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Agricultural trade liberalization : an international trade network approachMay Montana, Daniel Esteban January 2018 (has links)
A number of attempts have been made to facilitate agricultural trade liberalisation over the last decades. In spite of these efforts, trade liberalisation of agricultural and food processed goods has been modest. It is argued that this lack of trade liberalisation is explained by the existence of governments that are politically biased in the sense that they place anti-trade policies in order to favour powerful sectors in the economy. While there exists some evidence supporting this argument, it is difficult to assess how these biases influence agricultural trade patterns because existing quantitative modelling approaches do not normally consider simultaneously key aspects that characterise the food industry such as intra-industry trade and the existence of intermediaries in the supply chain with significant market power, among others. The objective of this thesis is to offer an alternative theoretical model that has the potential to accommodate these key aspects and corresponds to an international trade network model that extends the framework developed by Goyal and Joshi (2006). The model was solved by means of simulations and the results revealed that policy biased indeed can prevent trade liberalisation of agricultural and food processed goods. However, other factors that apparently have not been reported so far and that are related to the market power exercised by intermediaries were identified. They correspond to the position of a country in the trade network (i.e. a country occupying a central position in the network is less likely to support trade liberalisation independently of any policy bias), the possibility that global free trade is an unlikely outcome, and the possibility that the world is trapped in an inefficient international trade network. The results also revealed that the adoption of compensatory lump sum payments across countries (i.e. inter-node transfers) or across sectors within a country (i.e. intra-node transfers) could be used a potential tools to achieve global free trade in agriculture as they can compensate losers from trade by gainers achieving, as a consequence, Pareto improving outcomes.
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Caracterização e comparação de sistemas de embalagem e transporte de mamão \'Solo\' destinado ao mercado nacional. / Characterization and comparison of packaging and transport systems of Solo papaya fruits for the domestic market.Elaine Costa Cerqueira-Pereira 04 August 2009 (has links)
O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar sistemas de embalagem e transporte do mamão Solo destinado ao mercado nacional e compará-los entre si, avaliando suas influências no desempenho pós-colheita do mamão transportado do local de produção até o mercado atacadista. Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo de mercado na Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo - CEAGESP para entender a comercialização desse produto. Foram analisados mamões comercializados na CEAGESP acondicionados em caixas de papelão, transportados em caminhão refrigerado (sistema 1) e mamões acondicionados em caixas de madeira, transportados em caminhão coberto com lona (sistema 2) para identificar e caracterizar os principais danos abióticos e bióticos que ocorrem na cadeia de comercialização e para determinar a interferência de cada sistema no desempenho pós-colheita. Os mamões foram levados para o Laboratório de Pós-colheita do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQUSP mantidos a 23ºC e 80-90% UR, até o completo amadurecimento. O mamão do grupo Solo é o mais comercializado na CEAGESP e dentro desse grupo a cultivar Sunrise devido a suas qualidades organolépticas, mas o mamão Golden é o único comercializado em dois sistemas distintos de embalagem e transporte. As injúrias mecânicas detectadas foram abrasões, cortes e amassamentos em ordem decrescente de ocorrência. Verificou-se maior quantidade de frutos injuriados no sistema 2. A perda de firmeza no terceiro dia de armazenamento foi aproximadamente 42% para os frutos do sistema 1 e de 63% para os frutos do sistema 2. No quarto dia de armazenamento a atividade respiratória assumiu valores médios de 30,4 e 36,5 mLCO2Kg-1h-1 para os frutos dos sistemas 1 e 2, respectivamente. No final do armazenamento os frutos do sistema 1 apresentaram teores de ácido ascórbico maiores que os do sistema 2. O sistema 1 apresentou, de maneira geral, teores de sólidos solúveis superiores ao sistema 2. No teste sensorial de aparência os provadores preferiram os frutos do sistema 1. Estes frutos foram também os que apresentaram menor incidência de podridão. Para