionals but that there are also basic differences between the traditional professions and the academic’s role in a university. The academic department is the basic component in the university structure. Because it handles both the teaching and research functions without much outside, interference it can be regarded as the essential part of the university structure. The role •of the heads of departments in South African universities follows the British pattern in which the head is in a very strong position relative to the staff and students in his department. The Administrative Staff - The management of the administrative component of the university can either be handled by a committee structure consisting mainly of academics or the administration could be seen as a component that should be managed in a beaurocratic manner. These two styles are often found mixed in South African : universities and this causes tension and leads to frustration and inefficiency. The Students - Despite various efforts to involve students to a larger extent in the decision-making processes of the university the actual role played by students is limited to sporadic inputs in certain areas. The Environment of the University - South African Universities are influenced by a great number of institutions and individuals in the community. This influence is brought to bear on practically all the components of the university. Control Processes at Universities - It is shown that universities are traditionally reluctant to introduce effective control processes, including evaluation and corrective procedures, in respect of academic activities. The empirical study indicated that whilst most respondents were agreeable to the basic principles of control processes most of them also had serious reservations to the practical implications of the introduction of such measures. Organizations such as universities are also ill equipped to adopt themselves to changes in the demands made on them. Rather than making basic changes in the organizational structure new demands are normally met by establishing new organizational units to handle these new responsibilities. Conclusion. When evaluating the results of the study against the "traditional" and "management" models of the university it was found that both the theoretical predictions and the empirical investigation strongly supported the traditional model of the university as the applicable one to South African universities. The limited role of council, the large amount of freedom that academics enjoy in teaching and research, the subordinate role of administrative staff and the virtual absence of control processes all support this view. The very active and influential role of the principals and vice-principals in the management of the university and the importance of the environment to the university does however indicate that important aspects of the management model are also present in the universities. / Thesis (DBA)--PU vir CHO, 1982

Although the South African government plays an increasing role in tertiary education, its involvement has not received the attention that it deserves. The goals of tertiary education are multi-dimensional at the individual and societal levels, but the guiding paradigm was viewing it in relation to the manpower and socio-economic needs of the country. This meant analysing how the government attempted to deal with these needs, especially in certain key professions, such as engineering and teaching. The following hypotheses were tested: HYPOTHESIS 1 The prestige of the universities within the tertiary education system will persist for a longer period than the economic rewards of its graduates alone would justify. HYPOTHESIS 2 The expansion from elite to mass tertiary education will lead to greater dependence on government funding and increased need for control, co-ordination, and national standards. HYPOTHESIS 3 Governments will underinvest in technical education. HYPOTHESIS 4 In "bad" economic times tertiary education enrolments will decline. HYPOTHESIS 5 Continuing university prestige will cause the college of advanced technical education (CATE) and technikon enrolments and diplomas and certificates awarded to lag behind university degrees and diplomas. HYPOTHESIS 6 In "bad" economic times CATE and technikon technical enrolments will decline. HYPOTHESIS 7 Fears of surpluses of university graduates, especially in the arts, on the one hand and shortages of certain types of manpower on the other hand will lead to government efforts to redress the balance. HYPOTHESIS 8 There will be significant limitations on government efforts to create the desired numbers and types of skilled manpower, for interventionism of this sort will run counter to individual aspirations. Tertiary education for all of the population groups since 1945 was covered. Whilst there are some gaps in the available enrolment and expenditure data, they do not invalidate the conclusions. In a plural society with deep cleavages amongst the four main population groups and lesser intra group cleavages, separate education systems developed. All population groups value academic education very highly, especially the blacks. The biases in favour of an academic education are deep rooted and multi-faceted, going back to the colonial times. Within the South African context, there are also political, socio-economic, educational, and vocational factors reinforcing these biases. Ever since the creation of the Union in 1910 there has been an ongoing debate and controversy about the division of authority in education between the central government and the provincial governments. This has been especially the case with the colleges of education for the whites. It Will soon end, however, when the central government will take them over, as well as primary and secondary schools for the whites. Black education was taken over from provincial governments in 1954 up to the university level as part of the separate development policy. The same was done in the case of coloured education in 1967, and by 1970 with Indian education. In 1960 the University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the central government, and the University Colleges of Zululand and North were also