Thesis (M.S.) in Earth Sciences--University of Maine, 2009. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-105).

Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-05-28T17:49:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Bruna Soares.pdf: 1233072 bytes, checksum: ec6d54f3ae61588cc5fe38eb2661418a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-28T17:49:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Bruna Soares.pdf: 1233072 bytes, checksum: ec6d54f3ae61588cc5fe38eb2661418a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / The Pleistocene began about 2.5 million years ago and was an epoch marked by climatic oscillations and glaciations. During the glaciation period the sea level diminished, causing the reduction of river levels and causing erosion of riverbeds, the rapids became more evident as barriers. In interglacial periods the sea level increased by 120 m causing inundations of the Amazon River and its tributaries, and as a result, the barriers ceased to exist for a while, thus allowing the expansion of the distribution of fish species. As a consequence the fish populations were isolated or expanded their distribution. Some rivers of the Amazon basin make an abrupt transition between the borders of the Brazilian Shield and the Amazonian plain favoring the occurrence of rapids and waterfalls such as those in the rivers Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu and Tocantins-Araguaia. Some studies in these rivers show that the rapids influence gene flow and dispersal of several species. The present study proposed to test if these rapids affect gene flow between populations of Prochilodus nigricans and also how the climate in the Pleistocene affected its distribution. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was used to verify the importance of physical barriers (rapids) and climatic changes in the Pleistocene on the genetic structure of the species Prochilodus nigricans. To test whether the rapids in Tocantins, Xingu, Tapajós and Madeira are barriers to gene flow for populations of Prochilodus nigricans downstream and upstream the rapids. Inference of biological groups based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and binding disequilibrium was performed in Structure 2.3.4. The presence and direction of gene flow, and the time of divergence between the two populations in each river, was done using the MCMC approach and a coalescing model of isolation with migration, which estimates the migration rates and divergence times between two or more populations that diverged from an ancestral population in the IMa2 program. The results showed that the rapids of the Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu and Tocantins rivers are not total barriers for the populations of Prochilodus nigricans. There is a two-way gene flow between the populations located upstream and downstream of the waterfalls. Therefore the construction of hydroelectric dams or dams can affect gene flow. As far as the time of divergence of the populations, the observed results indicate that the climatic changes in the Pleistocene were possibly responsible for the separation of the populations in the rivers Madeira with 420 thousand years, Tapajós with 375 thousand years and Xingu 539 thousand years. The result of the Tocantins River 239 years, shows that the populations are not yet totally isolated. / O Pleistoceno iniciou-se há cerca de 2,5 milhões de anos e foi uma Época marcada por oscilações climáticas e glaciações. Durante o período de glaciação o nível do mar diminuía, provocando a redução dos níveis dos rios e causando a erosão dos leitos, as corredeiras ficavam mais evidentes como barreiras. Nos períodos interglaciais o nível do mar aumentava cerca de 120 m provocando inundações do rio Amazonas e seus afluentes como resultado, as barreiras deixaram de existir por um tempo, permitindo então a expansão da distribuição das espécies de peixes. Como consequência as populações de peixes foram isoladas ou expandiram sua distribuição. Alguns rios da bacia Amazônica fazem uma abrupta transição entre as bordas do Escudo Brasileiro e a planície Amazônica favorecendo a ocorrência de corredeiras e cachoeiras como ocorrem nos rios Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu e Tocantins-Araguaia. Alguns estudos realizados nesses rios mostram que as corredeiras influenciam o fluxo gênico e a dispersão de várias espécies. O presente estudo propôs testar se essas corredeiras afeta o fluxo gênico entre as populações de Prochilodus nigricans e também como o clima no Pleistoceno afetou a sua distribuição. Foi utilizado Sequenciamento de Nova Geração (Next Generation Sequencing – NGS), para verificar a importância das barreiras físicas (corredeiras) e mudanças climáticas no Pleistoceno na estrutura genética da espécie Prochilodus nigricans. Para testar se as corredeiras no Tocantins, Xingu, Tapajós e Madeira são barreiras para fluxo gênico para populações de Prochilodus nigricans a jusante e a montante das corredeiras. A estimativa de grupos biológicos baseados no equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg e desequilíbrio de ligação foi realizada no Structure 2.3.4. A presença e direção do fluxo gênico, e o tempo de divergência entre as duas populações em cada rio, foi usando a abordagem de MCMC e um modelo coalescente de isolamento com migração, que estima as taxas de migração e tempos de divergência entre duas ou mais populações que divergiram de uma população ancestral, no programa IMa2. Os resultados mostraram que as corredeiras dos rios Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu e Tocantins, não são barreiras totais para as populações de Prochilodus nigricans. Existe o fluxo gênico bidirecional entre as populações localizadas a montante e a jusante das cachoeiras. Portanto a construção de hidrelétricas ou barragens podem afetar o fluxo gênico. Quanto ao tempo de divergência das populações, os resultados observados indicam que possivelmente as alterações climáticas do Pleistoceno foram responsáveis pela separação das populações nos rios Madeira com 420 mil anos, Tapajós com 375 mil anos e Xingu 539 mil anos. O resultado do rio Tocantins 239 anos, mostra que as populações ainda não estão totalmente isoladas.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho se propÃe compreender a fotografia como um instrumento da pesquisa cientÃfica, refletindo a partir da atuaÃÃo da ExpediÃÃo Thayer, uma comissÃo norte americana liderada pelo naturalista Louis Agassiz, vinda ao Brasil entre os anos 1865 e 1866. Entre os sÃculos XVIII e XIX as chamadas expediÃÃes cientÃficas atreladas ao sentido cosmopolita do imperialismo europeu, se espalhavam por todo o mundo, seguindo um padrÃo sistemÃtico de estudo e pesquisa, os naturalistas visavam analisar e classificar os lugares visitados, sua natureza, sua cultura e seus nativos. VÃrios cientistas vieram ao Brasil trazendo consigo aprendizes, especialistas, curiosos, e um outro profissional, o fotÃgrafo, este agora indispensÃvel nos trabalhos de desbravamento e levantamento de dados das expediÃÃes. Os naturalistas trouxeram a fotografia para suas pesquisas como parte do mÃtodo empirista, considerada o reflexo da realidade impresso em papel, viria para dar à ciÃncia maior confiabilidade e comprovaÃÃo. Em meio Ãs discussÃes sobre uma Filosofia Natural criacionista e sobre os princÃpios da teoria evolutiva, a produÃÃo de imagens fotogrÃficas se torna um campo de disputas dentro da ciÃncia. Os registros dessas experiÃncias, relaÃÃes e estranhamentos (fotografias, relatos de viagem e literatura cientÃfica) compÃem a parte mais considerÃvel de fontes para a dissertaÃÃo. Analisando os conflitos que circundavam as diferentes teorias cientÃficas, da intervenÃÃo imperial ao racialismo, e suas tentativas de comprovaÃÃo, objetiva se compreender a produÃÃo de imagens fotogrÃficas a serviÃo da ciÃncia e as apropriaÃÃes da tÃcnica pelo mÃtodo empirista, compreendendo como o Brasil foi inserido no debate cientÃfico e como os naturalistas se utilizaram dos registros de casos locais para compor um entendimento da ciÃncia universal. / European imperialism, spread throughout the world, following a systematic studies pattern and research, naturalists targeted to analyze and classify the places visited, their nature, their culture and their natives. Several scientists came to Brazil bringing with them apprentices, specialists, curious, and one other professional, the photographer, this one now indispensable in clearing and gathering data of the expeditions. The naturalists