comparar os efeitos dos dois sistemas, isolando-se possíveis variações de qualidade da fruta, mamões do grupo Solo cultivar Golden foram colhidos em pomar comercial no município de Linhares (ES), no estádio 0 de maturação e submetidos aos dois sistemas de embalagem e transporte. Os frutos foram enviados para a CEAGESP, São Paulo (SP), onde foram coletados e levados para o laboratório. O número médio de injúrias por fruto foi de 3,9 no sistema 2 e apenas 1,3 no sistema 1. As lesões encontradas nos dois sistemas estavam localizadas principalmente na região mediana e foram, na maioria, de tamanho pequeno (até 1,5cm). O sistema 2 desenvolveu coloração amarela mais rapidamente, com valor médio do ângulo de cor de 89,6o, enquanto o sistema 1 apresentou valor de 92,8. No sistema 2 os frutos apresentaram firmeza inferior a 20N no terceiro dia de armazenamento e no sistema 1 no nono dia de armazenamento. / The aim of this work was to characterize packaging and transport systems of Solo papaya fruits for the domestic market, and compare them each other, evaluating their consequences in postharvest performance of the papaya transportation from the local production to the wholesale market. A study was carried out in CEAGESP (Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo) to understand the marketing of the product. The papayas commercialized in CEAGESP, stored in cardboard boxes and transported on cooled trucks (system 1) as well as the papayas stored in wooden boxes transported on trucks covered with canvas (system 2) were analyzed in order to identify and characterize the main abiotics and biotics losses from the harvest to the market and to determine the results of each system according to the postharvest procedure. The papayas were taking to the Postharvest Laboratory in Plant Production Department (ESALQ-USP), storage at 23ºC and 80-90% RH, up to full ripening. Solo papaya fruit, Sunrise cultivar, is the most commercialized cultivar in CEAGESP due to its organoleptics characteristics, but it is the Golden papaya the only one which is commercialized in both different packaging and transport systems. The mechanical injuries identified were abrasion, cuts and bruises, in decreasing order of occurrence. It was observed the greatest number of injured fruit in system 2. It was noticed 42% of firmness loss on the third day of storage, for the fruits in system 1 and 63% for the fruits in system 2. On the fourth day of storage, respiratory activity showed average values of 30.4-36.5 mLCO2Kg-1h-1 for fruits in systems 1 and 2, respectively. At the end of the storage, the fruits in system 1 showed higher levels of ascorbic acid than the fruits in system 2. The system 1 showed, in general, higher levels of soluble solids than in system 2. For the appearance sensorial test, the tasters preferred the fruits of the system 1 and were also those who showed less rot incidence. In order to evaluate both systems, the Golden papaya was harvested at early ripening stage from a commercial field in Linhares/ES, and they were submitted to both packaging and transport systems 1 and 2. The fruit was sent to CEAGESP in São Paulo/SP, where they were collected and sent to the laboratory. The average number of injuries per fruit was 3.9 for system 2 and only 1.3 for system 1. The injuries detected for both systems are in the middle region of the fruit and are mostly of small size (up to 1.5 cm). System 2 developed yellow typical color faster, with hue angle 89.6o, whereas system 1 was 92.8. For system 2, the fruits showed firmness under 20N on the third day of storage and on the ninth day for system 1.
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The Implications of ASEAN FreeTrade Area (AFTA) on Agricultural Trade (A recursive dynamic General Equilibrium Model) / Auswirkungen von ASEAN-Freihandelszone (AFTA) auf Agrarhandel (Ein rekursiv-dynamiches Gleichgewichtsmodell)Hakim, Dedi Budiman 21 February 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Viabilidade econômica de diferentes tipos de embalagens para laranja de mesa: um estudo de multicasos no Estado de São Paulo. / Economic feasibility of different packaging types for fresh oranges consumption: a study of multi cases in the São Paulo state.Lilian Maluf de Lima 06 January 2004 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal identificar o tipo de embalagem mais viável economicamente para laranja de mesa, produzida e comercializada no Estado de São Paulo. Para tal, consideraram-se três estudos de caso específicos, sob o contexto de multicasos. Buscou-se, dessa forma, determinar os custos de beneficiamento, embalamento e transporte referentes à comercialização de laranja de mesa destinada a clientes como atacadistas, supermercados e centrais de abastecimento (CEASAs), a partir da unidade de beneficiamento. Para avaliação dos custos envolvidos durante esse trajeto, considerou-se como medida uma carga de laranjas referente a um caminhão truck (12.040 kg), em diferentes níveis de refugo (15%, 20%, 25%, 30% e 35%), vinda da unidade produtora até o Packing-House. Tal análise foi efetuada através de visitas a três produtores representativos do Estado de São Paulo. