This thesis sets out to examine the rural communities of south west Lancashire in the eighteenth century, and their response to the important changes taking place at that time in the surrounding area. Rural south west Lancashire in the eighteenth century was an area of small farms and conservative farmers who made a satisfactory living from a few acres by production of niche products such as vegetables, potatoes and cheese for the increasing markets of the nearby growing towns. Most farms also produced small amounts of cereals, predominantly oats, probably for domestic consumption on the farm by the family, and livestock. Such farms required little capital investment, and in terms of their overall wealth their farmers were poorer than their contemporaries in the com-growing areas, but in terms of savings and investment in household goods ( indicative of lifestyle), they could not be considered impoverished. Farm labour was mainly provided by the family, supplemented by casual labour supplied by neighbours. There were a number of important, eighteenth century local landowners who were far-sighted in appreciating the importance of growing markets and made considerable financial investments in land reclamation, and establishing a progressive attitude to agricultural change. Eighteenth century farming in the area was not backward, but was different from that in the areas usually considered progressive, such as East Anglia, and had more in common with the reclaimed lands of the Low Countries. The eighteenth century laid the foundations for south west Lancashire to become an important vegetable-growing area in the twentieth century. Eighteenth century society in the area was remarkably stable, a situation sustained by the persistence of leasing for lives until the end of the century, and a form of partible inheritance. Community life was only partly based upon the township, and many people lived their lives within the ambit of the district and could be considered to form a south west Lancashire community. The late eighteenth century landscape was a landscape in transition. It comprised a mixture of old, small enclosures, and new, reclaimed, mosslands with larger fields bounded not by hedges but by ditches; a mixture of dilapidated, timberframed thatched buildings, and new, mainly stone-built and flag-roofed yeomen's houses. The thesis shows eighteenth century south west Lancashire to be an area which, whilst influenced by the economic and social changes in the surrounding county, yet retained its distinctive character.

Ancient settlements in Oman are frequently found where crops can be cultivated with groundwater distributed to fields by gravity flow. These irrigation systems are called aflāj (s. falaj), and they are still pivotal to community life: in 1997 over 3000 such systems were still in use. The allocation of falaj water among farmers traditionally depended on the use of the sun and the stars to track the passage of time. This practice, and particularly the use of stars, is disappearing rapidly: the availability of watches since c. 1970 means that there is now little technical reason to use the stars. The study records fast disappearing information on the ethnography of agricultural communities in northern Oman and, in particular, on the use of stars. It aims to identify the stars used and record the methods of stargazing in sufficient detail that the systems could be replicated if all local knowledge were lost. It also aims to raise awareness and improve the understanding of the significance of the traditional use of the stars in irrigated agriculture. This aspect of the cultural heritage of the region has not been written about previously in such detail. The research questions concern how, where and why stars are still used. There are several documents on falaj building and organisation in Oman, but relatively little on telling the time, and much less on the stars than on the use of the sun. The available documents were reviewed, but the main source for this study is data collected in the field, interviewing falaj managers and stargazers and watching the stars with them. Field work was carried out in different seasons since the stars used vary through the year. International experts were consulted on various aspects of the work, including Daniel Varisco on folk astronomy and Paul Kunitzsch on star names. The study focuses on five settlements where stars are used to this day. These are Qarya Beni Subh (Qarya), close to the mountains near the town of Al Hamra in the Interior Region; Al Fath, Zahib, Sudayra and Barzaman near the towns of Mudaybi and Sinaw in the Eastern Region. Additional information was obtained from a few other places for comparison, and during the course of the research it was found that only about eight of three thousand active falaj communities still use stars for time keeping. The methods of stargazing are given in detail, together with the names of the stars in Oman and their international classification where possible. It was found that the number of stars, the stars used, and their names in Oman vary from place to place. The time that each star represents is more variable than expected from the difference in length of night during the year. The stars used for falaj purposes are compared with those used in the region for navigation and with the stations of the moon of the Islamic calendar, but no evidence of any link between them was identified. On the basis of the history of falaj systems in Oman, the star names and the stars used, at least two of which are from the pre-Islamic Bedu tradition, it is concluded that the system of stargazing for timing water dates from pre-Islamic times, before the introduction of the stations of the moon. The main reason for the continued use of stars by a few communities, even though wristwatches are now widely available, is thought to be adherence to tradition both for its own sake and to avoid disputes over the sharing of water. It is considered unlikely that this ancient practice will survive more than 10 or 20 years unless the younger generation takes an interest in learning, and putting into practice, the traditions of their forefathers.