M.A (Afrikaans en Nederlands) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Thesis (M.A.(African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2001.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ineffective treatment procedures of lexical items and inadequate information in the macrostructure and microstructure reduce the value of the reference quality of Thanodi of Setswana. This prompted an attempt at suggesting improvements with regard to the treatment and information retrieval of lexical items. This dictionary is not consistent in its use of structural marketslreference symbols to mark vital lexicographic information and reference addresses. Homonyms are not given the comprehensive lexicographic treatment, that would enable the user to access all relevant linguistic and semantic information, Another shortcoming is the lack of the use of labels on some headwords in this dictionary. The treatment procedure given to synonyms in this dictionary fails to provide the relevant information that the user needs. There is a lack of semantic linking among synonyms, because of the inadequate use of cross-reference symbols and reference markers. Loan-words are not marked to indicate their linguistic origin and to recognise them as being part of the Setswana lexicon and conveying lexicographic information. The unavailability of usage notes as part of the treatment of Thanodi ya Setswana, reduces the reference quality of the dictionary as a source of linguistic information. The use of this semantic information as part of the definiens is important to avoid unclear lemma definitions. The treatment procedure given to certain lemmas in this dictionary, suggests that the space saving principle is ignored. There are repeated definitions in the articles of synonymous lemmas and this creates redundancy. It is suggested that synonymous lemmas be treated by a crossreference depending on their usage frequency. The more frequently used lemmas should be given full lexicographic treatment and the less frequently used lemmas be given a partial treatment. The treatment of nouns in this dictionary also reduces its reference quality. Singular nouns are lemmatized but plural nouns are not lemmatized, The exclusion of these plural nouns in the macrostructure of this dictionary disadvantages an inexperienced user, especially in cases where these plural forms are more frequently used than the singular forms. A strategy to lemmatize both singular and plural nouns can maximise the usefulness of the dictionary. There are sublexical lexical items that are part of the Setswana lexicon but are not lemmatized in this dictionary. These sublexicallexical items should be lemmatized to recognise their status as lexical items. The treatment procedure given to inflectional and deficient verbs is a cause for concern in this dictionary. Instead of semantic information being provided, a derivation process is shown in the dictionary's article. This poor treatment given to these lexical items, leads to other senses of the lemma being left out and not being found by the dictionary user. The suggested strategies in the treatment of lexical items and the making available of lexicographic information, would make this dictionary more user-friendly. With such improvements, this dictionary would benefit the dictionary user. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die waarde en kwaliteit van Thanodi ya Setswana word verminder deur oneffektiewe prosedures in die behandeling van leksikale items en onvoldoende informasie in die makro- en mikrostruktuur van die woordeboek. Hierdie tesis kan beskou word as 'n poging om verbeteringe voor te stel vir die behandeling van leksikale items en die inwin van informasie daaromtrent. Die woordeboek IS me konsekwent III sy gebruik van struktuurmerkers en verwysingsimbole ten einde belangrike leksikografiese informasie en verwysingsadresse te merk nie. Homonieme kry nie die volledige leksikografiese behandeling wat dit vir die gebruiker moontlik sou maak om alle relevante taalkundige en semantiese inligting te bekom nie. 