El sector agrícola empresarial peruano debe tener una infraestructura que no limite la comercialización de bienes entre los agricultores por la dependencia de un intermediario. Sin embargo, esta no es la realidad porque actualmente para realizar la compra o venta de un producto, se necesita de un intermediario para validar ciertas actividades. Una alternativa para reducir esta dependencia es el uso de herramientas web a través del internet para que los agricultores puedan ofrecer sus productos al mercado y los compradores tengan una mayor variedad para su elección; sin embargo, esto genera una gran preocupación en la población ya que existe una desconfianza por la falta de seguridad que esto conlleva. Smart Contract y Blockchain, son tecnologías emergentes que están surgiendo para ofrecer nuevas oportunidades para el diseño de mercados descentralizados, estos permiten incrementar la seguridad de las transacciones, ahorros al no depender de un intermediario, aumentar la confianza de los agricultores y mejorar el crecimiento del país. Este proyecto propone una modelo que utiliza las tecnologías Smart Contract y Blockchain aplicadas en el sector agrícola empresarial peruano, que permite tanto al comprador como al vendedor comercializar productos agrícolas. Los resultados de las empresas encuestadas y tres expertos fueron satisfactorios, muchas de las empresas han tenido buena aceptación según la encuesta realizada, el 50% de las empresas considera como “Muy aceptable” el modelo según las características mencionadas en la encuesta y el otro 50% como "Aceptable"; así mismo, los expertos validan el modelo de acuerdo a los casos de uso de Blockchain y la metodología Solium para verificar que los Smart Contract se definieron correctamente. / The Peruvian agricultural sector must have an infrastructure that does not limit the commercialization of goods among farmers by the dependence of an intermediary. However, this is not the reality because currently to make a purchase or sale of a product, you need an intermediary to validate certain activities. An alternative to reduce this dependence is the use of web tools through the internet so that farmers can offer their products to the market and buyers have a greater variety for their choice; however, this generates a great concern in the population since there is a distrust for the lack of security that this entails. Smart Contracts and Blockchain, which are emerging technologies that offer new opportunities for decentralized market designs, these allow to increase the security of the transactions, savings by not depending on an intermediary, increase the confidence of the farmers and improve the country's growth. This project proposes a model that uses Smart Contract and Blockchain technologies applied in the Peruvian agricultural business sector, which allows both the buyer and the seller to commercialize agricultural products. The results of the surveyed companies and three experts were satisfactory, many of the companies have had good acceptance according to the survey carried out, 50% of the companies consider the model as "Very acceptable" according to the characteristics mentioned in the survey and the other 50 % as "Acceptable"; Likewise, the experts validate the model according to the Blockchain use cases and the Solium methodology to verify that the Smart Contracts were defined correctly. / Tesis

The importance of agricultural knowledge systems (AKS) especially in rural communities cannot be overemphasized. AKS are important for creation, sharing and enhancing access and usage of agricultural knowledge. They link agricultural research and farms; increase adoption of good agricultural practices; improve the performance of agricultural marketing systems; and enhance effective post-harvest management. Despite the importance of agriculture to the economy and livelihoods of majority of Tanzanians, there is a consensus from scholars that the sector has been performing poorly. This is partially due to limited access to agricultural knowledge resulting into irrational decisions on agricultural activities thus dwarfing the sector. The modified Knowledge Management Processes Model guided the study in investigating how AKS can be strengthened to enhance access and usage of agricultural knowledge among stakeholders. The study adopted a pragmatic paradigm and used mixed method research by applying a survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and document reviews. Structured questionnaires were administered to 314 farmers while key informant interviews involved 57 respondents among village executives, councillors, input-suppliers, information providers, buyers, agricultural extension officers and researchers. Moreover, three FGDs involving 24 farmers were conducted. Qualitative data were analysed through classical content and constant comparison analysis, while SPSS software was used to analyse quantitative data. Quantitative and qualitative data were mixed during analysis, interpretation and discussion of results. The study identified farmers, the private sector and the government as major actors, but not working in unison. Most actors used human based systems while few used ICT and paper based systems. Actors needed agricultural knowledge on weather, farm preparation, seeds, crop maintenance, post-harvest practices, agricultural marketing and credits. Most actors shared agricultural knowledge through face-to-face interactions and mobile phones, few through internet. It was concluded that poor linkage among actors limited accessibility of agricultural knowledge. To improve accessibility to agricultural knowledge, a model for strengthening AKS usage is proposed. It is recommended that actors should be linked together and involved in enhancing access and usage of agricultural knowledge. Moreover, the proposed model should be validated before applying it. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil (Information Science)

In developing countries like Ethiopia rural-urban migration affects development in both urban and rural areas. As such, this study aims at establishing the major causes and consequences of the movement of people from rural to urban areas. To achieve the objective 500 migrant household heads were selected randomly from three kebeles of the town. Both primary and secondary data were employed and were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study revealed that migrants came to Woldiya in search of employment and to utilize urban services and education. Hence, the out flow of economically active people from the rural agricultural sector has a negative effect on production in the areas of origin and the receiving area now experiences problems such as a shortage of housing, unemployment, increasing cost of living, lack of access to social services, Therefore, to mitigate the problem of rural-urban migration is launching of integrated rural development policy / Geography / M.A. (Geography)