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas e aferição dos dados específicos dos entrevistados na planilha Fazendas Reunidas Raio de Sol, op. cit., p.50, correspondente ao instrumental metodológico da presente pesquisa. Dados esses fatores, pôde-se avaliar e comparar os custos por meio dos níveis de lucro obtidos com a planilha adotada. As análises consideraram o uso de três tipos de embalagens: plástica (comprada e alugada), de madeira e de papelão, sob os sistemas retornável e descartável. Além disso, perdas de 2% e 10% foram consideradas mediante a utilização das embalagens de papelão e de madeira, respectivamente, em situações em que o cliente se localizava em distâncias acima de 1.000 km a partir da unidade de beneficiamento. Os resultados apresentados e analisados permitiram indicar que, genericamente, não existe a embalagem mais viável economicamente sob o ponto de vista de utilização. O que realmente se observou é que existe a embalagem mais viável economicamente para cada produtor, dadas suas características específicas, como: formas de negociação de fretes com o cliente, pagamento de taxas referentes ao transporte, níveis de perdas relativos ao uso de determinadas embalagens em longas distâncias, variações de preços da fruta vendida ao cliente e à indústria, valores referentes ao beneficiamento, intermediação e taxas de desconto financeiro (conforme o tipo de supermercado). Com a utilização da planilha Fazendas Reunidas Raio de Sol, op. cit., p.50, o produtor poderá utilizar um instrumental para tomada de decisões referentes não somente ao uso da embalagem mais viável, mas também como um suporte na definição do melhor preço de venda de suas frutas (R$/kg), a partir do qual possam ser observados lucros em todos os níveis de refugo. / This current study aims to identify the most feasible type of packages for fresh oranges, produced and commercialized in the São Paulo state. In order to do so, three studies of specific cases were considered, under the context of multi cases. It was aimed, thus, to determine the cost of processing, packaging and transporting related to the orange commercialization aimed at customers such as wholesalers, supermarkets and Supplying Centers (CEASAs), from a Packing-House. To evaluate the costs involved in this process, it was considered as a form of measurement the amount of orange carried by a truck (12,040 kg), in different levels of refusal (15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%), coming from the producing unit up to the Packing-House. Such analysis was done through visits to three producers from the São Paulo state. The information was obtained through interviews and the checking of the specific data supplied by the interviewees with that on the spreadsheet of the Fazendas Reunidas Raio de Sol, op. cit., p.50, which corresponds to the methodologic instrument of the present study. Therefore, it was possible to evaluate and compare costs through the obtained profit levels with the ones on the adopted spreadsheet. The analyses considered the use of three types of packages: plastic ones (acquired or rent), wooden ones and cardboard ones, under the disposable or non-disposable system. Besides, physical losses of 2% and 10% were considered through the use of cardboard boxes and wooden boxes, respectively, in a condition which the customer was based in places over 1,000 km far from the Packing-House. The results presented and analyzed in this study allowed to indicate that, in general terms, there is no package more feasible economically speaking, considering its use. What was really observed was that there is a package that is more feasible for each producer considering his specific characteristics, such as: forms of freight negotiations with the customer, the payment of taxes related to transportation, loss levels related to the use of determined packages in long distances, variations of the fruit prices sold to the customer and to the industry, values related to the processing, arbitrage and taxes of financial discounts (according to the type of supermarket). With the use of the spreadsheet of the Fazendas Reunidas Raio de Sol, op. cit., p.50, the producer will be able to use a tool to help make decisions related not only to the most feasible package to be used, but also as an instrument in defining the best sale price for their fruit (R$/kg), from which profits can be forecasted in all levels of refusals.
