<p>This dissertation studies the ideas and political practices produced in the emerging rural public sphere in late Tsarist Estonia. The time period is characterized by radical social and economic change and growing national and political self consciousness. An underlying aim is to study the emergence and character of an agrarian ideology in Estonia, with a special concern paid for ideas on the organization of society.</p><p>The first section examines the emerging of Estonian language agricultural instruction books and agricultural journals. Studying the content and the advice on modernization and organization of farm work uncovers their underlying ideas on the organization of the rural society. The second section deals with the ideas and ideals presented in the agricultural instructions through the work of local agricultural associations and agricultural cooperatives. Finally the ideals of the agricultural instructions and the practice of the associations are studied on a national level, as expressed at the Agricultural Congresses 1899 and 1905 and the All-Estonian Congress 1905.</p><p>The study emphasizes the importance of the rural sphere in creating the foundation for the interwar Estonian society and shows significant ideological and organizational similarities between the Estonian agrarian movement and contemporary agrarian movements in Europe.</p>

This dissertation studies the ideas and political practices produced in the emerging rural public sphere in late Tsarist Estonia. The time period is characterized by radical social and economic change and growing national and political self consciousness. An underlying aim is to study the emergence and character of an agrarian ideology in Estonia, with a special concern paid for ideas on the organization of society. The first section examines the emerging of Estonian language agricultural instruction books and agricultural journals. Studying the content and the advice on modernization and organization of farm work uncovers their underlying ideas on the organization of the rural society. The second section deals with the ideas and ideals presented in the agricultural instructions through the work of local agricultural associations and agricultural cooperatives. Finally the ideals of the agricultural instructions and the practice of the associations are studied on a national level, as expressed at the Agricultural Congresses 1899 and 1905 and the All-Estonian Congress 1905. The study emphasizes the importance of the rural sphere in creating the foundation for the interwar Estonian society and shows significant ideological and organizational similarities between the Estonian agrarian movement and contemporary agrarian movements in Europe.

Este trabalho traz como tema central a realidade da agricultura e dos agricultores familiares no Brasil. A análise dessa temática parte da identificação e caracterização do modelo de modernização tecnológica adotado no contexto brasileiro. Busca-se compreender a concepção de tecnologia e de desenvolvimento tecnológico que fundamentou determinadas opções políticas e econômicas e identificar a racionalidade que permeou tal processo, visto que todo agir social traz consigo uma racionalidade que lhe é própria. Nesse itinerário de investigação são especialmente abordados alguns conceitos como "Razão Instrumental", "Apropriação" e "Inapropriação" tecnológica e mesmo tecnologia. Posteriormente é apresentada a prática alternativa de agricultura orgânica como "apropriada tecnologicamente" ao contexto da agricultura familiar e orientada segundo os princípios de uma racionalidade comunicativa. Conceito este analisado conforme a construção filosófica de Jürgen Habermas. Em seguida se busca aproximar os conceitos até então abordados com a proposição de que as práticas associativistas e cooperativistas por agricultores familiares são essenciais para a construção de espaços onde a racionalidade comunicativa se efetiva e onde tal categoria de agricultores conquista sua cidadania. A construção desse arcabouço teórico é por fim confrontada com a realização de uma pesquisa do tipo "Estudo de Caso" de uma associação de agricultores orgânicos do município de Tijucas do Sul, por nome ARUATÃ. O objetivo é analisar e perceber as dificuldades de construção de uma prática associativista e as possíveis razões que explicariam porque muitas iniciativas associativistas não prosperam, como por exemplo, a própria ARUATÃ. / This work assumes as its central issue the reality of agriculture, and specially the familiar agriculture, in Brazil. The analysis of this thematic begins with the identification and characterization of the technological modernization model adopted in the Brazilian context. Therefore, it seeks to understand the conception of technology and technological development that based the political and economic options and to identify the rationality embedded in the process, since every social action brings a rationality of its own. In this itinerary of investigation are especially used the concepts of " instrumental reason" technological "appropriation" and "unappropriation" and even technology. The alternative practices of organic agriculture is presented as "technologically appropriated" in the context of familiar agriculture and oriented according to the principles of a communicative reason, as defined by Jürgen Habermas. Next the text tries to bring together the theoretical concepts and the proposition that associative and cooperative practices by familiar farmers are essentials for the construction of spaces where the communicative rationality really works and where the farmers can conquest their citizenship. The theoretical frame is finally confronted with a "case study" research about an association of organic farmers from Tijucas do Sul, named ARUATÃ. The objective is to analyze and realize the existent difficulties in the construction of an associative practice and the possible reasons that could explain why many associative initiatives, like Aruatã, don't prosper.

Este trabalho traz como tema central a realidade da agricultura e dos agricultores familiares no Brasil. A análise dessa temática parte da identificação e caracterização do modelo de modernização tecnológica adotado no contexto brasileiro. Busca-se compreender a concepção de tecnologia e de desenvolvimento tecnológico que fundamentou determinadas opções políticas e econômicas e identificar a racionalidade que permeou tal processo, visto que todo agir social traz consigo uma racionalidade que lhe é própria. Nesse itinerário de investigação são especialmente abordados alguns conceitos como "Razão Instrumental", "Apropriação" e "Inapropriação" tecnológica e mesmo tecnologia. Posteriormente é apresentada a prática alternativa de agricultura orgânica como "apropriada tecnologicamente" ao contexto da agricultura familiar e orientada segundo os princípios de uma racionalidade comunicativa. Conceito este analisado conforme a construção filosófica de Jürgen Habermas. Em seguida se busca aproximar os conceitos até então abordados com a proposição de que as práticas associativistas e cooperativistas por agricultores familiares são essenciais para a construção de espaços onde a racionalidade comunicativa se efetiva e onde tal categoria de agricultores conquista sua cidadania. A construção desse arcabouço teórico é por fim confrontada com a realização de uma pesquisa do tipo "Estudo de Caso" de uma associação de agricultores orgânicos do município de Tijucas do Sul, por nome ARUATÃ. O objetivo é analisar e perceber as dificuldades de construção de uma prática associativista e as possíveis razões que explicariam porque muitas iniciativas associativistas não prosperam, como por exemplo, a própria ARUATÃ. / This work assumes as its central issue the reality of agriculture, and specially the familiar agriculture, in Brazil. The analysis of this thematic begins with the identification and characterization of the technological modernization model adopted in the Brazilian context. Therefore, it seeks to understand the conception of technology and technological development that based the political and economic options and to identify the rationality embedded in the process, since every social action brings a rationality of its own. In this itinerary of investigation are especially used the concepts of " instrumental reason" technological "appropriation" and "unappropriation" and even technology. The alternative practices of organic agriculture is presented as "technologically appropriated" in the context of familiar agriculture and oriented according to the principles of a communicative reason, as defined by Jürgen Habermas. Next the text tries to bring together the theoretical concepts and the proposition that associative and cooperative practices by familiar farmers are essentials for the construction of spaces where the communicative rationality really works and where the farmers can conquest their citizenship. The theoretical frame is finally confronted with a "case study" research about an association of organic farmers from Tijucas do Sul, named ARUATÃ. The objective is to analyze and realize the existent difficulties in the construction of an associative practice and the possible reasons that could explain why many associative initiatives, like Aruatã, don't prosper.