Thesis (M Phil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The functional approach to translation is investigated in the context of Bible translation. For some practising translators, functionalism has application only in the production of instrumental translations, and for them this approach will inevitably lead to the dethroning of the source text. In Bible translation the status of the source text is very important. With the functional equivalence approach this status is disregarded in an effort to produce a Bible translation that can be used as a missionary instrument. Within functionalism, however, a documentaryexoticising translation can retain the status of the source text and can have the skopos to bridge the cultural gap between Biblical times and the modern world by adding cultural information. This was the skopos of a functional translation of the New Testament in German. Examples from this translation, as well as examples from the NAV (1983), were examined qualitatively to see how additional cultural information could assist the target reader in understanding the otherness of the ancient Biblical text. An empirical investigation was done. Text fragments from the NAV (1983), with cultural information added, were presented to people who study the Bible regularly. The response to the additional cultural information was very positive. The focus in the literature study was on the functional approach to translation, also known as skopos theory. This was compared with the functional equivalence approach as well as the newer relevance theory approach as described by Gutt. Attention was also given to the importance of culture in translation. In the functional approach other skopoi and other target groups can be identified. In a further study, the application of this approach to the translation of the Old Testament can be investigated. The functional approach might also be used in the translation of other ancient religious texts such as the Koran and the Torah. The benefits of co-operation between experts in the field of the Biblical languages and culture and practising translators are shown. The skopos of the translation will give such a team the framework within which they can produce a translation with a specific aim for a specific target group. The functional approach can be applied broadly to include both instrumental and documentary translations. In the case of Bible translation the documentary-exoticising translation provides the framework wherein the source text of the Bible can be accounted for in a responsible way. The application of functionalism is, however, wide enough to include all types of translation, provided that a clear skopos is identified and formulated for each translation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel na die rol wat die funksionalistiese benadering tot vertaling in Bybelvertaling kan speel. Sommige praktiserende vertalers het 'n beperkte siening van funksionalisme en koppel dit uitsluitlik aan 'n instrumentele vertaling en die noodwendige onttroning van die bronteks. In Bybelvertaling is die status van die bronteks een van die belangrikste kwessies. Met die funksioneel-ekwivalente benadering word hierdie status aangetas om 'n Bybelvertaling te kan lewer wat primêr as sendinginstrument gebruik kan word. Die funksionalistiese benadering bied egter die moontlikheid om 'n vertaling daar te stel wat dokumentêr-eksotiserend is, maar ook aan die leser daarvan bykomende kulturele inligting kan gee sodat die kultuurgaping oorbrug kan word. Hierdie spesifieke skopos is reeds toegepas in 'n funksionalistiese vertaling van die Nuwe Testament in Duits. Gedeeltes uit hierdie vertaling, asook uit die NAV (1983), word kwalitatief ondersoek om te sien hoe bykomende kulturele inligting die leser kan help om die andersheid van die antieke Bybelse teks beter te kan verstaan. In 'n empiriese ondersoek is teksgedeeltes uit die NAVen teksgedeeltes met bykomende kulturele inligting aan persone wat gereeld Bybelstudie doen, voorgelê. Hierdie lesers het die vertaling met die bykomende kulturele inligting baie positief ontvang. In die literatuurondersoek word die funksionalistiese benadering tot vertaling, ook genoem die skopos-teorie, breedvoerig bespreek en vergelyk met die funksioneleekwivalensie- benadering en die nuwer relevansie-teorie soos deur Gutt op vertaling van toepassing gemaak. Die verskillende aspekte van kultuur in vertaling kry ook aandag. Die funksionalistiese benadering bied die moontlikheid om ander skopoi