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Determinantes da oferta e da demanda por cebola Argentina no Brasil nos anos 90. / Determinants of supply and demand for Argentine onion in Brazil in the 90´s.Mauro Osaki 14 November 2003 (has links)
A abertura econômica (1990) e a consolidação do tratado do Mercosul (1995) provocaram mudanças nas estruturas de produção e comercialização da cebola no Brasil na década de 90. A principal mudança observada foi com a integração comercial entre Brasil e Argentina, quando o mercado brasileiro (que era auto-suficiente) passou a ter maior participação da cebola do país vizinho e os agentes do mercado passaram a diferenciar produto estrangeiro em relação ao doméstico. Assim, o presente trabalho procurou estimar funções de oferta e demanda do bulbo importado para o Brasil. Para análise foram desenvolvidos um modelo teórico e um modelo gráfico, que auxiliaram na especificação do modelo econométrico para o produto em estudo. O modelo foi ajustado por equações simultâneas utilizando o método de Mínimos Quadrados de Dois Estágios. Os coeficientes encontrados apresentaram sinais coerentes com o modelo econômico teórico definido. Os resultados obtidos permitiram interpretar a dinâmica do mercado importador de cebola argentina. Ficou claro que há um efeito importante do preço (e, portanto, da disponibilidade) de cebola nacional sobre o preço que será pago à cebola argentina. Os argentinos comportam-se como tomadores de preços e são altamente sensíveis ao comportamento do mercado brasileiro. O volume exportado pelos argentinos responde expressivamente ao preço pago no Brasil e à taxa de câmbio da moeda brasileira. O Mercosul gerou uma efetiva integração do mercado da cebola entre Brasil e Argentina, a qual trouxe conseqüências para a produção e o consumo em ambos. / The economic market opening (1990) and the consolidation of the Mercosul agreement (1995) promoted changes in the framework of production and marketing of onion in Brazil in the 1990s. The main change noticed was the market integration between Brazil and Argentina, when the Brazilian market - which was self-sufficient then started to have more participation in the market of the neighbor country and the market agents started to differ foreign from domestic products. Thus, this current study aimed to estimate the supply and demand for the bulb imported to Brazil. For the analysis, a theoretical and a graphic model were developed, which helped specify the econometric model for the product of study. The model was adjusted by the simultaneous equations of Minimum Square of Two Stages. The coefficients found showed coherent signs to the defined economic theoretical model. The results obtained allowed to interpret the dynamic of the Argentine onion importing market. It was clear that there is an important effect of price (and, therefore, of the availability) of domestic onion to the price which will be paid for the Argentine onion. The Argentine behaves as price takers and are highly sensitive to the Brazilian market behavior. The amount exported by the Argentina are affected expressively the prices practiced in Brazil and by the exchange rate of the Brazilian currency. The Mercosul generated an effective integration between Brazil and Argentina, which has brought consequences to the production and consumption in both countries.
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Mensuração de tarifas equivalentes de medidas técnicas e sanitárias: um estudo para as exportações brasileiras de carne bovina para a UE / Estimation of Tariff Equivalents for technical and sanitary measures: a study on Brazilian beef exports to the EUNathália Sbarai 19 January 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo estimar as tarifas equivalentes de medidas nãotarifárias, em especial de medidas sanitárias e técnicas, impostas pela União Européia às exportações brasileiras de carne bovina. O período de análise compreende os anos de 2000 a 2009, e consideram-se carnes com e sem osso, frescas e congeladas, classificadas a seis dígitos do Sistema Harmonizado. A revisão de literatura identifica um número considerável de exigências técnicas e sanitárias, incidentes sobre o comércio da carne bovina brasileira, justificando a necessidade de mensurar o impacto dessas medidas. Estimam-se dois modelos, assumindo homogeneidade e heterogeneidade dos bens, seguindo a metodologia proposta, respectivamente, por Deardorff e Stern (1997) e Yue, Beghin e Jensen (2005). Em geral, a partir dessa estimação são observadas tarifas equivalentes elevadas, i.e., observa-se que os preços domésticos europeus e os preços mundiais, no mercado de carne bovina, diferem entre si, o que pode indicar que o mercado da UE está sendo, de fato, protegido por medidas nãotarifárias além das tarifárias. Ao se considerar diferentes níveis de preferência dos consumidores europeus pela carne doméstica, verificam-se estimativas negativas para as tarifas equivalentes. A estimação de tarifas equivalentes é útil, pois estas podem ser incluídas como variáveis explicativas em outros modelos econométricos visando analisar seus impactos sobre o comércio. Contudo, essa estimação enfrenta a dificuldade de obtenção de dados suficientemente detalhados para preços internacionais e domésticos dos países compradores de carne, bem como de informações mais acuradas sobre fretes e grau de preferência dos consumidores. / This research aims at estimating the tariff equivalent of NTMs, especially of technical and sanitary measures, enforced by the European Union to the Brazilian beef exports. The analysis is implemented for the years 2000 to 2009, and we consider the trade of frozen and fresh beef, with bone and boneless, classified to the six-digit of the Harmonized System. The literature review points to a considerable number of technical and sanitary requirements that affect Brazilian beef trade, and therefore provides arguments to evaluate their impacts. Two models are estimated, assuming both homogeneity and heterogeneity of goods, and following, respectively, the methodology proposed by Deardorff and Stern (1997) and Yue, Beghin and Jensen (2005). In general, we observe high estimates for tariff equivalents, i.e., the European domestic prices and the world prices actually differ, which could indicate that the European market has been effectively protected by NTMs, besides tariffs. By modeling beef as an heterogeneous good and incorporating different levels of consumers preference in favor to domestic beef, negative estimates of tariff equivalents are found. The estimation of tariff equivalents is useful because they can be used as explanatory variable in other econometric models in order to evaluate their impacts on trade. However, this estimation faces difficulties in obtaining international prices detailed for beef categories, as well as domestic importing prices, and accurate data on freights and consumers preferences.