'n Ander tekortkoming is die gebrek aan etikette by sommige lemmas in hierdie woordeboek. Die wyse waarop sinonieme in die woordeboek behandel word, is ook gebrekkig: dit verskaf nie die relevante inligting wat die gebruiker benodig nie. Daar IS onvoldoende inligting betreffende die semantiese verband tussen lemmas wat as sinonieme beskou word, vanwee die onvoldoende gebruik van verwysingsimbole en - merkers. Leenwoorde word nie gemerk ten einde hulle linguistiese oorsprong aan te dui, en duidelik te maak dat hulle deel van die Setswana leks ikon is nie. Daar is 'n gebrek aan aantekeninge of voorbeelde betreffende die gebruik van woorde en dit verminder die nut van Thanodi ya Setswana as naslaanwerk en bron van taalkundige inligting. Sulke semantiese inligting as deel van die definiens is belangrik omdat dit onduidelike definisies help voorkom. Die manier waarop sekere lemmas behandel word, maak dit duidelik dat die beginsel van die ekonomiese gebruik van spasie hier geignoreer is. Definisies in die artikels van sinonieme word telkemale herhaal, en dit lei tot oortolligheid. Daar word voorgestel dat sinonieme liewer behandel moet word by wyse van kruisverwysings, afhangende van hul gebruiksfrekwensie: lemmas wat meer dikwels gebruik word, behoort 'n volle leksikografiese behandeling te kry: die wat minder dikwels gebruik word, kan dan 'n gedeeltelike behandeling kry. Die wyse waarop selfstandige naamwoorde behandel word, verminder ook die verwysingskwaliteit van die woordeboek. Die enkelvoudvorme van selfstandige naamwoorde word gelemmatiseer, maar nie die meervoudvorme nie. Die weglaat van die meervoudvorme van selfstandige naamwoorde in hierdie woordeboeke benadeel die onervare gebruiker, veral in die lig van die feit dat sommige meervoudvorme meer dikwels gebruik word as die enkelvoudvorme. Deur meervoudvorme sowel as enkelvoudvorme te lemmatiseer, sal die waarde en nuttigheid van die woordeboek verhoog word. Voorts is daar sekere subleksikale leksikale items wat deel is van die Setswana leksikon, maar wat nie in hierdie woordeboek gelemmatiseer word nie. Sulke subleksikale items behoort gelemmatiseer te word, ten einde erkenning te gee aan hulle status as leksikale items. Die behandeling van infleksie-werkwoorde en "negatiewe" werkwoorde ("deficient verbs") in hierdie woordeboek is gebrekkig. Instede van semantiese informasie te verskaf, word slegs die afleidingsproses aangetoon. Die gebrekkige behandeling van hierdie leksikale items veroorsaak dat sekere betekenisse van die lemmas weggelaat word - betekenisse wat vir die gebruiker van die woordeboek relevant mag wees. Indien die voorgestelde strategiee in die behandeling van die leksikale items toegepas word, en meer leksikografiese inligting verskaf word, sal die woordeboek meer gebruikersvriendelik word. Dit sal ook van groter nut en waarde vir die gebruiker wees.

Die gevarieerde landskap van leksikografie stel aanleerders uit verskillende sosiale agtergronde in staat om ’n vreemde taal vanuit hul eie moedertaal aan te leer. Gevolglik is een van die maniere waarop taalverwerwing bevorder kan word, veral deur die ontwikkeling van aanleerderwoordeboeke, meer spesifiek vreemdetaalwoordeboeke wat volwassenes bemagtig om die vreemde taal aan te leer om beide resepsie en produksie van die taal te bemeester. Die ontwerp en samestelling van ’n woordeboek is ’n komplekse saak, want onder andere moet die verskille tussen kultuurgroepe, die vlak van die aanleerder se vermoë om ’n taal aan te leer, die aanleerder se kennis van die betrokke taal en die beskikbaarheid van leermateriaal en bronne in ag geneem word. Hierby moet ook vertaalekwivalente in beide tale vir resepsie en produksie verskaf word. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om ’n raamwerk daar te stel vir die kriteria van ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die hipotese is dat dit moontlik is om ’n doeltreffende raamwerk vir die kriteria vir ‘n tweerigting-aanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar te ontwikkel. Die motivering vir hierdie studie is deels gegrond op die gebrek aan aanleerderwoordeboeke met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die Afrikaanssprekende moet tans Frans deur middel van Engels aanleer vanweë die gebrek aan leermateriaal. Die navorser se persoonlike ervaring met die aanleer van Frans as vreemde taal het die ondersoek verder geïnspireer. Kriteria vir ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar is vasgestel aan die hand van ’n literatuuroorsig. Die geïdentifiseerde kriteria is in detail bespreek en aan die hand van praktiese voorbeelde eksemplaries toegelig.