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-12T13:46:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fernanda Olivieri de Lima.pdf: 3922302 bytes, checksum: 07a0060c2f06b6803778da9473609b85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T13:46:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fernanda Olivieri de Lima.pdf: 3922302 bytes, checksum: 07a0060c2f06b6803778da9473609b85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / This work tracks the formative processes of environmental educators that work with the perspective of transforming social-environmental relationships with the objective of bringing back the ?natural being?. It attempts to find the theoretical-methodological guidelines of an innovative pedagogical praxis. This was done by accompanying the educational experiences of subjects from traditional communities in the Southern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Costa Verde), who are continually educated in agroecology. Agroecology establishes relationships with environmental education when it discusses ecological actions from a productive and agricultural perspective, as a way of attaining social-cultural reorganization of these communities. The research is qualitative, along an ethnographic model, with a bibliographical review from an anthropological perspective, of formative processes, agroecology, environmental education, educational paradigms and theory of complexity. Based on experiences of immersion in ecological sites and indigenous villages, and detailed interviews with quilombola subjects and family farmers about education and the relationship with nature, the work presents and discusses experiences and routes that antagonize the hegemonic paradigm, defending the idea that, in order to construct ecological knowledge, one needs to revalue and renew proposals, principles and modes of action to allow the reconstruction of the world under new forms of society-nature relationships / O presente trabalho acompanha processos formativos de educadores ambientais que seguem princ?pios educativos de transforma??o das rela??es socioambientais com o objetivo de resgatar o ?ser natural?. Busca diretrizes te?rico-metodol?gicas para uma pr?xis pedag?gica inovadora e diferente da atual. Para tanto, acompanhou-se experi?ncias educativas de sujeitos das comunidades tradicionais da regi?o Sul do Rio de Janeiro (Costa Verde), que continuamente se capacitam para a agroecologia. A agroecologia tece rela??es com a educa??o ambiental, ao tratar de a??es ecol?gicas de cunho produtivo e agr?cola e de preparo para a reorganiza??o sociocultural dessas comunidades. ? uma pesquisa de tipo qualitativa aos moldes etnogr?ficos que parte de revis?es bibliogr?ficas sobre perspectivas antropol?gicas, processos formativos, agroecologia, educa??o ambiental, paradigmas educativos e teoria da complexidade. A partir de experi?ncias de imers?o em s?tios ecol?gicos e aldeias ind?genas e entrevistas em profundidade com sujeitos quilombolas e agricultores familiares sobre educa??o e a rela??o com a natureza, apresenta e discute experi?ncias e caminhos que enfrentem o paradigma hegem?nico, defendendo que para a constru??o do conhecimento ecol?gico ? preciso revalorizar e renovar propostas, princ?pios e formatos de a??o que permitam reconstruir o mundo sob novas formas de rela??o sociedade-natureza.

Orientador: Julieta Teresa Aier de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_ReginaAparecidaLeitede_D.pdf: 21746719 bytes, checksum: 0d51a6d141b77b48b9165c235fbde7bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As discussões sobre "novas" ruralidades chamam a atenção para as outras funções, significados e atribuições do espaço rural, não mais visto apenas como local de produção agrícola, mas também como portador de tradições e, sobretudo, de uma natureza a ser conservada. Nesse sentido, a agricultura familiar é evocada como potencialmente mais diversificada, menos daninha ao equilíbrio natural e mais propensa à conservação de uma paisagem compatível com a imagem de mundo rural buscada pelos citadinos. No contexto brasileiro, acreditamos que essa discussão deva ser permeada pela análise de como processos diferenciados de distribuição fundiária e desenvolvimento econômico e o tipo de agricultura resultante geram ruralidades específicas com características como, no caso da agricultura familiar, a manutenção de práticas sociais e de trabalho marcadas pelas relações de parentesco e vizinhança presentes numa sociedade de interconhecimento. É nesse caminho que segue esse trabalho ao analisar a agricultura familiar do município de Ouro Fino - MG através do estudo de um de seus muitos bairros rurais usando como metodologia básica a análise de sistemas agrários. Saber quem são os agricultores familiares, que atividades exercem, que área ocupam, que projetos e esperanças guardam para o futuro e para os filhos pode ajudar a esclarecer que tipo de ruralidade aquela realidade específica gera e qual seu potencial para atrair outras categorias sociais e outras atividades econômicas distintas ou complementares à agricultura. Corroborando com os autores que defendem a existência de pontos de continuidade e ruptura entre a agricultura familiar e o campesinato a pesquisa aqui apresentada examina de que forma a herança camponesa persiste no contexto de uma agricultura familiar modernizada e totalmente integrada ao mercado de insumos e produtos. É essa continuidade com o passado camponês que permite a manutenção de uma paisagem diversificada e atraente e assegura a persistência de laços de solidariedade encontrados nas relações entre os habitantes do bairro e entre comunidades vizinhas tanto na realização do trabalho como por ocasião das festas em louvor ao santo padroeiro / Abstract: The debate about "new" ruralities calls attention to the other functions, meanings and destinations of rural spaces now seen not only as the place for agricultural production, but carrying traditions and a natural richness that must be preserved. In that sense family farming is evoked as potentially more diversified, less dangerous to the natural balance and more prone to keep a rural atmosphere compatible with the image of the countryside seeked by urban people. In the Brazilian context we believe that such debate must be permeated by the analyses of how differentiated processes of land distribution and economic