Submitted by Ginamara Lima (ginaj@pucrs.br) on 2012-03-22T17:54:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 436994.pdf: 4439133 bytes, checksum: 4edaf7bc71a83a33cf373e0ad1119ea0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-22T17:54:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 436994.pdf: 4439133 bytes, checksum: 4edaf7bc71a83a33cf373e0ad1119ea0 (MD5) / A ulceração aftosa recorrente (UAR) é uma das doenças mais prevalentes da mucosa bucal, mas o mecanismo que desencadeia seu desenvolvimento permanece desconhecido. Alterações psicológicas como ansiedade e estresse têm sido investigadas e parecem exibir, em alguns pacientes, associação com a doença. O estresse promove desregulação do sistema imune e está relacionado a elevação dos níveis de cortisol e diminuição dos de desidroepiandrosterona (DHEA). No presente estudo, foram investigados níveis de estresse e de ansiedade empacientes com UAR, bem como as concentrações salivares dos hormônios cortisol e DHEA. A amostra foi constituída por 60 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 50 anos, distribuídos em dois grupos: 30 pacientes com UAR e 30 pacientes sem histórico da doença, emparelhados por sexo e idade. Para a investigação dos sintomas de estresse foi utilizado o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL) e para a ansiedade, o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI). As amostras de saliva foram coletadas pela manhã, à tarde e à noite, no mesmo dia. No grupo-caso, as coletas foram realizadas em dois momentos, em presença e após a remissão das lesões. As concentrações salivares de cortisol e DHEA foram analisadas em duplicata por radioimunoensaio com Kit analítico específico para cada hormônio. Os pacientes-caso exibiram escores de ansiedade (p=0,001) mais elevados, além de prevalência superior de estresse (p=0,004). No grupo-caso, os níveis de cortisol foram significativamente superiores em presença de lesão, nos turnos da manhã (p=0,008) e da tarde (p=0,001), quando comparados à fase de remissão da UAR. O ratio cortisol/DHEA também foi superior nos pacientes-caso em presença de lesão quando comparado à fase de remissão, no turno da tarde (p=0,007). Não houve diferença significativa quanto aos níveis de DHEA entre os grupos analisados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, na amostra investigada, o estresse e a ansiedade são mais elevados em pacientes com UAR. Nestes indivíduos, os níveis de cortisol salivar aumentam em presença de lesão, mas não diferem quando comparados aos de pacientes sem a doença. Os níveis de DHEA não diferem em pacientes com UAR em presença ou em remissão de lesão, nem quando comparados aos de pacientes-controle. Outros estudos são necessários no sentido de elucidar se o estresse e a ansiedade, bem como se a 7 elevação dos níveis de cortisol exercem influência na etiopatogênese da ulceração aftosa recorrente. / Recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is one of the most prevalent disease of the oral mucosa, but the mechanism that leads to the development of this lesion remains unknown. Psychological changes such anxiety and stress have been investigated and appear to exhibit, in some patients, an association with the disease. Stress causes dysregulation of the immune system and is related to elevated levels of cortisol and a decrease in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. In the present study, patients with RAU were investigated with regard to stress and anxiety levels, as well as salivary concentrations of the hormones cortisol and DHEA. The sample consisted of 60 individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 50 years and distributed into two groups: 30 patients with RAU and 30 patients without history of the disorder, matched by sex and age. Stress symptoms were assessed using the Lipp’s Inventory of Stress Symptoms (LISS) and for anxiety the Beck Inventory of Anxiety (BAI). The saliva specimens were collected in the morning, in the afternoon and at night on the same day. In the RAU group, the specimens were collected on two occasions, in the presence and after remission of the lesions. The salivary concentrations of cortisol and DHEA were determined in duplicate by radioimmunoassay with a specific analytical kit for each hormone. The case patients exhibited higher anxiety scores (p=0.001), besides a greater prevalence of stress (p=0.004). Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the case group in the presence of the lesion in the morning (p=0.008) and afternoon (p=0.001) when compared to the same RAU patients in remission. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was also higher in the case patients in the presence of lesions when compared to the remission phase in the afternoon (p=0.007). There was no significant difference in DHEA levels between the groups. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that, in the sample investigated, stress and anxiety are more elevated in patients with RAU. In these individuals, salivary cortisol levels were increased in the presence of lesions, but did not differ when compared to the patients without the disorder. DHEA levels did not differ in patients with RAU in the presence or in remission of the lesion, or between RAU patients and control patients. There is a need for further studies to determine whether stress and anxiety, as well as elevated cortisol levels, have an influence on the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration.

