Diss. Stockholm : Univ., 2004.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003.

This paper analyzes the effects of the liberalization and/or exclusion of the agricultural sector in the integration processes in which are immersed the Latin American Countries from the comparison of four different ways from liberalization. The central objective consists of determining if it is necessary that this sector receives a special treatment in comparison with the rest of economic sectors, or if the complete liberalization is more/less favorable than the exclusion of the agriculture in the integration processes. We used a static CGE model, multisectorial, multicountry of short and long term that has a predominantly agricultural aggregation. Between the main results we found that although the four types of liberalization generate positive results in the Latin American economies; for Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador-Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay the multilateral strategy that excludes the agricultural sector generates greater benefits than the net tariff liberalization. Despite if we compare the tariff liberalization versus the total liberalization (one that includes export subsidies elimination and band of prices), all the countries with exception of Peru and Venezuela register greater benefits with the total liberalization. / El presente documento analiza los efectos de la liberalización y/o exclusión del sector agrícola en los procesos de integración en los que se encuentran inmersos los países latinoamericanos a partir de la comparación de cuatro diferentes modos de liberalización. El objetivo central consiste en determinar si es o no necesario que este sector reciba un tratamiento especial en comparación con el resto de sectores económicos, o si es más favorable la liberalización completa o la exclusión del agro en los procesos de integración. Para ello, empleamos como herramienta un modelo EGC estático, multipaís y multisectorial de corto y largo plazo, el cual cuenta con una desagregación predominantemente agrícola. Entre los principales resultados encontramos que si bien los cuatro tipos de liberalización generan resultados positivos en las economías latinoamericanas, para el Perú, Venezuela, Ecuador-Bolivia, Argentina y Uruguay la estrategia multilateral que excluye al sector agrícola genera mayores beneficios que la liberalización netamente arancelaria. No obstante, si se compara la liberalización netamente arancelaria versus la total (que incluye eliminación de los subsidios a la exportación y franja de precios), todos los países, con excepción de Perú y Venezuela, registran mayores beneficios con la liberalización total.

Esta tese realizou-se com o intuito de melhor conhecer a proteção tarifária agrícola da União Européia (UE) e sua eventual associação com a Política Agrícola Comum (PAC). A hipótese implícita nesse trabalho é a de que há uma discriminação tarifária na pauta agrícola da UE; discriminação essa que estaria associada à estrutura da PAC. Nesses termos, o trabalho teve três objetivos complementares. Em primeiro lugar, buscou-se medir a magnitude das tarifas praticadas pela União Européia sobre os produtos agrícolas exportados pelo Brasil. Como segundo ponto, procurou-se identificar a existência de discriminação tarifária entre os grupos de produtos agrícolas presentes na pauta de tarifas do bloco europeu. E, por fim, avaliou-se a eventual existência de simultaneidade entre a proteção tarifária e as políticas domésticas de suporte à agricultura comunitária. A teoria visitada e os trabalhos já realizados com tal pano de fundo sugeriram que há grupos de produtos particularmente protegidos pelas tarifas agrícolas do bloco europeu. Esses mesmos trabalhos também apontaram para o caráter de permanência das políticas de apoio à agricultura da União Européia, mesmo após as reformas da PAC em 1992 e 2000. Tais políticas não são homogêneas; antes disso, estão concentradas em determinadas atividades e perfis de produções da agricultura do bloco. A revisão teórica também foi empregada para apresentar os principais instrumentos de política comercial da União Européia em itens agrícolas e para discutir os conceitos inescapáveis em barreiras tarifárias: tarifas ad valorem, tarifas específicas, mecanismo de gatilhos, picos tarifários, e quotas tarifárias. Cada um desses conceitos chave em política comercial foi avaliado com base em ferramentas estatísticas específicas, procurando-se identificar os produtos