This study investigates the nature of social reproduction in single-black-womanheaded families in post-apartheid South Africa, through an ethnographic case study in Bophelong Township in Gauteng. The study focuses on the two coterminous aspects of social reproduction: the physical reproduction of labour power and the reproduction of social relations of the mode of production as such, in this case capitalism. The study included a socio-economic survey, participatory observation and in-depth interviews with woman-heads over a period of four years. After a preliminary analysis, the data concerning the woman-headed family form was organised into three generations, the Grandmothers, the Mothers and the Daughters. The conclusions are however tentative given that this was a qualitative study based on a particular type of woman-headed family, one sample in one township in South Africa. The internal variations within this family form expressed the woman-heads’ concrete lived experience, biography and social agency; and are moments of a single totality. While black women’s location is informed by many social determinations that intersect and deepen their oppression as woman-heads, they are cast into leadership roles and directly mediate relations within their families, with males, with family kin, with communities and society. The woman-heads find themselves in contradictory positions within patriarchal society, given their own socialization, the daily struggle to reproduce children physically and the need to transcend traditional patriarchal social relations, including the challenge to appropriate egalitarian forms of leadership and avoid becoming proxies for patriarchy. Despite daily struggles for survival, woman-headed families are important social spaces for struggles for egalitarian family arrangements, including those concerning sons and traditional culture, historically the domain of men. However, it is necessary that the struggles within the family are anchored and supported by the struggles for egalitarianism within society as a whole. In particular this means struggles anchored and supported by a radical, grassroots and dynamic women’s movement.

Orientador: Rosângela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol / Banca: Antonio Lazaro Sant'Ana / Banca: Arthur Magon Whitacker / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica da produção familiar no Município de Indiana, por meio da organização social, econômica e cultural das unidades produtivas familiares. O estudo pretende enfocar o período que se estende entre a década de 1970 até o início do século XXI (2005). Além disso, buscou-se: identificar o perfil dos produtores familiares, compreender a organização interna e o estabelecimento de relações externas às unidades produtivas, analisar a importância das diferentes fontes de renda e caracterizar o desenvolvimento de estratégias de reprodução social dos produtores familiares. Desse modo, o trabalho encontra-se estruturado em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo apresenta-se a fundamentação teórica e metodológica sobre a produção familiar e as estratégias de reprodução social. Também é enfocada a pluriatividade, na qual se privilegia a tentativa de definição da noção e os significados para a produção familiar do conjunto de atividades agrícolas ou não, realizadas dentro e fora da unidade produtiva, pelos membros das famílias rurais para a reprodução social no campo. / Abstract: This work has like objective purpose to analyse the dynamics of familiar production in the Indiana city, by social, economic and cultural organization of familiars productives units. The study pretends to emphasize period that extends between decade 1970 until beginning of century XXI (2005). Besides, searched for: identify the profile of familiars producers, to understand the internal organization and establishment of external relationship ace productives units, to analyse the importance of differents income's source and characterize the development of strategies social reproduction of the producer familiars. This way, the work is structured in four chapters. In first chapter shows the theoretical and methodologyc foundation about familiar production and strategies of social reproduction. Also is focalize the diversity activities, which each other privileges the experiment of definition in the notion and signification for the familiar production of group of rural activities or no, realized into and out in the productive unity by members of rural families for the social reproduction in the camp. In the second chapter discusses the formation and occupation of Indiana's city in the context of Geografic Microrregião from Presidente Prudente. Is realized the characterization how it's of point of view from District, the articulations of familiar production with the various instances from local power. In the third chapter look up to present agrarian structure in the Indiana's city, by analyse of dice and information in the animal husbandry census of IBGE (1970-1995/96). The fourth chapter shows the results of the research about field realized in the units familiars productive of rural space in the Indiana city. / Mestre

This study examines notions of discipline as seen in the practice of commercial martial arts and the manner in which devotees and other stakeholders approach and negotiate with it. I present arguments explaining that it is the influence of the contemporary capitalist system that generates the perceived desire to produce and hone a particular type of discipline, which is translated into labour potential. I argue that martial arts are in fact intensely ambiguous, and that the genre ultimately serves as a shelter for practitioners as well as a jumping-off point into the spectrum of application, one that is deeply implicated in the production of subjectivity. This research is interdisciplinary and so should be used flexibly in application. This project will contribute to the advancement of our understanding of the martial arts in contemporary society and the role of the body within it. / Graduate