Submitted by Ginamara Lima (ginaj@pucrs.br) on 2013-04-17T13:23:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 447196.pdf: 4126470 bytes, checksum: d77c48b36e3a59f55f25d7e5ac89dffd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-17T13:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 447196.pdf: 4126470 bytes, checksum: d77c48b36e3a59f55f25d7e5ac89dffd (MD5) / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a atividade da enzima alfa-amilase salivar (AAS), os níveis de estresse e de ansiedade de pacientes com ulceração aftosa recorrente (UAR), bem como o impacto que esta doença exerce na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. A amostra foi constituída por 52 pacientes adultos, distribuídos em grupo UAR (n=22) e grupo-controle (n=30), emparelhados por gênero e idade. Para a investigação dos sintomas de estresse foi utilizado o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp e para a ansiedade, o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck. Os questionários World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref (WHOQOL-abreviado) e Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) foram utilizados para avaliação da qualidade de vida geral e relacionada à saúde bucal, respectivamente. As amostras de saliva foram coletadas pela manhã e à tarde, e a atividade da enzima alfa-amilase salivar foi analisada por método cinético enzimático com o Salivary α-Amylase Assay Kit. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à atividade da AAS (p=0.306) nas amostras da manhã ou da tarde. Os pacientes do grupo UAR apresentaram escores superiores de ansiedade (p=0.016) e, embora a prevalência de estresse tenha sido superior neste grupo, não houve diferença significativa quando comparado ao grupo-controle (p=0.498). Os escores dos domínios físico (p=0.026), psicológico (p=0.005), social (p=0.001) e meio ambiente (p=0.040) do inventário WHOQOL-abreviado foram significativamente inferiores nos pacientes com UAR. Os valores obtidos por meio do OHIP-14 foram significativamente superiores nestes pacientes (p=0.002). Com base nos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a UAR afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Pacientes com a doença apresentam maiores 9 níveis de ansiedade, evidenciando sua possível associação à etiopatogenia da doença. Por outro lado, apesar de a AAS ser um marcador biológico de estresse, sua liberação oscila rapidamente e pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, não tendo sido eficaz para avaliação de alterações psicológicas em pacientes com UAR neste estudo. / This study aimed at analyzing the activity of the salivary alpha-amylase enzyme (SAA), levels of stress and anxiety of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), as well as the impact of this disease on the life quality. The sample consisted of 52 adult patients, distributed in RAS group (n=22) and control group (n=30), matched for sex and age. For the investigation of stress symptoms the Lipp’s Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults and for anxiety, the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) tests were used to evaluate the overall life quality and the life quality related to oral health respectively. Saliva samples were collected in the morning and afternoon and the activity of the salivary alpha-amylase enzyme was analyzed by enzymatic kinetic method with the Salivary α-Amylase Assay Kit. No significant difference was observed between groups regarding the SAA activity (P=0.306) in the morning or afternoon samples. Patients in the RAS group had higher scores of anxiety (P=0.016) and, although the prevalence of stress has been higher in this group, there was no significant difference compared to the control group (P=0.498). The scores of physical (P=0.026), psychological (P=0.005), social (P=0.001) and environmental (P=0.040) domains of the WHOQOL-BREF inventory were significantly lower in patients with RAS. The values obtained through OHIP-14 were significantly higher in these patients (P=0.002). We can conclude that RAS negatively affects the life quality of individuals. Patients with the disease have higher levels of anxiety, suggesting its possible association with the etiopathogenesis of RAS. Moreover, despite being a biomarker of stress, the release of SAA oscillates 11 rapidly and may be influenced by several factors, not being efficient for the evaluation of psychological changes in patients with RAU in this study.