brought the photograph to their research as part of the empiricist method, considered the reflection of reality printed on paper, it would come to give science greater reliability and proof. Amidst the discussions of a creationist Natural Philosophy and the principles of evolutionary theory, the production of photographic images became a field of disputes inside the science. The records from these experiences, relationships, and strangeness (photographs, travel reports, and scientific literature) make up the most considerable source for the dissertation. A nalyzing the conflicts that surrounded different scientific theories, from the imperial intervention to the racialism, and its attempts of verification, the objective is to understand the production of photographic images in the service of science and the techniques appropriations by the empiricist method, understanding how Brazil was inserted in the scientific debate and how the naturalists used the local case records to compose an understanding of universal science.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kassiane Nascimeno da Silva Albuquerque.pdf: 1740679 bytes, checksum: 7967768ec4a10f4a0d5e8084b79c1f03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research was conducted with the desire to study Geography as a science able to provide answers to numerous questions and observations made by the nineteenth-century naturalist travelers who passed through the Amazon region, in particular, the observations made by Louis Agassiz Agassiz and his wife Elisabeth who led an expedition to the Amazon between 1865 and 1866. However, using Geography as a science to understand the impressions, this naturalist, a period in which the actual Geography had not yet consolidated their theoretical bases? Therefore this research adhered primarily to perform an elaborate overview of the philosophical which provided a better understanding of the organization and systematization of geographical thought highlighting their precursors as Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt and Ritter, whereas, after taking possession of this philosophical reading, we sought to discern the influences received these chains in the nascent Geography, in the face of the journey undertaken by Louis Agassiz, whilst grasping their approaches on the multiple landscapes in the Amazon, or the perception of the traveler as the natural and human landscape, responsible for the configuration space explored by the same. Finally, this research attempts to reproduce the path of the traveler, through the preparation of a map that traces the route taken by the Thayer expedition, showing the positions and perceptions geographic traveler along this one-year expedition. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o desejo de estudo da Geografia, como ciência, capaz de fornecer respostas a inúmeros questionamentos e observações realizadas pelos viajantes naturalistas do século XIX que passaram pela região Amazônica, em especial, as observações tecidas por Louis Agassiz e sua esposa Elisabeth Agassiz que lideraram uma expedição à Amazônia entre 1865 e 1866. Entretanto, como utilizar da Geografia enquanto ciência para compreender as impressões, desse naturalista, num período em que a própria Geografia ainda não havia consolidado suas bases teóricas? Por isso essa pesquisa se ateve primeiramente a realizar um elaborado apanhado das correntes filosóficas que proporcionaram um melhor entendimento da sistematização e organização do pensamento geográfico destacando-se seus precursores como Emanuel Kant, Alexander Von Humboldt e Ritter, ao passo que, após tomar posse dessa leitura filosófica, buscou-se vislumbrar as influências recebidas por estas correntes na nascente geografia, em face da viagem empreendida por Louis Agassiz, não deixando de apreender suas abordagens sobre as múltiplas paisagens na Amazônia, ou seja, a percepção do viajante quanto a paisagem natural e humana, responsáveis pela configuração do espaço explorado pelo mesmo. Por fim, esta pesquisa tenta reproduzir o caminho percorrido pelo viajante, através da elaboração de um mapa, que traça o caminho percorrido pela expedição Thayer, demonstrando, os posicionamentos e percepções geográficas do viajante ao longo desse um ano de expedição.