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Transmissão de preços entre produtos do setor sucroalcooleiro do estado de São Paulo. / Price transmission among products of the sugar-ethanol sector in São Paulo state.Lucilio Rogério Aparecido Alves 24 January 2003 (has links)
No começo da década de 1990 deu-se início ao processo de desregulamentação dos preços dos produtos do setor sucroalcooleiro através da liberação de seus preços. Neste contexto, esses preços passaram a ser determinados de acordo com as regras de livre mercado. Desde então, o setor sucroalcooleiro tem passado por profundas transformações num período relativamente curto de tempo. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar a transmissão de preços entre os mercados dos principais produtos do setor sucroalcooleiro do Estado de São Paulo. Determinou-se a intensidade e a duração em que as oscilações de preços são transmitidas de um nível de mercado para outro e de um produto para outro do mesmo nível de mercado. A análise compreendeu o período de maio de 1998 a junho de 2002. O modelo proposto foi implementado utilizando-se testes de raiz unitária de Dickey-Fuller Aumentado (ADF), de co-integração de Johansen e método de Auto-Regressão Vetorial com Correção de Erro (VEC). Os resultados apontam para as inter-relações contemporâneas entre os preços do açúcar cristal industrial no mercado interno e o recebido pela exportação e entre os preços do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor e ao varejo. O preço do álcool anidro, por sua vez, não explica contemporaneamente os preços dos açúcares cristal industrial e exportado. Nas decomposições das variâncias dos erros de previsão, observa-se a quase total independência do preço do açúcar cristal industrial, o relacionamento do álcool anidro com o preço do açúcar cristal industrial e com o preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor. O preço de exportação mostra-se relativamente independente em relação às variáveis de mercado interno. O preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor apresenta dependência do preço do açúcar cristal industrial e do preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao varejo. Para o mercado varejista do açúcar cristal empacotado, a quase totalidade das variações de seus preços são explicadas pela própria variável e pelo preço do mercado produtor. Nas funções de impulso-resposta, os resultados mostram que choque no preço do açúcar cristal industrial causa impacto positivo sobre os preços do álcool anidro e do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor com um período de defasagem. Choque no preço do álcool anidro impacta positivamente os preços do açúcar cristal industrial e do cristal exportado apenas no quarto período após o choque. Choque no preço do açúcar cristal exportado, praticamente não causa impacto nos preços de mercado interno. O choque no preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor tem influência sobre os preços dos açúcares cristal industrial e cristal empacotado ao varejo com um período de defasagem e sobre o preço do açúcar cristal exportado no quarto período. Choque no preço do mercado varejista do açúcar cristal empacotado, ao contrário do que se esperava, causa impacto negativo sobre os preços dos açúcares cristal industrial e cristal empacotado ao produtor. Em termos gerais, os resultados apontam para inter-relações entre os preços dos produtos analisados, uma vez que choque em quaisquer das variáveis tem impacto na mesma direção sobre as demais, principalmente após um pequeno período de tempo de ajustamento. No entanto, essas relações não apresentaram-se tão expressivas quanto se esperava. / In the early 1990's it was started the price deregulation process of products of sugar-ethanol sector through the exemption of its prices. In this context, these prices started to be determined according to regulations of a free market. Since then, the sugar-ethanol sector has undergone profound changes in a considerably short period of time. This study aims to analyze price transmission among markets of main products of the sugar-ethanol sector in São Paulo State. It was determined the intensity and the duration in which price fluctuations are transmitted from a level of market to another and from one product to another of the same level. The analysis was carried out during the period of May 1998 and June 2002. The proposed model was implemented by making use of tests for unit root of Augmented Dickey-Fulley (ADF), of co-integration of Johansen and the method of Vector Auto-Regression with Error Correction (VEC). Results point to contemporary inter-relations among industrial crystal sugar prices in the domestic market and the market derived from exportation and among the prices of packed crystal sugar to producer and to retailing. The anhydrous ethanol price does not explain contemporarily the prices of industrial crystal and exported sugar. In the decomposition of forecast errors variance, it is noted the almost entire independence of the industrial crystal sugar price, the relating of anhydrous ethanol price to the industrial crystal sugar price and to the packed