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 436994.pdf: 4439133 bytes, checksum: 4edaf7bc71a83a33cf373e0ad1119ea0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-20 / Recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is one of the most prevalent disease of the oral mucosa, but the mechanism that leads to the development of this lesion remains unknown. Psychological changes such anxiety and stress have been investigated and appear to exhibit, in some patients, an association with the disease. Stress causes dysregulation of the immune system and is related to elevated levels of cortisol and a decrease in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. In the present study, patients with RAU were investigated with regard to stress and anxiety levels, as well as salivary concentrations of the hormones cortisol and DHEA. The sample consisted of 60 individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 50 years and distributed into two groups: 30 patients with RAU and 30 patients without history of the disorder, matched by sex and age. Stress symptoms were assessed using the Lipp s Inventory of Stress Symptoms (LISS) and for anxiety the Beck Inventory of Anxiety (BAI). The saliva specimens were collected in the morning, in the afternoon and at night on the same day. In the RAU group, the specimens were collected on two occasions, in the presence and after remission of the lesions. The salivary concentrations of cortisol and DHEA were determined in duplicate by radioimmunoassay with a specific analytical kit for each hormone. The case patients exhibited higher anxiety scores (p=0.001), besides a greater prevalence of stress (p=0.004). Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the case group in the presence of the lesion in the morning (p=0.008) and afternoon (p=0.001) when compared to the same RAU patients in remission. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was also higher in the case patients in the presence of lesions when compared to the remission phase in the afternoon (p=0.007). There was no significant difference in DHEA levels between the groups. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that, in the sample investigated, stress and anxiety are more elevated in patients with RAU. In these individuals, salivary cortisol levels were increased in the presence of lesions, but did not differ when compared to the patients without the disorder. DHEA levels did not differ in patients with RAU in the presence or in remission of the lesion, or between RAU patients and control patients. There is a need for further studies to determine whether stress and anxiety, as well as elevated cortisol levels, have an influence on the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration. / A ulcera??o aftosa recorrente (UAR) ? uma das doen?as mais prevalentes da mucosa bucal, mas o mecanismo que desencadeia seu desenvolvimento permanece desconhecido. Altera??es psicol?gicas como ansiedade e estresse t?m sido investigadas e parecem exibir, em alguns pacientes, associa??o com a doen?a. O estresse promove desregula??o do sistema imune e est? relacionado a eleva??o dos n?veis de cortisol e diminui??o dos de desidroepiandrosterona (DHEA). No presente estudo, foram investigados n?veis de estresse e de ansiedade empacientes com UAR, bem como as concentra??es salivares dos horm?nios cortisol e DHEA. A amostra foi constitu?da por 60 indiv?duos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 50 anos, distribu?dos em dois grupos: 30 pacientes com UAR e 30 pacientes sem hist?rico da doen?a, emparelhados por sexo e idade. Para a investiga??o dos sintomas de estresse foi utilizado o Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL) e para a ansiedade, o Invent?rio de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI). As amostras de saliva foram coletadas pela manh?, ? tarde e ? noite, no mesmo dia. No grupo-caso, as coletas foram realizadas em dois momentos, em presen?a e ap?s a remiss?o das les?es. As concentra??es salivares de cortisol e DHEA foram analisadas em duplicata por radioimunoensaio com Kit anal?tico espec?fico para cada horm?nio. Os pacientes-caso exibiram escores de ansiedade (p=0,001) mais elevados, al?m de preval?ncia superior de estresse (p=0,004). No grupo-caso, os n?veis de cortisol foram significativamente superiores em presen?a de les?o, nos turnos da manh? (p=0,008) e da tarde (p=0,001), quando comparados ? fase de remiss?o da UAR. O ratio cortisol/DHEA tamb?m foi superior nos pacientes-caso em presen?a de les?o quando comparado ? fase de remiss?o, no turno da tarde (p=0,007). N?o houve diferen?a significativa quanto aos n?veis de DHEA entre os grupos analisados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, na amostra investigada, o estresse e a ansiedade s?o mais elevados em pacientes com UAR. Nestes indiv?duos, os n?veis de cortisol salivar aumentam em presen?a de les?o, mas n?o diferem quando comparados aos de pacientes sem a doen?a. Os n?veis de DHEA n?o diferem em pacientes com UAR em presen?a ou em remiss?o de les?o, nem quando comparados aos de pacientes-controle. Outros estudos s?o necess?rios no sentido de elucidar se o estresse e a ansiedade, bem como se a 7 eleva??o dos n?veis de cortisol exercem influ?ncia na etiopatog?nese da ulcera??o aftosa recorrente.