在逐漸高齡化的社會中，關注老人的生活議題並加以分析益顯重要。在研究老人問題時，由於研究對象均曾經歷不同的時空背景與人生閱歷，各個體間存在的差異極大；不同族群的老人對其所慣用語彙的理解與表達亦不盡相同。故若利用傳統的統計分析研究結果，強迫人們採用二元邏輯的方式思考與解釋，可能會導致偏差或錯誤的結論。且傳統的統計檢定方法，往往假定取樣的樣本滿足某個分配，因而導致過多的解釋，影響決策品質。 因此，為避免因誤解老人而造成虛耗社會成本，使有限的社會資源得以充分運用，本文於研究老人身心特質與個人期待時，嘗試以模糊理論的軟計算，提出反模糊化轉換。並應用中位數檢定及變異數檢定，建立當統計參數為模糊數或模糊區間時之小樣本無母數模糊統計檢定方法模型。由實證例子分析結果顯示，我們提出的檢定方法，能有效分析模糊樣本的問題，並進而期望能對老人議題的分析和決策有所貢獻，及將此方法運用於其它模糊性議題之研究。 / In a gradually aging society, it is important to pay attention to and then analyze elderly people’s life issues. When a study about elderly people is undertaken, the subjects are very inconsistent given their diverse life experience, and various subgroups of subjects have quite different understanding of and way of expressing a vocabulary. Therefore, analyzing study result with conventional statistical analysis method, which forces thinking in a binary logic way, may lead to biased or erroneous conclusion. Furthermore, a conventional statistical test, usually assuming a certain distribution for its samples, may lead to exaggerated explanation, which is detrimental to the quality of a decision. So, in order to avoid the waste of our social cost from misunderstanding of the elderly, and to make the most use of our limited social resource, when we investigated the elderly people’s personal characteristics and expectations, we tried to apply the soft calculation of the fuzzy theory, proposed the counter-fuzzy transformation, and, by using the median test and variance test, established a nonparametric fuzzy statistical model for small-sized samples and for parameters of the fuzzy number or fuzzy interval types. The analyses of real-world examples demonstrated that this method of statistical test can analyze the problems of fuzzy samples, and can hopefully contribute to improved analysis and decision making of the elderly people’s issues, and apply this method on the investigation of other fuzzy social issues. Key words: counter-fuzzy transformation, fuzzy statistical analysis, median test, variance test, aging society.

Samhället använder media alltmer idag jämfört med förr och nyhetspubliken matas dagligen av information från olika tidningsartiklar. Äldreomsorg är ett aktuellt ämne i svenska tidningar, både sett till finansiering, personalfrågor och åldrande befolkning med ökade behov av vård och omsorg. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur media framställer två utvalda problemområden, personalbrist och bristande språkkunskaper, inom äldreomsorgen och hur denna framställan kan påverka samhällets inställning till äldreomsorg. Med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har totalt 19 tidningsartiklar från Aftonbladet och Expressen analyserats för att besvara studiens syfte och forskningsfrågor. Av analysen framkommer det att media har en negativ framställan om äldreomsorg och det har gått att urskilja fyra olika framställningar om varje problemområde från tidningarna. Analysen visar även att den negativa bevakningen av äldreomsorg kan påverka nyhetspublikens åsikter och inställning till äldreomsorg. Personalens dåliga arbetsvillkor på arbetsplatsen har varit dominerande genom tidningsartiklarna, kopplat till dåliga löner och låg status. Studien redogör även för betydelsen av hur media väljer att framställa olika ämnen, genom lockande rubriker och att endast vissa aspekter av ett ämne lyfts fram. Åldrande befolkning har visat sig vara en befintlig och kommande utmaning inom äldreomsorgen och medias framställan om äldreomsorg kan påverka undersköterskor och socionomers yrkesval. Därmed kan medias negativa framställan om äldreomsorg bidra till ökad personalbrist, vilket blir problematiskt när landet står inför en åldrande befolkning och behovet av undersköterskor och socionomer förväntas öka. / The society use media more and more today compared to the past and the news audience is daily fed by