eventualmente discriminados em cada caso. Em paralelo, empregaram-se regressões lineares contra o tempo a fim de avaliar se tem ocorrido queda no nível de suporte à agricultura comunitária, bem como se procedeu à identificação dos setores menos contemplados pela oferta agrícola feita pela União Européia nas negociações do fórum biregional UE-Mercosul. Como resultado do esforço empreendido, esse texto pretende deixar duas contribuições. Primeiramente, através de simulações acerca do uso de diferentes preços de referência para a conversão das tarifas específicas e mistas em tarifas equivalentes ad valorem, no contexto da pauta agrícola comunitária. A discussão acerca dos impactos do uso de distintos preços de referência em situações similares pretende ser uma das contribuições do trabalho. Em segundo lugar, propõem-se indicadores especificamente projetados para a avaliação de duas questões importantes em acesso a mercado de bens agrícolas nos países desenvolvidos. O primeiro deles destinado à leitura da proteção concedida pelo mecanismo de quotas tarifárias, e o outro voltado à identificação de picos tarifários entre grupos de produtos. As conclusões do trabalho apontam para determinados grupos de produtos agrícolas alvo de proteção da parte dos instrumentos de política comercial na União Européia, destacando-se: carnes e miudezas, leite e laticínios, cereais, preparações de carne e peixes, açúcares e confeitaria, preparações de cereais, e tabaco e seus manufaturados. Esses grupos de produtos mostraram-se muito similares às produções agrícolas mais intensamente apoiadas pelas políticas de financiamento da PAC. / This thesis has been done to better understand the European Union (EU) agricultural tariff protection and its association with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The hypothesis is that there is tariff discrimination in the EU agricultural tariff schedule and that such discrimination is connected with the CAP structure. For this purpose, the study is oriented by three goals, which complement themselves. First, it aims to measure the magnitude of the tariff used by the European Union on the agricultural products exported from Brazil. Second, it tries to identify the existence of tariff discrimination among the groups of agricultural products in the European tariff set. At last, it evaluates the existence of simultaneity between tariff protection and agricultural support policies in the EU. Theoretical and empirical studies have already suggested that there are groups of products particularly protected by the EU agricultural tariffs. These studies also pointed to the permanent character of the agricultural support policies in the EU, even after the CAP reforms in 1992 and 2000. These policies are not homogeneous; but instead, they are shaped according to certain activities and production profiles of the EU agricultural sector. The literature has also been used to present the main instruments of the EU trade policy on agricultural goods and to discuss the key concepts on tariff barriers: ad valorem tariffs, specific tariffs, trigger tools, tariff peaks, and tariff-rate quotas. With the purpose of identifying the products discriminated, each of the topics on trade policy is evaluated through the application of specific statistical tools. In order to evaluate if there has been a decrease in the level of agricultural support in the European Union we use linear time series regressions. At the same time, the sectors discriminated by the EU agricultural offer in the European Union-Mercosur negotiations are also identified. The collected data are compared to evaluate the agricultural products that are protected by the EU. The present work has two main contributions. Firstly, the discussion related to the effects of using different prices to the conversion of EU specific and composed tariffs into equivalent ad valorem tariffs. Secondly, tools specially designed to analyze two important questions on agricultural market access in developed countries are proposed. The first one focuses on capturing the protection given by tariff-rate quotas, and the other focuses on the identification of tariff peaks among sets of products. The conclusions of this study point to certain sets of agricultural products targeted by the EU trade policy, especially meat, dairy products, cereals, meat preparations, sugar, cereal preparations, and tobacco. These sets of products appeared to be quite similar to the agricultural products severely supported by CAP financing policies.