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 447196.pdf: 4126470 bytes, checksum: d77c48b36e3a59f55f25d7e5ac89dffd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / This study aimed at analyzing the activity of the salivary alpha-amylase enzyme (SAA), levels of stress and anxiety of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), as well as the impact of this disease on the life quality. The sample consisted of 52 adult patients, distributed in RAS group (n=22) and control group (n=30), matched for sex and age. For the investigation of stress symptoms the Lipp s Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults and for anxiety, the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) tests were used to evaluate the overall life quality and the life quality related to oral health respectively. Saliva samples were collected in the morning and afternoon and the activity of the salivary alpha-amylase enzyme was analyzed by enzymatic kinetic method with the Salivary α-Amylase Assay Kit. No significant difference was observed between groups regarding the SAA activity (P=0.306) in the morning or afternoon samples. Patients in the RAS group had higher scores of anxiety (P=0.016) and, although the prevalence of stress has been higher in this group, there was no significant difference compared to the control group (P=0.498). The scores of physical (P=0.026), psychological (P=0.005), social (P=0.001) and environmental (P=0.040) domains of the WHOQOL-BREF inventory were significantly lower in patients with RAS. The values obtained through OHIP-14 were significantly higher in these patients (P=0.002). We can conclude that RAS negatively affects the life quality of individuals. Patients with the disease have higher levels of anxiety, suggesting its possible association with the etiopathogenesis of RAS. Moreover, despite being a biomarker of stress, the release of SAA oscillates 11 rapidly and may be influenced by several factors, not being efficient for the evaluation of psychological changes in patients with RAU in this study. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a atividade da enzima alfa-amilase salivar (AAS), os n?veis de estresse e de ansiedade de pacientes com ulcera??o aftosa recorrente (UAR), bem como o impacto que esta doen?a exerce na qualidade de vida dos indiv?duos. A amostra foi constitu?da por 52 pacientes adultos, distribu?dos em grupo UAR (n=22) e grupo-controle (n=30), emparelhados por g?nero e idade. Para a investiga??o dos sintomas de estresse foi utilizado o Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp e para a ansiedade, o Invent?rio de Ansiedade de Beck. Os question?rios World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref (WHOQOL-abreviado) e Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) foram utilizados para avalia??o da qualidade de vida geral e relacionada ? sa?de bucal, respectivamente. As amostras de saliva foram coletadas pela manh? e ? tarde, e a atividade da enzima alfa-amilase salivar foi analisada por m?todo cin?tico enzim?tico com o Salivary α-Amylase Assay Kit. N?o foi observada diferen?a significativa entre os grupos quanto ? atividade da AAS (p=0.306) nas amostras da manh? ou da tarde. Os pacientes do grupo UAR apresentaram escores superiores de ansiedade (p=0.016) e, embora a preval?ncia de estresse tenha sido superior neste grupo, n?o houve diferen?a significativa quando comparado ao grupo-controle (p=0.498). Os escores dos dom?nios f?sico (p=0.026), psicol?gico (p=0.005), social (p=0.001) e meio ambiente (p=0.040) do invent?rio WHOQOL-abreviado foram significativamente inferiores nos pacientes com UAR. Os valores obtidos por meio do OHIP-14 foram significativamente superiores nestes pacientes (p=0.002). Com base nos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a UAR afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida dos indiv?duos. Pacientes com a doen?a apresentam maiores 9 n?veis de ansiedade, evidenciando sua poss?vel associa??o ? etiopatogenia da doen?a. Por outro lado, apesar de a AAS ser um marcador biol?gico de estresse, sua libera??o oscila rapidamente e pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, n?o tendo sido eficaz para avalia??o de altera??es psicol?gicas em pacientes com UAR neste estudo.

The objective of this paper is to assess the bilateral exports from an origin to a destination, in the context of countries belonging to the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and whether or not the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) leads to trade creation or trade diversion, or both. To study this, a panel gravity model is employed with 135 countries, from 2000-2014, using a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood method (PPML). To study the impact of AFTA on trade creation/diversion, a set of three dummy variables are used, denoting whether the origin country belongs to ASEAN, whether the destination country belongs to ASEAN and finally, whether both origin and the destination countries belong to ASEAN. Along with AFTA, five other Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) are also taken into account. The main finding of this paper is that there is no pure trade creation nor pure trade diversion due to AFTA, but rather a significant export trade creation, that is, ASEAN’s exports to the rest of the world is positive and significant. Future policy implications could include measures to strengthen the regional economic cooperation amongst the members of ASEAN.