In developing countries like Ethiopia rural-urban migration affects development in both urban and rural areas. As such, this study aims at establishing the major causes and consequences of the movement of people from rural to urban areas. To achieve the objective 500 migrant household heads were selected randomly from three kebeles of the town. Both primary and secondary data were employed and were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study revealed that migrants came to Woldiya in search of employment and to utilize urban services and education. Hence, the out flow of economically active people from the rural agricultural sector has a negative effect on production in the areas of origin and the receiving area now experiences problems such as a shortage of housing, unemployment, increasing cost of living, lack of access to social services, Therefore, to mitigate the problem of rural-urban migration is launching of integrated rural development policy / Geography / M.A. (Geography)

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact du développement des Grandes et Moyennes Surfaces (GMS) sur les producteurs de produits agricoles Jordaniens. Ce travail essaye d’approcher les évolutions nécessaires aux exploitations agricoles traditionnelles, qui écoulent leur production dans les marchés de gros, pour se préparer aux exigences agronomiques, techniques et managériales propres aux circuits de distribution modernes. Cette thèse montre également que la vente dans les GMS n’est pas pour l’instant très rentable pour les agriculteurs Jordaniens. Malgré ce constat, ces derniers adoptent une stratégie d’anticipation en se positionnant dès aujourd’hui dans cette chaîne moderne. / This these focuses on the impact of the development of food retailing on Jordanian agricultural producers. This work is particularly interesting because it allows us to approach the evolutions necessary for traditional farms, which dispose of their production in the wholesale markets, in order to prepare themselves for the agronomic, technical and managerial requirements of modern channels. This thesis also shows that the sale in the supermarkets is not for the moment very profitable for the Jordanian farmers. Despite this, they are adopting a strategy of anticipation by positioning themselves today in this modern chain.

Agriculture causes large parts of global Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), with livestock contributing the greatest share. Livestock-based foods are thus associated to higher GHGE than plant-based foods. Additionally, they are harmful to health when consumed in excess. The focus of this work lies on determining the potential to reduce agricultural GHGE when healthy diets and lower meat intakes were adopted in the EU. lt is also examined how much feed crops and pastures would become available for the production of biofuels. An emission tax and an emission trading system are also examined. To assess the complex interactions in the agricultural sector, a modified version of the European Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model (EUFASOM) is used. The results show that a halved meat intake could reduce agricultural GHGE by a quarter and biofuel production could increase eightfold. The political instruments lack effectiveness though. The GHG tax has a low impact on nutrition and roughly 50% emission leakage. Emission trading has only a moderate effect on nutrition and over 100% emission leakage.:1 Introduction 2 Goal and scope definition 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview 3.2 Spatial resolution 3.3 Products under consideration 3.4 Base data 3.4.1 Base quantities 3.4.2 Base prices 3.4.3 Base areas 3.4.4 Demand elasticities 3.5 Production processes 3.5.1 Crop production 3.5.2 Pasture production 3.5.3 Plant oil production 3.5.4 Biofuel production 3.5.5 Sugar production 3.5.6 Livestock production 3.6 EUFASOM – Theoretical foundation 3.7 EUFASOM – Demand and supply functions 3.8 EUFASOM – Model description 3.8.1 Objective function 3.8.2 Identity and convexity constraints 3.8.3 Product balance 3.8.4 Land use restrictions 3.8.5 Nitrogen balance 3.8.6 Further accounting equations 3.9 Calibration 3.10 Integration of scenarios 4 Scenarios and results 4.1 Scenario 1: Technical potential of healthy diets 4.1.1 What are healthy diets? 4.1.2 Implementation of healthy diets 4.1.3 Scenario 1.1: Healthy diets with constant calorie intake 4.1.4 Scenario 1.2: Healthy diets with restricted calorie intake 4.1.5 Scenario 1.3: Healthy diets with restricted ruminant meat intake 4.1.6 Discussion on the potentials of healthy diets 4.2 Scenario 2: Greenhouse gas emission taxes 4.3 Scenario 3: Redistribution of emissions taxes as biofuel subsidy 4.4 Scenario 4: Emissions trading scheme for agriculture 4.4.1 Scenario 4.1: GHGE-cap on agricultural production 4.4.2 Scenario 4.2: Combined GHGE-cap on agricultural production and net-imports 4.4.3 Scenario 4.3: GHGE-cap on agricultural production and generation of allowances through producing biofuels 4.4.4 Scenario 4.4: GHGE-cap on agricultural production and imports and generation of allowances through producing biofuels 4.4.5 Discussion on ETS 5 Summary and conclusion References List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Annex 1 Base Solution Annex 2 Process parameters and associated information Annex 3 Lists of model variables, process parameters, equations and sets Annex 4 Demand elasticities Annex 5 Derivation of specific energy and protein demand of livestock Annex 6 Further assumptions for the livestock sectors