crystal sugar price to producer. The prices for exportation remain relatively independent from the variances of the domestic market. The price of packed crystal sugar to producer reveals dependency to the price of industrial crystal sugar and to packed crystal sugar to retailing. To the retail market the packed crystal sugar, almost all of its price variations are explained by the variable itself and by the producer's operating market price. In the impulse-response functions, results show that shocks to the industrial crystal sugar price causes a positive impact to the prices of anhydrous ethanol and of packed crystal sugar to producer with a time gap. Shocks to the anhydrous ethanol price causes a positive impact to the prices of industrial crystal sugar and to the exported crystal sugar only in fourth period after the shock. Shocks to exported crystal sugar price, basically does not cause any impact to the domestic market. The shock to the packed crystal sugar to producer has influence on the prices of industrial crystal and packed crystal sugar to retailing with a time gap and on the exported crystal sugar price in the fourth period. The shock to the packed crystal sugar price in the retail market causes a negative impact to the price of industrial crystal and packed sugar to producer. In general terms, results point to inter-relations among the prices of the products studied, once shocks to any of the variables lead to impacts in the direction to the others, specially after a short adjusting time. However, these relations did not reveal as expressive as expected.
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Mensuração de tarifas equivalentes de medidas técnicas e sanitárias: um estudo para as exportações brasileiras de carne bovina para a UE / Estimation of Tariff Equivalents for technical and sanitary measures: a study on Brazilian beef exports to the EUSbarai, Nathália 19 January 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo estimar as tarifas equivalentes de medidas nãotarifárias, em especial de medidas sanitárias e técnicas, impostas pela União Européia às exportações brasileiras de carne bovina. O período de análise compreende os anos de 2000 a 2009, e consideram-se carnes com e sem osso, frescas e congeladas, classificadas a seis dígitos do Sistema Harmonizado. A revisão de literatura identifica um número considerável de exigências técnicas e sanitárias, incidentes sobre o comércio da carne bovina brasileira, justificando a necessidade de mensurar o impacto dessas medidas. Estimam-se dois modelos, assumindo homogeneidade e heterogeneidade dos bens, seguindo a metodologia proposta, respectivamente, por Deardorff e Stern (1997) e Yue, Beghin e Jensen (2005). Em geral, a partir dessa estimação são observadas tarifas equivalentes elevadas, i.e., observa-se que os preços domésticos europeus e os preços mundiais, no mercado de carne bovina, diferem entre si, o que pode indicar que o mercado da UE está sendo, de fato, protegido por medidas nãotarifárias além das tarifárias. Ao se considerar diferentes níveis de preferência dos consumidores europeus pela carne doméstica, verificam-se estimativas negativas para as tarifas equivalentes. A estimação de tarifas equivalentes é útil, pois estas podem ser incluídas como variáveis explicativas em outros modelos econométricos visando analisar seus impactos sobre o comércio. Contudo, essa estimação enfrenta a dificuldade de obtenção de dados suficientemente detalhados para preços internacionais e domésticos dos países compradores de carne, bem como de informações mais acuradas sobre fretes e grau de preferência dos consumidores. / This research aims at estimating the tariff equivalent of NTMs, especially of technical and sanitary measures, enforced by the European Union to the Brazilian beef exports. The analysis is implemented for the years 2000 to 2009, and we consider the trade of frozen and fresh beef, with bone and boneless, classified to the six-digit of the Harmonized System. The literature review points to a considerable number of technical and sanitary requirements that affect Brazilian beef trade, and therefore provides arguments to evaluate their impacts. Two models are estimated, assuming both homogeneity and heterogeneity of goods, and following, respectively, the methodology proposed by Deardorff and Stern (1997) and Yue, Beghin and Jensen (2005). In general, we observe high estimates for tariff equivalents, i.e., the European domestic prices and the world prices actually differ, which could indicate that the European market has been effectively protected by NTMs, besides tariffs. By modeling beef as an heterogeneous good and incorporating different levels of consumers preference in favor to domestic beef, negative estimates of tariff equivalents are found. The estimation of tariff equivalents is useful because they can be used as explanatory variable in other econometric models in order to evaluate their impacts on trade. However, this estimation faces difficulties in obtaining international prices detailed for beef categories, as well as domestic importing prices, and accurate data on freights and consumers preferences.