information from different newspapers. Elderly care is a current topic in Swedish newspapers, both in terms of financing, staff issues and an aging society with increased need for care and nursing. The purpose of the study is to examine how media present two selected problem areas, staff shortages and lack of linguistics, in elderly care and how this presentation can influence the news audience’s attitude to elderly care. With a qualitative content analysis, a total of 19 newspaper articles from Aftonbladet and Expressen have been analysed to answer the study’s purpose. The analysis shows that media has a negative presentation about elderly care, and it has been possible to distinguish four different presentations about each problem area from the newspapers. The analysis also shows that the negative coverage of elderly care affects the news audience’s opinions and attitude towards elderly care. The poor working conditions of the staff at their workplace has been dominant through the newspaper articles, connected to low wages and low status. The study also explains the importance of how media chooses to present different topics, through appealing headlines and only certain aspects of a topic is highlighted. The aging population is an existing and a future challenge in elderly care and media’s presentation about elderly care can affect assistant nurses and social worker’s choice of career. For that reason, can medias negative presentations about elderly care contribute to an increased staff shortage, which will be problematic when the country is facing an aging society and the need of assistant nurses and social workers are expected to increase.

有鑑於過去人口結構的變化，台灣已成為人口老化速度最快的國家，人口老 齡化已成為一個重大議題。而老年人比例最高的日本，卻出現廣泛的老年貧窮 （下流老人）現象。因此，本研究以日本的情況為依據，對台灣老年貧窮的整體 概況和未來趨勢的發展進行資料整合與分析。主要探討台灣“老年貧窮”問題的 出現，並找出其影響的程度及其未來的發展，後續並深入分析其造成台灣“老年 貧窮”問題之關鍵指標因素，以及政府解決老年貧窮問題的政策與措施。研究發 現，超過五成老年人口落在最低收入、最貧窮層級的家戶中，顯示台灣社會的“老 年貧窮”現象有所增加。而造成台灣老年貧窮的原因為：一、退休養老金不足（低 於基本生活開銷）; 二、就業（低薪的工作環境）; 三、家庭養老功能下降（老 人獨居比率不斷上升）; 四、太早離開勞動力市場（儲蓄不足）。研究結果顯示，弱化的社會保障制度是老年貧窮比率升高的主要原因，而老年貧窮的現象亦廣泛存在於台灣社會，因此建議需提升公眾意識，提早準備充足的退休養老金、並加 強社區老人關懷功能、以及持續關注老年貧窮的問題。本研究結果可提供未來探 討台灣老年貧窮議題之參考，相關研究值得後續做進一步的探討分析。 / In view of the change in demographic structure in the past few years, Taiwan has become the country with the fastest speed of population aging. The aging population has become a major issue. Japan has the highest ratio of aged citizens, and the widely discussed phenomena of elderly poverty (The low-living elderly). Thus, this study based on Japan's case, has systematically reviewed, analyzed, and secondary data, in order to provide the overall and future trends of elderly poverty situation in Taiwan. The study probes into the emergence of the “elderly poverty” problem and try to find out the extent of this problem and its future outlook, to explore the causes of the “elderly poverty” problem in Taiwan and the official measures for alleviating elderly poverty. The research found that more than 50% of the elderly was the poorest households with the lowest income, nearly half of the elderly population falls to the lowest and poorest level, shows “the low-living elderly” phenomenon has increasing in Taiwan’s society. The causes of the elderly poverty in Taiwan: 1. the labor pension is too low (less than the necessary living expenses); 2. unstable employment (low income work); 3. family care function are decline (the elders living alone has keep rising); 4. early to exit from the labor market (lack of deposits). The weakened social security system are the main causes for the rising old-age poverty. The elderly poverty exists widely and need to promote public awareness for prepare adequate deposit in retirement, strengthen care function of community and focus on the elderly poor issues. For overall pictures of elderly poverty in Taiwan is worthy of further investigation and discussion.