en ander teikenlesers te identifiseer. In 'n verdere studie kan die toepassing van hierdie benadering op die vertaling van die Ou Testament ondersoek word. Die funksionalistiese benadering kan ook gebruik word by die vertaling van ander antieke religieuse tekste soos die Koran en die Torah. Die voordele van samewerking tussen kenners van die brontaal en -kultuur en praktiserende vertalers word uitgewys. In so 'n geval sal 'n duidelike skopos aan die kenners die raamwerk verskaf waa~binne 'n vertaling met 'n spesifieke doel en teikengroep aangepak kan word. Die funksionalistiese benadering kan breedweg toegepas word om sowel instrumentele as dokumentêre vertalings in te sluit. In die geval van Bybelvertaling bied die dokumentêreksotiserende vertaling 'n raamwerk waarbinne die bronteks van die Bybel verantwoordbaar in berekening gebring kan word. Die reikwydte van funksionalisme is egter sodanig dat dit enige tipe vertaling kan insluit op voorwaarde dat 'n duidelike skopos vir elke afsonderlike vertaling gedefinieer word.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries play an extremely important role in a multilingual society; they can be perceived as the key instruments in the communication between different groups and speech communities. Efficient and active communication between different cultural groups is essential in the South African environment. Culture-bound lexical items and the way they are treated in bilingual dictionaries can have a great influence on this process of communication. It is evident that the misrepresentation of culture-bound lexical items in bilingual dictionaries could seriously impede communication rather than enhance it. It is of great importance that lexicographers should provide users of the dictionary with adequate guidance in their treatment of these items. In order to equip the user with the necessary skills and knowledge, the treatment of culture-bound items should go beyond the mere provision of a translation equivalent. Translation equivalents should be supplemented and supported by illustrative markers, labels, glosses, usage notes and pictorial illustrations could be of use. The particular needs of a multilingual society imply certain adaptations to the structure and nature of a bilingual dictionary. The bilingual dictionary should be adapted in terms of form, content as well as structure in order to be able to present and treat a representative amount of cultural data in a comprehensive manner. The material used for the dictionary basis should be representative of the culture of the speakers; the linguistic and cultural reality that confronts the speakers daily should be reflected in the dictionary, language contact and change should be acknowledged. Many South African languages still have a strong tradition of oral literature and the relation of oral and written texts should be represented realistically in the dictionary basis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vertalende woordeboeke speel 'n sleutelrol in die veeltalige omgewing. Hulle is naamlik van kamidale belang in die kommunikasie tussen verskillende taalgemeenskappe. In die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is effektiewe kommunikasie en oop kanale tussen verskillende groepe van kardinale belang. Kultuurspesifieke leksikale items en die opname en hantering van hierdie items in vertalende woordeboeke kan 'n groot invloed uitoefen op die proses van kommunikasie tussen verskillende taalgemeenskappe. Onakkurate of onvoldoende hantering van hierdie items kan ernstige misverstande tot gevolg hê en sodoende skade doen aan die proses van kommunikasie. Leksikograwe moet die gebruiker van die woordeboek voldoende leiding gee rakende die betekenis en gebruik van kultuurspesifieke leksikale items. Die gebruiker moet ook in 'n woordeboek leiding kry om die kulturele konteks van 'n gespreksituasie te kan begryp. Die hantering van kultuurspesifieke leksikale items in vertalende woordeboeke moet meer behels as die voorsiening van vertaalekwivalente. Dit moet vir die gebruiker van die woordeboek moontlik wees om kennis van die kultuur van 'n ander taalgemeenskap op te doen, asook om sy of haar kommunikasievaardighede te ontwikkel deur die gebruik van die woordeboek. Om dit te bewerkstellig, is dit nodig dat die vertaalekwivalente wat vir kultuurspesifieke leksikale items voorsien word, aangevul word deur onder andere merkers, etikette, glosse, gebruiksnotas en illustrasies. Die behoeftes van die gebruiker van die vertalende