This thesis explores abjection as it comes to be socially reproduced across generations, and contested in moments of cultural resistance. It does so by examining how children from the rough inner harbour town of Marsa, Malta, responded to the presence of Sub-Saharan African migrants within their social space. The children seemed implicitly aware of how their working class town had historically been constituted as a socially marginal space, dubbed ‘low status’ by virtue of the social transgressions and vices which were considered to occur within it. The subsequent state of being symbolically cast off, or socially marginalized, is considered in terms of ‘abjection’. I explore how some people come to be devalued according to predominant symbolic systems of classification and value, and I examine how these peripheral social positions often come to be reproduced and resisted. The introduction of an open centre for sub-Saharan African migrant men in 2005 saw a sudden shift in the demographic population of Marsa, as hundreds of socially marginalized men were relocated within a dilapidated trade school on the outskirts of the town, whilst others sought to take advantage of cheap rent in the area. This thesis explores how my child informants came to constitute oppositional relationships with the migrants and with the Maltese bourgeoisie in turn, by appropriating concepts of dirt and social pollution as a symbolic boundary. In so doing, children subconsciously resisted the states of abjection conferred upon them, effectively and performatively shifting the abject in another direction whilst constructing a vision of their own alterity. In making this argument, my thesis brings together existing literature on social reproduction and abjection, whilst addressing a lacuna in anthropological literature by considering how politicized processes of abjection are undertaken by those who are socially marginalized themselves. It also marks a significant contribution to child-focused anthropology, in understanding ways in which children engage with processes of abjection.

Master of Arts / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / W. Richard Goe / This case-study focuses on the desegregation processes that occurred in USD 501 in Topeka, Kan. USD 501 is the Topeka public school district addressed by the Supreme Court in the infamous Brown v. Board of Education, which is the case credited with ending the legal racial segregation of children in public schools. The Supreme Court ordered the subsequent disbandment of all racial segregation in public school districts in1955. However, USD 501 did not successfully carry out this order for nearly forty years. Therefore, the primary question of this thesis is, "Why was there a forty year delay in the creation of desegregation plan in USD 501?" This research question is, however, a multipart question and therefore required answering the following associated questions: 1) what is the definition of desegregation?; 2) What does desegregation look like?; and 3) did desegregation occur in USD 501? Through the use of sociological theories and court records, I was able to answer each of the associated questions, as well as discern the answer the main thesis question. The reason for the forty year delay in the development and implementation had a two part answer: 1) socially reproductive action was often used to reinforce social and spatial inequalities in Topeka itself, which maintained the racial segregation of USD 501 schools; and 2) the expectations of the desegregation process changed over time. This led to the second of the main thesis questions which was, " How was desegregation originally defined in the Brown case, how is it understood currently, and how did its definition change over time?" I found that the new expectations of desegregation were tied to a 1968 Supreme Court case, which established the Green Codes for the desegregation process. The Green Codes structured the court's assessment of desegregating districts, which made identifying informal actions that promote segregation more identifiable. Then I examined the effect of the desegregation plan's inception in USD 501. A correlation was found between the desegregation plan's inception and declining white enrollment, which lasts approximately thirteen years. I then summarize the research findings, and use sociological theory to support the conclusions.

Work in general is under-theorised as a site of oppression in queer and intersectional studies, despite the power imbalances it manifests and its far-reaching effects on everyday lives. Anti-work theory is a useful conceptual tool for examining work critically. The purpose of this study is therefore to form a bridge between queer and anti-work politics and theory. Using a broad conception of work drawing on the Marxist and feminist concepts of social reproduction and emotional labour, this study explores anti-work politics situated in relation to the author (who is queer), in contrast to previous accounts which focus on a heteronormative division of labour. The text lays down a theoretical background bringing together elements of queer, anti-work and intersectional theory. With the lack of previous work on the topic, the study instead incorporates previous empirical research on queer work and delves into their problems, before returning to theoretical texts on the relation between queer and capitalism, and the politics of anti-work. This study is centred around the reports of nine queers in Berlin, Germany. It uses the ethnographic methods of semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to gain intersectional insights into the links people make between queerness and the drive to work, resisting work, and the future.