This exploratory study examined the beliefs of 82 experienced Marriage and Family Therapists regarding the treatment of marital infidelity. Participants were asked to read an on-line vignette and respond to a subsequent web based questionnaire by rating levels of hope, threat, forgiveness, and justification for a couple in regard to various affair scenarios. This study employed an experimental design using six groups to discover possible differences in responses across the dependent variables of hope, threat, forgiveness, and justification. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the six groups, which determined which vignette the participant read. The vignettes varied for each group by the type of affair (sexual, emotional, or combination), and the gender of the affair initiator. This study also looked at therapists' personal experience with affairs. Findings suggest an affair initiated by a woman was rated as more threatening to the marital relationship than an affair initiated by a man. Participants were also more likely to justify a woman's affair than a man's affair. While tentative, findings suggest that the type of affair and therapists' personal experience with affairs may be legitimate areas for further study within the context of infidelity research. / Master of Science

This thesis set out to ascertain the position of recent Australian Governments on the latest instalments of Asian regionalism in the context of an assessment of whether there has been a redefinition of Asia and thus a redefinition of Australia???s engagement with Asia. It will concentrate on the broad themes of politico-strategic and economic engagement. Whilst there has been extensive research and documentation on the Asian economic crisis there has been less work on the issue of a new Asian regionalism and the implications for Australia???s complex and variable engagement with the region. This is the basis for the claim to originality of this thesis, a claim supported by its focus on the practical and policy implications of Australia???s engagement, or lack of it, with regional institutions. The process of regional integration has been extremely slow, thus supporting the conclusion that there is no evidence of a major redefinition of Asia. Efforts at Asian regionalism are meeting obstacles that pose immense challenges. Asian regionalism remains nascent and poorly defined. This reflects the diversity and enormous disparities in cultures, political systems and the levels of economic development and differences over economic philosophies within East Asia. What is discernible is that the regionalism is proceeding more rapidly on financial issues than on trade, and in the security area it is conspicuously absent. This research highlights the fact that the question of Asian engagement remains a sensitive issue in Australia and continues to grow more complex. Australia???s engagement with Asia since 1996 has been variable because of the Howard Government???s broader balance of priorities between global and regional issues, and because of the changing nature of the Asian region. The perception gleaned from sources is that, for the Australian Government, regionalism initiatives are characterised by much discussion but lack substance. Consequently, this appears to have led the Government to the position that exclusion from some manifestations of regionalism is not so important. Australia is excluded from some of the regional architectures being constructed. In its efforts to seek inclusion in ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, Australia is facing the same barriers that have stood in the way of an AFTA-CER agreement. Exclusion would be important if the performance of regional groupings was not so indifferent. Exclusion from ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, however, does not equate to Australia???s exclusion from the region.

This thesis set out to ascertain the position of recent Australian Governments on the latest instalments of Asian regionalism in the context of an assessment of whether there has been a redefinition of Asia and thus a redefinition of Australia???s engagement with Asia. It will concentrate on the broad themes of politico-strategic and economic engagement. Whilst there has been extensive research and documentation on the Asian economic crisis there has been less work on the issue of a new Asian regionalism and the implications for Australia???s complex and variable engagement with the region. This is the basis for the claim to originality of this thesis, a claim supported by its focus on the practical and policy implications of Australia???s engagement, or lack of it, with regional institutions. The process of regional integration has been extremely slow, thus supporting the conclusion that there is no evidence of a major redefinition of Asia. Efforts at Asian regionalism are meeting obstacles that pose immense challenges. Asian regionalism remains nascent and poorly defined. This reflects the diversity and enormous disparities in cultures, political systems and the levels of economic development and differences over economic philosophies within East Asia. What is discernible is that the regionalism is proceeding more rapidly on financial issues than on trade, and in the security area it is conspicuously absent. This research highlights the fact that the question of Asian engagement remains a sensitive issue in Australia and continues to grow more complex. Australia???s engagement with Asia since 1996 has been variable because of the Howard Government???s broader balance of priorities between global and regional issues, and because of the changing nature of the Asian region. The perception gleaned from sources is that, for the Australian Government, regionalism initiatives are characterised by much discussion but lack substance. Consequently, this appears to have led the Government to the position that exclusion from some manifestations of regionalism is not so important. Australia is excluded from some of the regional architectures being constructed. In its efforts to seek inclusion in ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, Australia is facing the same barriers that have stood in the way of an AFTA-CER agreement. Exclusion would be important if the performance of regional groupings was not so indifferent. Exclusion from ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, however, does not equate to Australia???s exclusion from the region.

東協自由貿易區(AFTA)即將於2002年成立。本研究應用之模型為美國普渡大學發展之全球貿易(GTAP)模型,此為一多國多部門之一般均衡模型。從可計算一般均衡分析方法(CGE)的模擬分析,說明東協自由貿易區之形成對我國經貿的影響。 本文實證結果顯示，東協自由貿易區之形成對台灣總體經濟的影響十分有限。就國內生產而言，將使台灣的GDP下降0.01%，物價水準下降0.07%。台灣的出口量和進口量將分別小幅下降0.07%和0.21%，貿易順差增加約1千3百萬美元。貿易條件小幅降低0.08%，以Hicks等價變量所衡量的社會福利約減少1億4千8百萬美元。 東協自由貿易區之形成對台灣各產業的影響程度也不大。生產受到不利影響程度最大的是紡織業。出口方面，石油產品的出口增加率最大，飲料菸酒的降幅最可觀。進口方面，所有產業的進口量均下降，降幅最大的為石油產品。台灣各產業出口地區結構方面，出口到東協國家的比重大多呈現下降的情形，但是對區域外國家的出口比重則增加，很多原本出口到東協國家的產業都將移往中國大陸、北美地區、歐盟、和日本。