woordeboek in die veeltalige omgewing impliseer dat daar sekere aanpassings gemaak moet word aan die aard en struktuur van die vertalende woordeboek. Die vertalende woordeboek wat gemik is op 'n gebruiker in 'n veeltalige en multikulturele omgewing, moet in terme van die vorm, inhoud en struktuur aangepas word om sodoende 'n verteenwoordigende hoeveelheid van kulturele data op 'n omvattende, sinvolle wyse te kan aanbied. Die materiaal wat vir die basis van die woordeboek gebruik word, moet verteenwoordigend wees van die kultuur van die sprekers. Die woordeboek moet die werklikheid waarmee die gebruiker daagliks gekonfronteer word, in die aanbieding van data en die samestelling van die sentrale woordelys reflekteer. Die tradisie van orale letterkunde speel vandag nog 'n daadwerklike rol in die lewe van baie Suid Afrikaners en dit moet ook in die woordeboek verreken word.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Groot hoeveelheid navorsing is die afgelope paar dekades gedoen oor aanleerderwoordeboeke as tipologiese woordeboekonderafdeling. Ondanks al hierdie navorsing is die rol van aanleerderwoordeboeke in tersiêre taalleer met nultaalsprekers as teikengroep nog nie naastenby na behore ondersoek nie. Navorsing toon dat ’n goed gekose woordeboek, naas die opvoedkundige, ’n belangrike hulpmiddel is om die taalverwerwingsproses te verryk. Daar bestaan tans nie ’n eentalige of tweetalige aanleerderwoordeboek wat spesifiek gerig is op nultaalsprekers wat Afrikaans op tersiêre vlak aanleer nie. Taalverwerwingsdosente en taalfasiliteerders moet dus die gaping ten beste probeer vul deur woordeboeke soos Pharos se Aanleerderswoordeboek vir skole/Learner’s dictionary for schools en Longman-HAT se Afrikaans Dictionary and Grammar for English speakers vir hierdie aanleerders voor te skryf. Die hoofdoelwitte van hierdie studie kan soos volg opgesom word: om die mate te meet waarin hierdie “kompenserende” woordeboeke die leksikografiese behoeftes van nultaalsprekers op tersiêre vlak bevredig, om terugvoer van die teikengebruikers self te kry en om voorstelle te maak vir die moontlike samestelling van ’n aanleerderwoordeboek vir nultaalsprekers wat Afrikaans as derde of verdere taal op universiteitsvlak aanleer. Die studie is aanvanklik uitgevoer met die Funksieteorie as uitgangspunt, maar ook later gekombineer met die Algemene Teorie van Leksikografie, byvoorbeeld Wiegand (1998), as raamwerk. Taalverwerwingskursusse verskil van universiteit tot universiteit en dus is slegs die algemene en belangrikste leksikografiese behoeftes van hierdie nultaalsprekers bepaal. Die rede vir die analisering van hierdie spesifieke twee woordeboeke is omdat dit onderskeidelik voorgeskryf word by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en die Nelson Mandela Metropolitaanse Universiteit. Die mate waarin ’n spesifieke woordeboek voldoen aan die bevrediging van ’n sekere teikengroep se leksikografiese behoeftes word nie slegs deur die leksikograaf bepaal nie, maar ook deur die teikengebruiker. Die huidige woordeboekkultuur is vasgestel deur die Nasionale Kurrikulum- en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (NKAV), wat tans in die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolsisteem gevolg word, onder die vergrootglas te bring. Op grond hiervan word voorstelle vir formele woordeboekonderrig op universiteitsvlak gemaak, wat beide algemene en spesifieke woordeboekonderrig insluit. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A great amount of research has been done during the past few decades on the typological dictionary subsection of learner’s dictionaries. Despite all of this research, the role of learner’s dictionaries in tertiary language teaching with foreign learners as the target group has not been researched quite enough. Research shows that a well-chosen dictionary is the next best resource after the facilitator to enchance the language learning process. There are currently no monolingual or bilingual learner’s dictionaries specifically targeting foreign learners who are learning Afrikaans at a tertiary level. Educators and facilitators must thus compensate by prescribing learner’s dictionaries such as Pharos’s Aanleerderswoordeboek vir skole/Learner’s dictionary for schools and Longman-HAT’s Afrikaans Dictionary and Grammar for English speakers for these learners. The main goals of the undertaken study can be summarized as follows: to measure to what extent these types of “compensating” dictionaries can succeed in satisfying the