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Teorie public choice a ruský zákaz dovozu potravin / Public Choice Theory and the Russian Food BanSavory, Oliver January 2019 (has links)
In this thesis I look at economic statecraft and try to examine why sanctions continue when they are failing, and why countries continue to use them despite debatable claims for success. For example, Hufbauer et. al.'s 2009 analysis shows sanctions only work 34% of the time, Pape (1997) estimates only 5%. Despite this economic statecraft is having a resurgence under the name "geoeconomics". This thesis builds off Kaempfer and Lowenberg's 1988 "Public Choice" theory of international economic sanctions. It hypothesises that in certain cases the domestic interests will be the primary goal of sanctions and therefore should be the primary focus of judging the success or failure of sanctions. Russia's 2014 food import ban is analysed to show that, despite failure to achieve any international goals, it is being successful at achieving the domestic goal of supporting Russian agriculture. The implications being that all current quantitative analysis of economic sanctions have potentially incorrectly measured sanctions as failures by not measuring them against the actual goals of the policies. Further research into this area to establish just how often sanctions are used primarily for domestic reasons, but even sanctions where domestic goals are only of secondary importance, their existence still needs to be...
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Counteracting the misuse and abuse of subsidies and SPS measures in the EU and USA: Solutions for South AfricaMuller, Crispin January 2014 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / It has been held that agricultural domestic support would not be such a contentious issue if its only effect was the benefit of local farmers, but this is not the case.1 It was found that several forms of domestic support have the effect of distorting the patterns of agricultural production and trade at an international level, leaving non-supported farmers elsewhere worse off.2 It was thus concluded that such support measures may indeed nullify the benefits which accrue from trade liberalisation and explains how the AoA3 regulates these measures in a way that reduces their trade distorting effects.4 It has been noted that the agricultural sector only accounted for a small percentage of the
developed world's Gross Domestic Product {GDP}, yet the regulation of international agricultural trade was not an easy task.5 Smith explains that numerous attempts were made to implement some form of regulation, including a half-hearted effort in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the subsequent AoA upon the creation of the WTO in 1995.6 According to Smith, the successful regulation of international agricultural trade remained elusive, despite Desta MG and McMahon JA explain that the WTO is not very concerned with countries that provide domestic support to their agricultural sectors, as this only matters to the extent that it hopes for liberalising trade in the sector.7 affects trade in that sector.8 It is further observed that the AoA balances out the freedom to provide domestic support with the need to reduce or eliminate the trade distortive effects thereof and note that the AoA has essentially made all forms of domestic support more transparent and easier to deal with.9 A party is therefore unlikely to be challenged, successfully, if domestic support is given in accordance with the provisions of the AoA.10 The aforementioned views only seem to address the merits of the AoA and the way in which it
regulates the use of agricultural subsidies. It should however be noted that the literature fails to address the fact that the WTO has not enforced the provisions of the AoA very effectively against the EU and the USA, in light of the continued misuse of subsidies within both parties. In this regard it must be ascertained whether the WTO should impose stricter penalties as a means to deter its member states, especially the EU and USA, from using subsidies in an abusive way. In addition to this, it must be determined which types of penalties can and should be imposed.
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