Commercial gestational surrogacy, also called contract pregnancy, involves privately contracting a biogenetically curated pregnancy using IVF. It distinguishes itself from what is commonly considered 'natural' in procreation, in that the human fetuses it produces are formally entered into a legal unit other than the family of the gestator. My work here contends that this practice is best thought, not in isolation, but in the context of social reproduction more generally and as a central component of future geographies of fetal manufacture that would treat (all) pregnancy as work. This project demands, for me, a critical revisiting of theoretic texts like Mary O'Brien's The Politics of Reproduction (O'Brien 1981). But, in my reading, O'Brien's race-blind gynocentrism doomed her to miss the ensemble of practices - forms of surrogacy among them - that have already long been engaged in the sublation of reproductive labour she professes (yet defers until after the revolution). In geography as in O'Brien, the political horizon of reproductive justice theorised by Black and/or Marxist feminists since the 1970s (Davis 1981; Ross et al. 2016), has been neglected. In assembling materials for a future rewriting of "The Politics of Reproduction" in the context of geography -a trans-inclusive uterine geography- I draw on this canon of reproductive justice first. I question the assumption that there can ever be an absence of surrogacy (i.e. an absence of assistance, co-production, or "sym-poesis" (Haraway 2016)) in babymaking. Thus I explore the synthetic substance of surrogacy synthetically, using a lens I call 'gestational labour': a conceptual hybrid of the postwork perspective on care (Weeks 2011; Federici 1975), the Marxist-feminist concept 'clinical labour' (Cooper and Waldby 2014) and cyborgicity (Haraway 1991). Deploying 'gestational labour' together with a commitment to solidarity vis-à-vis surrogates, I analyse recent events, pro- and anti-surrogacy discourses (both clinical-capitalist and activist), and trends in critical literature that illuminate an immanent 'uterine geography' (or fail to). I aim to demonstrate that the technophobic anticommodification critique of surrogacy's detractors is ultimately as insufficient as the class-blind ('philanthrocapitalist') feminism of surrogacy's sales representatives. My point is that so-called natural forms of the family are themselves already 'technologies of reproductive assistance' differently mediated in the market. Our task is unfortunately neither a matter of simply saying 'stop', nor of pretending that the satisfaction people feel in "mutually advantageous exploitation" (Panitch 2013), on such an unequal playing-field, is somehow 'enough'.Surrogate gestators sometimes show us glimpses of 'mothering against motherhood'. They expose gestation as a cyborg form of labour-power, which is to say, collective human activity always already mixed up with 'technologies' on the one hand and strange more-than-human organisms on the other. Pitting surrogacy against surrogacy, I propose keeping our understanding of what surrogacy could mean radically open. On this basis, I point readers and potential future collaborators towards new kinds of sym-poetic geographical practice: surrogacies - or, engagements with reproductive politics in the broadest sense - which I think our historic moment urgently requires.

This thesis is an analysis of some research undertaken with students in a unit on human sexuality. It is a critical account of an experiment with 'radical' pedagogy which deliberately forsakes the pessimistic determinism of social reproduction theory in education and assumes the fundamental optimism of resistance theory, wherein human actors are capable of penetrating oppressive ideology and practice and working towards emancipation and social change. The experiment is an attempt to implement radical pedagogy in a particular classroom, and the body of the thesis consists of a critique of data collected from participants' notes and transcriptions of video and audio-tapes of thirteen, two�hour class sessions. The first chapter of the thesis outlines the nature of a pedagogical style which could be described as counter�hegemonic, non-reproductive, or liberatory, and it specifies the elements of a 'radical' approach to classroom process and content, which is distinguished from a 'traditional' one. Subsequent chapters present a critical analysis of actual classroom 'content' and 'process', which is based on a study of reconstructed sessional data, and the final chapter discusses the factors which limited the 'success' of the experiment, and attempts to draw some conclusions about the liberatory possibilities of radical pedagogy.

<p>This article examines the case of Filipina women that substitute for Filipina migrant workers. Through semi-structured interviews in the Philippines this study draws attention to the experiences of the ‘stand-in’ women and demonstrates how the organisation of care in the transnational families is based on a system whereby female family members or friends are ascribed with a ‘natural’ responsibility to become social reproductive stand-ins for the migrated mothers. In the global transfer of social reproduction, hierarchies of women are maintained, based on intersectional power structures such as ethnicity, race, nationality, age, and class. But the stand-in women in the three-tier transfer of reproductive labour, or global care chain, do not  always occupy one single position, but actually shift in time and place between ‘the middle’ and ‘the bottom’ of the hierarchy. Regardless of location, Filipina women remain under the burden of their gendered duties and whether working abroad as domestic workers or acting as local stand-ins, they have to take on both local and global social reproductive work. They become the breadwinner in their families, at the same time as they are ascribed natural responsibility for households and families, as wives, mothers and stand-ins ‘at home’.</p>

This article examines the case of Filipina women that substitute for Filipina migrant workers. Through semi-structured interviews in the Philippines this study draws attention to the experiences of the ‘stand-in’ women and demonstrates how the organisation of care in the transnational families is based on a system whereby female family members or friends are ascribed with a ‘natural’ responsibility to become social reproductive stand-ins for the migrated mothers. In the global transfer of social reproduction, hierarchies of women are maintained, based on intersectional power structures such as ethnicity, race, nationality, age, and class. But the stand-in women in the three-tier transfer of reproductive labour, or global care chain, do not  always occupy one single position, but actually shift in time and place between ‘the middle’ and ‘the bottom’ of the hierarchy. Regardless of location, Filipina women remain under the burden of their gendered duties and whether working abroad as domestic workers or acting as local stand-ins, they have to take on both local and global social reproductive work. They become the breadwinner in their families, at the same time as they are ascribed natural responsibility for households and families, as wives, mothers and stand-ins ‘at home’.