lexicographical needs of foreign learners at a tertiary level, to get feedback from the target users themselves and to make suggestions for the possible composition of a learner’s dictionary for foreign students learning Afrikaans as third language at university level. The study was initially conducted using the Function Theory as point of departure, and later combined with the General Theory of Lexicography, e.g. Wiegand (1998), as framework. Language acquisition courses differ from university to university and thus only the general, most important lexicographical needs of these foreign learners were determined. The reason for the analyses of these specific two learner’s dictionaries is because they are prescribed for foreign students learning Afrikaans as third language respectively at, the University of Stellenbosch and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. The degree to which a certain dictionary succeeds in satisfying the lexicographical needs of a specific target group does not only depend on the lexicographer, but also on the target group itself. The current dictionary culture in South Africa was brought to light through reviewing the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS), which is currently being followed in the South African school system. On this basis, suggestions are made for formal dictionary education at tertiary level which includes general and specific dictionary education.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Science University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of M aster of Science November 1987

M.A. / This dissertation is an investigation into the lexicographical treatment of synonymy in Afrikaans explanatory dictionaries - especially the Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). It is divided into two chapters of theoretical discussion, a chapter of practical examples from HAT and a final chapter with conclusions and suggestions for improvement. Chapter two discusses the concept of 'meaning'. In order to arrive at an understanding of 'meaning', it is necessary to have a measure knowledge of some aspects of the theory. First of all there will be a brief discussion of the theory of reference and cognitive/ descriptive meaning. A lexicographer should describe the conceptual sense of a word. In order to do this he uses sense relations, namely hyponymy, antonymy and synonymy. These relations are interdependent. Hyponymy and antonymy will be touched on briefly, while synonymy will be discussed thoroughly. As far as synonymy is concerned there will be, among other aspects, a discussion of the concept 'synonymy', the difference between absolute and near-synonymy and polysemy and homonymy. Chapter three lists the lexicographical criteria in terms of which synonymy must be applied in a dictionary. In this chapter there will be a look at aspects such as the guide to the use of the dictionary (front matter), synonym definitions, the arrangement of synonyms, contextual information and a consistant cross-reference. The system according to which syonymy must be applied in a dictionary must be thoroughly explained in the front matter. In the case of synonym definitions every synonym must be taken up as a lemma and supplied with a lexicographic definition. The member of a synonym paradigm with the highest use frequency must be supplied with a lexicographic definition, while the other members of a synonym paradigm get synonym definitions. With reference to chapter three, chapter four deals with an evaluation of the application of synonymy in HAT. All the criteria in chapter three will be discussed on the basis of examples from HAT.A main conclusion reached, is that the criteria are not always maintained. In many cases the criteria are correctly maintained, but deviations of the criteria are, inter alia: not all the synonyms are taken up as lemmas; cross-references are not always correct and consistant; the lexicographic definition is placed with the wrong lemma; the members of a synonym paradigm are not arranged according to the highest use frequency. Chapter five gives a summary of the conclusions regarding criteria. There are also suggestions for improvement, regarding the application of synonymy in the case of multi-word lexical units and sublexical units. Lexicographers are working on a central data base for Afrikaans, The main problem with dictionaries, namely inconsistant cross-referencing, will be reduced if such a data base functions as the basis for lexicographic activity.