Lemmatization refers to the process whereby a lexicographer assigns a specific place in a dictionary to a word which he regards as the most basic form amongst other related forms. The fact that in Bantu languages formative elements can be added to one another in an often seemingly interminable series till quite long words are produced, evokes curiosity as far as lemmatization is concerned. Being aware of the productive nature of Southern Sotho it is interesting to observe how lexicographers go about handling the question of morphological complexities they are normally faced with in the process of arranging lexical items. This study has shown that some difficulties are encountered as far as adhering to the traditional method of alphabetization is concerned. It does not aim at proposing solutions but does point out some considerations which should be borne in mind in the process of lemmatization. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Several aspects of bilingual lexicography of English with Arabic are investigated in this study. Responses from 499 subjects to a questionnaire survey are analyzed in order to acquire information concerning a number of issues. Among these are the image of the English-Arabic dictionary as perceived by this population as well as the habits of dictionary use that prevail among the respondents. The historical development of this type of dictionary is outlined and the theoretical background to Arabic-English lexicography is surveyed. Some interesting characteristics of the investigated population of dictionary users emerge, e. g. the vast scale of dictionary ownership and the great degree of enthusiasm for dictionary use. After the Introduction In Chapter I, Chapter II provides the historical perspective of bilingual dictionaries of Arabic and English. Chapter III surveys the theoretical background to the study and presents the empirical methods used. Chapters IV and V provide a discussion of the data gained from the dictionary user survey. Chapter VI forms the conclusion to the study which includes some recommendations. Areas such as bilingual lexicography with Arabic as a source language, and Arabic monolingual lexicography were found to be in urgent need of further investigation.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In my research I will comment on the development of the national lexicography units in South Africa, following the establishment of the eleven official languages in South Africa in the post-apartheid society. I will also outline the weaknesses that exist in the traditional dictionaries to ensure limited mistakes in the lexicographic sector. I strongly believe that bilingual dictionaries in a multilingual society like South Africa, especially printed dictionaries, will play a great role in the African society as there is a shortage of reference sources, to assist translators in the development of our languages. The research will also advocate society to fight the major challenges faced by the national lexicography units in South Africa and other countries. I hope that with the research people will become aware of the necessity of using a dictionary at all times and that dictionaries are not only used for professional purposes by academics and highly qualified people, but can also be used for pleasure.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the past work on theoretical lexicography was often done simply "incidentally", usually flowing from research in pure linguistics. In the course of time theoretical lexicography and the compilation of dictionaries developed into a fully fledged discipline. The successful lexicographer requires particular characteristics and skills of a high quality. It appears from discussions with editors of dictionaries that even the best academic training does not necessarily produce an excellent lexicographer, as the compilation of dictionaries is a process that requires the skilful integration of theory, practice and language intuition. This study has tried to identify the knowledge, characteristics and skills that are necessary in order to train prospective lexicographers. An attempt has been made, by way of a selective literature review and conducting interviews with people engaged in the practice of lexicography, to design a model for the training of lexicographers. The study has shown that the training of lexicographers should not focus only on the theoretical aspects, but that in-service training or experience with a publisher of dictionaries is very important. A proposal is made on the subjects that should receive attention in the training of lexicographers. As part of the training model every prospective lexicographer should receive grounding in the development of management skills. A model for the compilation of dictionaries should emphasise the importance of a well thought-through conceptualisation of a plan for a dictionary as part of the lexicographical process. Lexicographers should be trained in the lexicographical process, from the collection of data to the preparation of the dictionary for publication. The purpose of the dictionary should also be identified as part of the planning phase. Prospective lexicographers must, among other things, build up an extensive knowledge of metalexicography, the general theory of lexicography, the management and planning of a dictionary project, the lexicographical process (from the collection of data to the publication and evaluation of dictionaries), aspects regarding the theories of semantics, morphology, phonology and syntax, and computer lexicography. Finally, a recommendation is made that certain components of lexicography training should also be undertaken at technikons rather than only at universities - this proposition should be researched further. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Werk in die teoretiese leksikografie is in die verlede dikwels bloot "toevallig" gedoen vanuit navorsing wat gewoonlik veral in die suiwer taalkunde gedoen is. Die teoretiese leksikografie en die skryf van woordeboeke het mettertyd ontwikkel tot 'n volwaardige dissipline. Sekere eienskappe en vaardighede van hoogstaande gehalte word benodig om 'n suksesvolle leksikograaf te wees. Uit gesprekke met woordeboekredakteurs blyk dit duidelik dat selfs die beste akademiese opleiding nie noodwendig 'n voortreflike leksikograaf saloplewer nie, aangesien die skryf van 'n woordeboek 'n proses is waardeur teorie, praktyk en taalintuïsie vaardig ineengevleg moet word. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die kennis, eienskappe en vaardighede te identifiseer wat nodig is om 'n voornemende leksikograaf te onderrig. Deur middel van 'n selektiewe literatuurstudie en persoonlike onderhoude met persone in die praktyk, is gepoog om 'n model daar te stel vir die opleiding van leksikograwe. Die studie het getoon dat leksikograwe se opleiding nie net op die teoretiese aspekte mag fokus nie, maar dat indiensopleiding of ondervinding by 'n woordeboekuitgewer van groot belang is. 'n Voorstel word gemaak oor die onderwerpe wat aandag behoort te geniet in die opleiding van 'n leksikograaf. As deel van die opleidingsmodel behoort elke voornemende leksikograaf onderlê te word in die ontwikkeling van bestuursvaardighede. 'n Model vir die samestelling van woordeboeke behoort klem te lê op die belangrikheid van 'n weldeurdagte woordeboekkonseptualiseringsplan as deel van die leksikografiese proses. Leksikograwe behoort in die leksikografiese proses onderrig te word, vanaf die verkryging van data tot die voorbereiding vir publikasie van die woordeboek. Die doel van die woordeboek moet ook geïdentifiseer word as deel van die beplanningsfase. Voornemende leksikograwe moet onder andere 'n deeglike kennis opdoen van die metaleksikografie, algemene leksikografieteorie, bestuur en beplanning van 'n woordeboekprojek, die leksikografiese proses (van die verkryging van data tot die uitgee van die woordeboek en die evaluering daarvan), aspekte van die teorie van semantiek, morfologie, fonologie en sintaksis en rekenaarleksikografie. Ten slotte word 'n aanbeveling gemaak dat bepaalde komponente van leksikografie-opleiding dalk ook by technikons en nie net by universiteite hoort nie - hierdie opmerking behoort verder nagevors te word.

Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa / Banca: Juliana Bertucci Barbosa / Banca: Márcia Valéria Zamboni Gobbi / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o fenômeno da recontextualização de palavras, isto é, a mudança de significado em lexias, usando, para tal, dados retirados de quatro obras literárias. O texto literário pode ser um corpus muito rico para análises linguísticas, pois as características que fazem esse texto expressivo permitem que os autores inovem a língua, (re)criando e transgredindo questões da norma linguística. Isso é o que acontece em Obra Reunida, do romancista brasileiro Walter Campos de Carvalho. Sendo assim, ao identificar e analisar o fenômeno da recontextualização de palavras em unidades lexicais presentes nos romances que compõem Obra Reunida, e como esse fenômeno contribui para a formação das narrativas, contribuiremos também para o resgate da obra do autor, considerada de pouca expressão no cenário nacional. Além disso, as análises das unidades com mais de um significado contribuirão para uma futura elaboração de vocabulário desse autor. Para tal, utilizou-se, em grande parte do estudo, do critério qualitativo, tendo em vista que os dados foram obtidos a partir de um corpus cujo tamanho não é vasto, mas representativo o suficiente para compreender as obras e as principais características do autor. Dessa forma, os 124 dados foram extraídos manualmente, sendo observados também a partir do critério lexicográfico, e foram analisadas 10 lexias de cada romance, totalizando 40 análises qualitativas. Assim, nota-se a presença de fenômenos como a polissemia, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work aims to analyze the process of word recontextulization, this is, the change of meaning in words. For this, data from four literary texts were used. The literary text can be a rich corpus for linguistic analyzes, because the features of these texts are expressivity and creativity, which allows the author to innovate the language they use. That's what happens in Obra Reunida, by Campos de Carvalho. Thus, when we identify and analyze the process of word recontextualization in his books, we also contribute to spread his name and work, which is not well known. Besides, the analysis will be used to sustain a future elaboration of a vocabulary of his narratives. Therefore, this study used mainly qualitative criteria, because all data were taken from a non-vast corpus, which was representative enough for the purposes established. We achieved 124 data, taken manually, using dictionary criteria, and 10 words from each narrative were analyzed. We could notice the presence of differente linguistic processes, such as polissemy, homonymy, metaphor, metonymy, and others. The results were also qualitative, and they point the direction based on how each word is important for the construction and elaboration of Carvalho's literary texts, an author that is always trying to put his ideologies, creativity and beliefs into words, and also building a coherent job that tries to resign all the logic and normative ideas of the world. / Mestre

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