development and the resulting kind of agriculture generate specific ruralities with characteristics such as, in the case of family farming, the maintenance of social and work practices marked by the relations among relatives and neighbours present in a interrelation society. This work follows that path, analyzing family agriculture in Ouro Fino - MG through the study of one of its many rural neighbourhoods and using the agrarian systems analyses as basic methodology. To know who the family farmers are, what are their activities, what area they occupy, what projects and hopes they keep for the future and for their children can help clarify the kind of rurality a specific reality creates and what potential it has to attract other economic activities distinct and complementary to agriculture. Corroborating with authors that defend the existence of points of continuity and rupture between family agriculture and peasantry the research here presented examines the way in which the peasant heritage persists in the context of a modern family agriculture totally integrated in the market economy. It is this continuity with the peasant heritage that allows the permanence and the preservation of a diversified and attractive environment and assures the persistence of solidarity bonds found in work and social relations among local inhabitants and neighbour communities / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Submitted by BRUNO LACERRA DE SOUZA null (bruno_lacerra@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-05T14:38:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO LACERRA - Dissertação Final.pdf: 1723606 bytes, checksum: 6ed13c1fe4ae18b3436c779bce6f616a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-06T18:15:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_bl_me_ippri.pdf: 1723606 bytes, checksum: 6ed13c1fe4ae18b3436c779bce6f616a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T18:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_bl_me_ippri.pdf: 1723606 bytes, checksum: 6ed13c1fe4ae18b3436c779bce6f616a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesta dissertação analisamos alguns aspectos da questão agrária brasileira com o intuito de compreender a luta pela terra, os movimentos sociais e os Assentamentos de Reforma Agrária e a sua relação com as construções sociais que permeiam a Juventude Rural brasileira. A partir desta reflexão inicial, destacamos como tema da nossa pesquisa os jovens nos assentamentos de reforma agrária - e as principais problemáticas relacionadas ao tema da Juventude Rural. Para consolidarmos nossa reflexão e dialogarmos com a pesquisa bibliográfica, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo para investigar a Juventude Rural enquanto uma categoria que pode ser observada na prática. Deste modo, apreendemos, a partir dos Jovens Rurais do Assentamento Reunidas localizado na cidade de Promissão/SP, relatos de sujeitos que possuem determinadas relações com a realidade, com a luta pela terra, que trabalham no campo ou na cidade criando estratégias de vida específicas para permanecerem no assentamento, que possuem projetos de vida, sonhos, relações com os movimentos sociais e interpretações próprias do que é ser jovem no mundo de hoje. Discutimos a importância que a permanência desses jovens em seus lotes desempenha na questão da sucessão familiar e da consequente reprodução social nos assentamentos, problema decorrente ao envelhecimento dos primeiros assentados dos projetos de reforma agrária. / In this work, we analyze some aspects of the Brazilian agrarian question in order to understand the struggle for land, social movements and the Agrarian Reform and its relationship with the social construction of the Brazilian Rural Youth. From this initial reflection, we highlight the theme of our research, young people in agrarian reform settlements - and the main issues related to the theme of Rural Youth. To consolidate our reflection and relates it with the literature, we conducted a field survey to investigate the rural youth as a category that can be observed in practice. We studied the Rural Youth of Assentamento Reunidas located in Promissão/SP by their reports, that have shown their relations with the reality in settlements, with the struggle for land, with the work in the field or in the city, the arrangements that they have made to stay in the settlement, and also the reports have shown what are their life plans, dreams, their relationship with social movements and their own interpretations of what is to be young in today's world. We discussed the importance that maintaining these young people in their grange plays on the issue of family succession and the resulting social reproduction in the settlements, problems arising from the aging of the first settlers of agrarian reform projects.

Orientador: Mirian Cláudia Lourenção Simonett / Resumo: Nesta dissertação analisamos alguns aspectos da questão agrária brasileira com o intuito de compreender a luta pela terra, os movimentos sociais e os Assentamentos de Reforma Agrária e a sua relação com as construções sociais que permeiam a Juventude Rural brasileira. A partir desta reflexão inicial, destacamos como tema da nossa pesquisa os jovens nos assentamentos de reforma agrária - e as principais problemáticas relacionadas ao tema da Juventude Rural. Para consolidarmos nossa reflexão e dialogarmos com a pesquisa bibliográfica, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo para investigar a Juventude Rural enquanto uma categoria que pode ser observada na prática. Deste modo, apreendemos, a partir dos Jovens Rurais do Assentamento Reunidas localizado na cidade de Promissão/SP, relatos de sujeitos que possuem determinadas relações com a realidade, com a luta pela terra, que trabalham no campo ou na cidade criando estratégias de vida específicas para permanecerem no assentamento, que possuem projetos de vida, sonhos, relações com os movimentos sociais e interpretações próprias do que é ser jovem no mundo de hoje. Discutimos a importância que a permanência desses jovens em seus lotes desempenha na questão da sucessão familiar e da consequente reprodução social nos assentamentos, problema decorrente ao envelhecimento dos primeiros assentados dos projetos de reforma agrária. / Mestre