created in 1959 for specific ethnic groups. Since then all of the non-white universities have experienced student unrest, especially the black ones. The government policy had the unintended consequence of contributing to their politicisation. The administrative structure is a complex one. There is one education ministry for each major population group, plus one dealing with general education matters. An elaborate statutory advisory system of boards, committees, and councils exists. There is, however, no body offering advice to the government on tertiary education as a whole for any of the population groups. The current expenditures for universities from 1953 until 1985 were under the Holloway formula, consisting of the basic subsidy, standard provision, cost of living allowance, free income, and capital expenditure. The new formula provides more emphasis upon outputs, with half of the funds being made available in June and the other half in December. Those in the natural sciences also receive somewhat more than those in the human sciences. University enrolments have grown much faster than the college of education, CATE, and technikon enrolments. Thus, the first part of Hypothesis 1 was substantiated. One of the consequences of •this phenomenal growth has been a significant failure rate, especially amongst first-year university students. This great expansion of tertiary education has led to greater dependence on government funding, as predicted by Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 3 also holds true, for there was underinvestment in CATE and technikon education for a long time as opposed to university education, although this is no longer true for the non-whites. Hypotheses 4 and 6 lacked significant supporting evidence and thus they were not confirmed. Tertiary education overall enrolments are not normally economically determined to any marked degree. Hypothesis 5 was upheld, because CATE and technikon enrolments and certificates and diplomas awarded as contrasted to university enrolments and degrees and diplomas awarded have lagged behind total awards and constitute a declining proportion. The last part of Hypothesis 1 is confirmed; technicians earn almost as much as teachers and sometimes even more than university graduates. Yet, they lack their prestige. Human capital theory, beginning in the 1960s, provided the theoretical justification for the great expansion of tertiary education. It maintained that investment in education will yield rich dividends to the individuals and to the economy in terms of higher growth. Since the early 1970s, however, it has come under increasing criticism from social scientists. Many maintained that there might be a declining positive correlation between education enrolments and growth rates and even negative correlations. Some even maintained that there are social limits to growth, including in education. Developing surpluses of university graduates abroad, continuing shortages of engineers and technicians, and the rising number of secondary school graduates, most of them with an academic education, led to government concern and the creation of the De Lange Commission. The government tried to redress the balance between university graduates in general and the shortages of technical and teaching personnel in particular. The De Lange Commission maintained that education must be linked to the manpower and economic development needs of the country. Earlier government commissions addressed the problems of technical and teaching personnel shortages. Many of their recommendations were implemented, but shortages of technical personnel have remained. Hypothesis 7 was thus confirmed. The government has tried to pursue the goals of manpower and economic development needs of the country, but as hypothesised (Hypothesis 8) it has run into difficulties because its goals run counter to individual aspirations. Many students pursue tertiary education for purely utilitarian or socio-economic reasons. There is also a minority which desires it for self-development or the advancement of knowledge regardless of the economic consequences. Moreover, the prestige of university education creates a strong social demand for it. Supply and demand projections for engineers and technicians indicate continuing shortages in the short- range at least. As far as the teachers are concerned, there will be enough white, coloured, and Indian ones, perhaps even some surpluses in the medium-range. In the case of the blacks, shortages will remain. The number of non-white university students by 1990 might equal white university students. The white population alone is no longer able to provide sufficient numbers of high level manpower. In the short-range the demand for university graduates looks good, but this does not mean that there will be no problems in the long-range. Unemployment of university graduates has been low, but underemployment, especially in the arts, has been far more significant. There will be increasing numbers of underemployed university graduates, with the potential for political discontent amongst highly educated and frustrated people, especially the blacks. Possible solutions to engineer and technician shortages include the granting of degrees by technikons, validation of technikon courses, and the awarding of degrees by an external authority. In the case of teachers, increasing their renumeration and the merging of the colleges of education with the university faculties of education would result in increasing their prestige and attracting more men to the profession. As far as unemployment and underemployment of university graduates are concerned, the solution lies in relating individual actions to societal needs. Incentives or disincentives of one sort or another appear to be necessary, such as differentiated fee structures and the limiting of enrolments in those disciplines which produce labour market surpluses. The government could also provide employment for unemployed university graduates and encourage the private sector to do the same. All of these solutions have disadvantages as well as advantages, but in the long run they have the potential of avoiding even more serious consequences. / Proefskrif (DPhil)--PU vir CHO, 1986