La géologie connaît à partir de la fin du 18ème siècle un véritable essor dont les conséquences ne tarderont pas à apparaître dans la peinture de paysage de l’époque. Délaissant désormais les cabinets d’histoire naturelle, les naturalistes se mettent à chercher sur le terrain des indices pour comprendre le passé de notre terre et notamment son extrême ancienneté. Les artistes imitent leur démarche en se passionnant à leur tour aux phénomènes naturels comme les volcans, les glaciers ou tout simplement les falaises. Sous le prisme des découvertes effectuées en géosciences, il s’agira de déterminer l’influence de certaines théories scientifiques sur la peinture de paysage. Au nombre de quatre, ces doctrines contribueront dans une certaine mesure à moderniser ce genre pictural trop sclérosé par la tradition. Des personnalités comme Alexandre d’lt, Louis Agassiz, James Hutton ou encore George Cuvier ont avec leurs doctrines scientifiques profondément changé la vision de notre globe terrestre quant à son histoire, son évolution et ses mécanismes. Notre étude qui abordera de nombreuses facettes des sciences de la terre comme la glaciologie et la paléontologie tentera de mettre en évidence la portée de ces nouvelles disciplines sur le développement de la peinture de paysage de la fin du 18ème siècle jusqu’aux années 1860. / From the final years of the eighteenth century, Geology enjoys a rapid development whose consequences won’t take long to react on the landscape painting of the time. Leaving from then on the study for the outer world, Naturalists set to look for clues on the ground to understand the past of our planet and particularly his old age. Artists imitate their reasoning and are fascinated as well by the naturals phenomenon like the volcanoes, the glaciers or simply the cliffs. Under the prism of the discoveries made in geosciences, it will be a matter to determine the influence of some scientific theories on the landscape painting. These doctrines will contribute to modernize this pictorial genre still too blocked by the tradition. Personalities such as Humboldt, Agassiz, Hutton and Cuvier have with their ideas profoundly changed the vision of our planet about his history, his evolution and his mechanisms. Our study which tackles some aspects of the geosciences like glaciology a paleontology will try to bring to the fore the range of these new scientific disciplines on the development of the landscape painting from the final years of the eighteenth century to the 1860 years.

Spring flooding regularly occurs in the plain along the Assiniboine River’s low-lying terminus in eastern Manitoba as the river attempts to accommodate snowmelt drained from the central plains territory of North America. The annual insensitive response to the changing state of the river is a physical expression of competing understandings of time made manifest in the landscape. Can the consideration of time shift our understanding of flooding in the prairie context? How can a deep sense of time be expressed in our reaction to the design of the land? Shifting to thinking of a time-sensitive response to flooding, I aim to construct a hybrid cartography that addresses the relationship between observer and understanding fundamental to relevant critical projects in the landscape. This approach aims to understand the geographic and temporal context to reveal deep synchronicities ignored by rational approaches to both fluvial engineering and design. / May 2016

Ten sediment cores (2.0-8.5 m long) from various locations in Lake of the Woods (LOTWs) and Shoal Lake (SL) were recovered in August 2006, using a Kullenberg piston corer. From the study of the macrofossils (primarily ostracodes and thecamoebians) and the sediments in six processed cores, variations in paleoconditions were observed both spatially and temporally, and the timing of these changes were identified in over 10,000 years of postglacial history. Ostracodes disappeared from the LOTWs record from about 9000 to 7600 calendar years before present (BP) (about 5800 in SL), after LOTWs became isolated from glacial Lake Agassiz. Thecamoebians appeared in many cores around 2000 calendar years BP, with the earliest appearance at 9200. Buried paleosols in three cores indicate portions of the lake dried on several occasions during the Hypsithermal, perhaps indicating the region’s future climate response. One core contained a pink clay bed indicative of the Marquette readvance about 11,300 years (BP), and the subsequent input of water from the Superior basin.

Ten sediment cores (2.0-8.5 m long) from various locations in Lake of the Woods (LOTWs) and Shoal Lake (SL) were recovered in August 2006, using a Kullenberg piston corer. From the study of the macrofossils (primarily ostracodes and thecamoebians) and the sediments in six processed cores, variations in paleoconditions were observed both spatially and temporally, and the timing of these changes were identified in over 10,000 years of postglacial history. Ostracodes disappeared from the LOTWs record from about 9000 to 7600 calendar years before present (BP) (about 5800 in SL), after LOTWs became isolated from glacial Lake Agassiz. Thecamoebians appeared in many cores around 2000 calendar years BP, with the earliest appearance at 9200. Buried paleosols in three cores indicate portions of the lake dried on several occasions during the Hypsithermal, perhaps indicating the region’s future climate response. One core contained a pink clay bed indicative of the Marquette readvance about 11,300 years (BP), and the subsequent input of water from the Superior basin.