M.A. (African Languages) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. / In this study the application of different temporal forms in Afrikaans narratives is discussed. Afrikaans narratives make use of the present tense, the preterite (a combination of the imperfect and the perfect tense) and a combination of the two above mentioned tenses to narrate events. Fleischman debates that in some languages the present tense that is used in narratives to narrate dramatic events can be divided into two different groups, namely the historical present tense and the dramatic or narrative present tense. In this study an attempt was made to make a distinction between these two tenses with regard to the semantic value of the verb. A variety of texts that mainly consist of present tense verbs were analyzed and the verbs were divided into two groups: dramatic verbs and static verbs. If a narrative consisted of higher percentage of dramatic verbs it was thought that the narrative was being narrated in the dramatic or the narrative present tense. When a narrative consisted of a higher percentage static verbs it was thought that the narrative was being narrated in the historical present tense. This distinction is however not absolute, but the two varieties are rather seen as being on a continuum. Afrikaans narratives do not only utilize the historical present tense to narrate, but also the preterite. By using the preterite in narratives the reader is further removed from the narrator‘s deictic centre than if the narrator is using the historical present tense. A combination of the preterite and the present tense is also quite often used in Afrikaans narratives. The alternative use of the two tenses consists of a diverse range of functions. For example when events are placed on the foreground the use of the present tense is often required amidst a story being told in the preterite. Lastly the Afrikaans adverbial particles toe, nou and dan and their various temporal functions in Afrikaans narratives were discussed

M.A. / Primere doelstelling 'n Sosiolinguistiese beskrywing van die taalgebruik van wingerdwerkers, wat 'n relatief eentalige, homogene taalgemeenskap is. Sekondere doelstellings Die saamstel van 'n wingerd-leksikon. Die gee van 'n transkripsie van dele uit Bacchus in die Boland op grond van die veranderlike uitspraakvorme wat deur die navorsing vasgestel is. 'n Voorondersoek is eers onderneem om to bepaal of hierdie spesifieke groep sprekers se taalgebruik enigsins uniek is as dit vergelyk sou word met die ondersoeke wat reeds op die gebied in ander bruin gemeenskappe gedoen is. Gedurende die voorondersoek is slegs met 'n paar respondente gesels (twee manlike wingerdwerkers op die wynplaas Louwshoek, drie manlike wingerdwerkers op die wynplaas Merwida en een manlike wingerdwerker op die wynplaas Klein Pokkraal). Daar is ook vroulike wingerdwerkers, maar die onderskeie plaasbestuurders het telkens voorgestel met wie gesels moes word, omdat die werkers volgens hulle "baie geselserig" is. Die werkers wat deur hulle vir onderhoude uitgewys is, was almal manlik. Tydens die hoofondersoek is onderhoude met vroulike wingerdwerkers sowel as met kinders van die werkers gevoer. Al die onderhoude is op band geneem. Onderhoude wat op band geneem word, is the heeltemal natuurlik the, want "Interview speech is formal speech" en "monitored and controlled in response to the presence of an outside observer." Die ondersoeker het as vreemdeling (slegs bekend gestel aan respondente kort voor die onderhoude, wat wel vooraf gereel is en waartoe respondente toestemming verleen het) met 'n bandopnemer opgedaag en informeel met werkers probeer kommunikeer. Sommige respondente was ontspanne en het gemaklik op vrae reageer, terwyl ander duidelik ongemaklik was met die ondersoeker en die bandopnemer. Hierdie ongemak het veroorsaak dat respondente vrae in kort, eenvoudige sinne beantwoord het of baie sag of binnensmonds gepraat het. Dit het aanvanklik 'n in diepte studie van die wingerdwerkers se taalgebruik bemoeilik.Om hierdie rede is tydens 'n volgende ondersoek op 'n gemakliker basis met respondente kommunikeer. Tydens die hoofondersoek is genoemde probleme grootliks uitgeskakel deur die respondente se taalgebruik sover moontlik in hul natuurlike sosiale konteks te bestudeer. Bandopnames is gemaak tydens interaksie met familielede en vriende asook tydens sosiale geleenthede. 'n Ooglopende oplossing was om tydens hul werksure in die wingerde na die respondente te gaan luister. Hierdie projek was baie tydrowend, maar beslis lonend, aangesien die sprekers in 'n vertroude omgewing en situasie tussen bekendes is en sodoende is juis hul alledaagse, natuurlike taalgebruik op band vasgele. Hierdie situasie was ideaal vir die studie, aangesien dit meer spesifiek handel oor die taalgebruik (uitspraak, woordvorme, leksikon en sintaktiese vorme) van die wingerdwerkers in die aangeduide omgewing. Tydens die voorondersoek is vasgestel dat hierdie groep sprekers se taalgebruik verskille vertoon van die van ander bruin gemeenskappe, hoofsaaklik wat hul leksikon en omgangstaal betref, en dit was ook opvallend dat hierdie groep sprekers net oor 'n informele styl beskik.