Having appreciated the changes in global markets that offer lucrative opportunities for highvalue crops like baby vegetables; the dire need to diversify the Swaziland agricultural sector; and the versatility of value chain finance, this study takes the Swaziland baby vegetable industry as a case study to determine the applicability of value chain finance to infant highvalue horticultural industries lacking guaranteed markets. This study focused on the NAMBoard value chain, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods of inquiry through a desktop study; case study reviews; and in-depth interviews. This study adapted the UNIDO (2011) VCF analytical framework. This study found that NAMBoard provides direct VCF to its producers, financial institutions provide formal finance, farmer group members provide informal finance to each other, farmers that have some other sources of income self-finance the baby vegetable enterprise, and that there is inter-financing between the baby vegetable and conventional vegetable value chains. Indirect VCF is absent in this value chain. On the other hand, Sdemane enterprise provides direct VCF to its outgrowers and data collectedEmpirical evidence on a sample constituting about 30% of the target population shows that seeds/seedling costs contribute 56.1% to total average production costs. This shows a big financing challenge now that NAMBoard is reluctant to give seeds on credit, while the rest of v the 43.9% still require financing. In addition to that, there is no capital finance loans provided to smallholder producer, but only operational finance is accessible from formal financial institutions. This study discovered that all baby vegetable producers also produce conventional vegetables, and these businesses are inter-linked. There is financing between the baby vegetable and conventional vegetable businesses and thus value chains, sourced from product proceeds. Individual producers, farmer groups and farmer associations form the producer base. A financial analysis on the production stage revealed that that there are informal financial relationships within farmer groups. Also, farmer groups use formal finance suggests that these don’t use other financing mechanisms except self-finance VCF. Empirical evidence on a sample constituting about 30% of the target population shows that seeds/seedling costs contribute 56.1% to total average production costs. This shows a big financing challenge now that NAMBoard is reluctant to give seeds on credit, while the rest of the 43.9% still require financing. In addition to that, there is no capital finance loans provided to smallholder producer, but only operational finance is accessible from formal financial institutions. This study discovered that all baby vegetable producers also produce conventional vegetables, and these businesses are inter-linked. There is financing between the baby vegetable and conventional vegetable businesses and thus value chains, sourced from product proceeds. Individual producers, farmer groups and farmer associations form the producer base. A financial analysis on the production stage revealed that that there are informal financial relationships within farmer groups. Also, farmer groups use formal finance more than individual producers who mostly prefer self-finance VCF. A VCF analysis of NAMBoard discovered that there is direct VCF between the SAS input shop and also the NAMBoard input shop, and between producers and the NAMBoard input shop. NAMBoard, in addition to the input shop and provision of extension services, performs three distinct post-harvest services namely: transportation; processing; and marketing, for which a handling fee of 35 percent to the final produce value is charged and deducted from product proceeds. The Swaziland financial system has no financial products specifically for this industry, as there is a very small number of participants borrowing funds from financial institutions. The loan processing procedures are cumbersome and take too long thus formal finance is currently ill suited to producers. This study rated the risks to the financial transaction reflecting the qualitative interpretation of available information and that obtained in the field through interview schedules with all value chain actors. Risks identified as high are: insufficient production; poor quality produce; failure to meet food quality ands safety standards; lack of guaranteed market; and ignorance on price. Catastrophic weather; loss of quality; lack of technical know-how; and failure to manage business profitably were categorised as medium risk. Inefficiency; lack of market demand; and unreliable water sources & electricity are seen as low risk to the financial transaction. This study also explored the Sdemane value chain, where Sdemane enterprise is the lead firm. It was examined and interpreted as an institutional success story that holds the solution to the NAMBoard value chain ailments. It also has out grower producers to supplement its production. Findings of this research show that a financial bailout ensured the survival and growth of this emerging value chain, which now has secured markets with a market demand more than achieved output. The model used is able to minimise and diversify risk for both Sdemane and the out grower producers. The manner in which this value chain is organised makes it competitive and exhibits potential which attracted donor funding, and today is an infant value chain that is achieving tremendous growth. This study concludes that VCF is applicable to infant industries lacking guaranteed markets to a limited extent. Minimising risk increases the availability of finance due to the resultant increase in financial attractiveness and the chain becomes able to produce competitively and meet the strict market conditions. At the end, the value chain would operate as if the market were guaranteed, just by being competitive and successfully delivering products to end markets. With regard to policy, rethinking the underlying NAMBoard business model and learning from success stories including the local Sdemane enterprise is one way to avoid the imminent collapse in exports from this value chain. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The role-players in the South African (SA) agricultural sector have in recent years been increasingly exposed to international agricultural markets and this can have an important impact on them because (1) they are generally price-takers in world markets and (2) the rate of change in agriculture, and the uncertainty arising from it, appears to be accelerating in the global context (Boehlje, et. al., 2001). Therefore, it is critical that role players in the SA agricultural sector, including agribusinesses, farmers and government, are able to anticipate future directions of world markets (Meyer, 2002). A system of econometric models that could be used for scenario planning and improving business strategy and policy development would facilitate this. A relatively large-scale, multi-sector commodity level econometric simulation model, based on a method of econometric modelling developed and is successfully used by the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) at the University of Missouri, has been developed to describe various agricultural subsectors in South Africa (Meyer, 2006). It is currently housed at the Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) at the University of Pretoria. The model has a total of 126 equations representing eight crops, five livestock and five dairy commodities, as well as wine, sugar, potatoes and lastly biofuels, which together are referred to as the BFAP Sector Model. The BFAP Sector Model is frequently used for generating baseline projections and conducting a wide range of scenario analysis. The original or Old Broiler Model, which forms part of the BFAP Sector Model, was constructed in 2003 when the first version of the BFAP Sector Model was developed. Over the past view years there have been a number of occasions where the stability of the broiler model seemed to be questionable, especially when more “drastic scenarios”, for example the impact of Avian Influence on the South African broiler industry, were analysed. The original version of the broiler model was not statistically estimated but synthetically constructed, mainly based on sound micro and macro economic principles and theory. The main objective of this dissertation is, therefore, to attempt the construction of an updated broiler model that has improved abilities to generate baseline projections and scenario analysis that capture salient features of the South African broiler market within the BFAP sector modelling framework. The performance of the updated model is compared to the original broiler model to determine whether the new model is performing better. The New Broiler Model is a partial equilibrium model built using new production, consumption, trade and price data as well as a new feed inclusion index. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method was used to estimate the individual equations and their statistical significance was evaluated using typical statistical tests for individual regressions using OLS estimators. These initial tests indicated that the individual equations fit the historical data well, but the per capita consumption and ex abattoir price equations were found to be wanting in terms of their economic significance and especially their ability to generate reliable projections into the future. Consequently the equations were adjusted, thus becoming synthetic equations. The dynamic system structure that resulted from the combination of the individual equations makes it necessary to examine the performance of the overall model when linked to the rest of the BFAP Sector Model. This was done by comparing the results of the Old and New Broiler Models using the baseline projections and performance when dealing with scenario type questions. The elasticities and the results for the scenario analyses indicate that the New Broiler Model is generally less sensitive to changes in exogenous factors than the Old Broiler Model. The change in closure of the model, from making use the price equilibrator approach to an approach where a net import identity is used, is the most significant change that was made to the model and has introduced a lot more stability in the broiler model and also the BFAP Sector Model. Although the enhanced stability is useful within the context of the total BFAP sector model, the sensitivity that is lost in the New Broiler Model could lead to the underestimation of the impacts of exogenous factors on the broiler industry. To summarise, this study was conducted for an industry that is characterised by strong and consistent increasing trends in production and consumption in the presence of a constantly decreasing real broiler price. These strong trends influence any form of statistical estimation procedure that is undertaken. To certain degree one can argue, that the key objective of this study, namely to improve the performance and stability of the broiler model within the BFAP sector model was achieved. However, the advantages over the original broiler model are not as clear as was originally anticipated and there is still substantial work that can be done to improve the model. Most of these potential enhancements do, however, require the buy in of various role-players in the broiler industry together with more detailed data sets than those that are currently available. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