M.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Verhandeling ingelewer vir die graad Magister in die Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Zululand, 2000. / Eng =: In this thesis I report the results of a survey that I made of the contributions that linguists had made in the course of the previous century regarding the description of the Afrikaans prepositional phrase construction. My research revealed that the first generation of Afrikaans linguists for ideological reasons were preoccupied with the origin and development of Afrikaans, and that Afrikaans prepositions were only referred to during discussions regarding the extent to which Afrikaans was considered to be a pure Germanic language, or a creolised language that obtained its characteristic features at the southern tip of Africa under the influence of contact languages such as Malay-Portuguese and Khoe. My research further revealed that De Villiers and Raidt were the first of the second generation Afrikaans linguists that understood that prepositions were constituents of a grammatical construction, the prepositional phrase construc¬tion. My main finding was that Ponelis is the central figure in the description of the grammar of Afrikaans, and that he made the biggest contribution to the description of the Afrikaans prepositional phrase construction in that capacity. Finally I concluded that De Wet and De Stadler are transitional figures to a new approach, according to which prepositions are characterised as elements of case grammar. Of De Stadler I concluded that his work on the Afrikaans partitative construction and the Afrikaans dative construction have created a bridge for analysing the Afrikaans prepositional phase construction within an emerging new approach, Cognitive Grammar. Afri: = In hierdie verhandeling doen ek verslag oor 'n bestekoJlname wat ek gemaak het van die bydraes wat taalkundiges in die loop van die vorige eeu gemaak het t.o.v. die beskrywing van die Afrikaanse setselgroep. My navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat die eerste generasie Afrikaanse talkumliges om ideologiese redes gemoeid was met die ontstaansgeskiedenis van Afrikaans, en dat Afrikaanse setsels slegs ter sprake gekom het tydens besprekings oor die mate waarin Mrikaans 'n suiwer Germaanse taal sou wees, of 'n gekreoliseerde taal wat aan die suidpunt van Afrika onder invloed van kontaktale soos Maleis-Portugees en Khoekoens sy kenmerkende taaleienskappe gekry het. Verder het my navoring aan die lig gebring dat De Villiers en Raidt die eerste taalkundiges van die tweede generasie was wat getoon het dat setsels as konstituente van 'n bepaalde grammatikale struktuur,die setselgroep, gebruik word. My hootbevinding is dat Ponelis die hooffiguur in die beskrywing van die grammatika van Afrikaans is en dat hy in daardie hoedanigheid die grootste bydrae gelewer het tot die beskrywing van die Mrikaanse setselgroep. Laastens het ek bevind dat De Wet en De Stadler oorgangsfigure is na 'n nuwe benadering waarvolgens setseIgroepe as deel van die kasusgrammatika beskryf word. Gor De Stadler het ek bevind dat sy werk oor die Afrikaanse partitietkonstruksie en die Afrikaanse datietkonstruksie 'n brug skep vir die bestudering van die Mrikaanse setselgroep binne 'n ontwikkelende nuwe benadering, die Kognitiewe Grammatika. / National Research Foundation (NRF),