This graduation thesis compares agricultural sector of four countries - Czech republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary from the beggining of transformation period to the impacts of integration to the CAP.It concerns measures of agricultural policies and also of Common Agricultural Policy.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal elaborar una propuesta de diseño de una PMO que brinde soporte a la Gestión de Proyectos en el área de TI de la empresa AGROPECUARIA DEL PERÚ S.A., con la finalidad de poder atender la creciente demanda de servicios de gestión de proyectos y mejorar el desempeño de los proyectos, dotando así a la organización de procesos estandarizados siguiendo buenas prácticas de gestión de proyectos. Toma como referencia la metodología PMO Value Ring, la cual brinda un conjunto de beneficios, procesos e indicadores, en base a los cuales se elabora la propuesta de diseño de la PMO. PMO Value Ring permite adaptarse a diferentes modelos de negocio, partiendo de la premisa que no existe un modelo de PMO ideal, sino más bien uno personalizado para cada organización y que debe estar alineada con las expectativas de los interesados. Para lograr obtener los beneficios esperados de implementar una PMO, se deben seguir los siguientes pasos: Primero, se elabora un análisis de interesados para conocer los principales problemas relacionados con la gestión de proyectos de TI. Segundo, se propone una estructura organizativa de la PMO para dar soporte al área de TI en la gestión de proyectos. Tercero, se diseñan los procesos que darán a soporte a la PMO. Cuarto, se elabora un plan de implementación de los procesos de la PMO a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Finalmente, se realiza una evaluación financiera utilizando el caso de negocio, donde se muestran los beneficios financieros y no financieros luego de la implementación de la PMO. Además de la rentabilidad de inversión en el proyecto. / The main objective of this work is to prepare a design proposal for a PMO that supports Project Management in the IT area of ​​the company AGROPECUARIA DEL PERÚ SA, in order to meet the growing demand for management services projects and improve the performance of projects, thus providing the organization with standardized processes following good project management practices. It takes the PMO Value Ring methodology as a reference, which provides a set of benefits, processes and indicators, based on which the PMO design proposal is prepared. PMO Value Ring allows adapting to different business models, based on the premise that there is no ideal PMO model, but rather a personalized one for each organization and that it must be aligned with the expectations of those interested. To achieve the expected benefits of implementing a PMO, the following steps must be followed: First, a stakeholder analysis is developed to learn about the main problems related to IT project management. Second, an organizational structure of the PMO is proposed to support the IT area in project management. Third, the processes that will support the PMO are designed. Fourth, an implementation plan for the PMO processes is prepared in the short, medium and long term. Finally, a financial evaluation is made using the business case, where the financial and non-financial benefits are shown after the implementation of the PMO. In addition to the return on investment in the project. / Trabajo de investigación

Pricing for agricultural products is important in the economy, since it largely determines the stable position of reproduction in the central link of the agro-industrial complex and, as a result, the satisfaction of the population’s needs in basic food products. The purpose of the study is to develop a pricing methodology with subsequent recommendations on its use. The sources used were scientific and educational publications, statistics from the federal and regional bodies of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat), data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, and official websites of ministries and departments. In the master's thesis, a pricing methodology was developed for agricultural products, which takes into account the seasonality factor, supports the raw milk producer and allows you to get closer to the most optimal proportion in the retail price between the producer, processor and retail network. This pricing structure allows you to protect the manufacturer from pressure from the processor and the retail network. / Ценообразование на сельскохозяйственную продукцию имеет важное значение в экономике, так как от него во многом зависит устойчивое положение воспроизводства в центральном звене агропромышленного комплекса и как следствие удовлетворение потребностей населения в основных продуктах питания. Цель исследования – разработать методику ценообразования с последующими рекомендациями по ее использованию. В качестве источников использовались научные и учебные издания, статистические данные федерального и регионального органов Федеральной службы государственной статистики РФ (Росстата), данные Министерства сельского хозяйства РФ, официальные сайты министерств и ведомств. В магистерской диссертации была разработана методика ценообразования на продукцию агропромышленного комплекса, которая учитывает фактор сезонности, поддерживает производителя сырого молока и позволяет приблизиться к наиболее оптимальной пропорции в розничной цене между производителем, переработчиком и розничной сетью. Данная структура формирования цены позволяет защитить производителя от давления со стороны переработчика и розничной сети.

Accounting / M.Com. (Accounting0