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo mejorar las condiciones de trabajo seguras y saludables para incrementar la productividad de la Asociación Agrícola de Pequeños Agricultores de Bella Unión (AAPABU) que tiene como actividades más relevantes el proceso de cultivo y comercialización de aceitunas en rama. Se expone la propuesta del diseño de un modelo de seguridad y salud ocupacional basada en gestión por procesos y el cumplimiento de la Ley 29783: Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de la literatura poniendo de manifiesto la importancia de las MYPE, sobre todo las relacionadas al subsector agrícola, así como la trascendencia de la gestión de seguridad y salud ocupacional dentro de las organizaciones en la actualidad que les permita ser más productivas y competitivas, mediante la recopilación de información por visitas in situ, recopilación de datos estadísticos y entrevistas a profundidad que permitieron identificar oportunidades de mejora. A partir de ello, se propone el diseño de un modelo de gestión de seguridad y salud ocupacional. Finalmente, se realiza las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la propuesta, enfatizando la importancia de crear una cultura de prevención de riesgos. / The objective of this research is to improve safe and healthy working conditions to increase the productivity of the Agricultural Association of Small Farmers of Bella Unión (AAPABU), whose most important activities are the process of growing and marketing olives on the branch. The proposal for the design of an occupational health and safety model based on process management and compliance with Law 29783: Occupational Health and Safety Law. In this paper, a review of the literature is carried out, highlighting the importance of MYPEs, especially those related to the agricultural subsector, as well as the importance of occupational health and safety management within organizations that currently allow them be more productive and competitive, through the collection of information by on-site visits, collection of statistical data and in-depth interviews that allowed us to identify opportunities for improvement. Based on this, the design of an occupational health and safety management model is proposed. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations of the proposal are made, emphasizing the importance of creating a culture of risk prevention. / Tesis

Wirtschaftliche Prozesse sind in Zeiten der Globalisierung zunehmend komplexer. Immer mehr Akteure sind an der Erstellung eines Produktes von der Konzeption bis zur Konsumption durch die Verbraucher beteiligt. Innovationen im Bereich von I&K-Technologien oder im Verkehr, sinkende Transport- und Transaktionskosten sowie organisatorische Neuerungen ermöglichen eine räumliche Trennung einzelner Produktionsschritte der Wertschöpfungskette. Es entstehen Unternehmensnetzwerke, die nicht auf räumlicher, sondern organisatorischer Nähe basieren. Die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren können in Wertschöpfungsketten abgebildet werden. Allgemeine Betrachtungen zu Wertschöpfungsketten, Modelle zu Warenketten und zum politisch-ökonomischen Zusammenhang in der Nahrungsmittelproduktion bilden die theoretische Grundlage dieser Arbeit. In Kuba haben sich die Produktions- und Warenketten vor dem Hintergrund der binnen- und außenwirtschaftlichen Krise in den Jahren 1989/90 stark verändert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden ausgehend von den Entwicklungen in der Lebensmittelwirtschaft Kubas, die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren des Agrarsektors, der Lebensmittelindustrie und des Einzelhandels untersucht. Die empirische Analyse umfasste darüber hinaus Betrachtungen zu den Transport- und Distributionsvorgänge innerhalb der Warenketten, den Macht- und Kontrolleinflüssen einzelner Akteure und zu den räumlichen Strukturen. Durch die qualitative Untersuchung konnten im Ergebnis fünf verschiedene Typen von Produktions- und Warenketten festgestellt werden. Die erste Gruppe repräsentiert industrielle Warenketten, die für den rationierten Einzelhandel produzieren. Die zweite Gruppe umfasst die industriellen Warenketten, die auf das Devisensegment orientiert sind. Die dritte Gruppe bildet jene Warenketten ab, bei denen das Segment der industriellen Produktion fehlt. Sie sind auf die direkte Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit frischen Agrarprodukten ausgerichtet. Gerade die Produktions- und Warenketten der dritten Gruppe stellen eine besondere Form dar. Wefen der ökonomischen Krise und den Transportschwierigkeiten in Kuba haben sich seit 1994 lokale Wirtschaftskreisläufe herausgebildet. Sie stellen die kürzesten Produktions- und Warenketten der Insel dar. / In times of globalisation economic processes become increasingly complex. More and more actors are involved in the production - starting at the design and ending at the consumption - of a product. Innovation in Information and Communication Technology or transport, decreasing transportation and transaction costs as well as process innovations facilitate a spatial separation of individual production steps of the value-added chains in different locations. Therefore new business networks develop which are not based spatial, but organisational proximity. Connections between the different actors can be shown in value-added chains. The theoretical frame for this dissertation are general approaches on value-added chains, models for commodity chains and political-economic relations in food industry. In Cuba commodity chains have changed radically due to the interior and exterior economic crisis in 1989/90. This work, based on the development of the Cuban food industry, studies the material and immaterial connections between the actors of the agricultural sector, food industry and retail trade. The empirical analysis also includes observations on transport and distribution processes within commodity chains, power and control impact by specific economic and institutional actors and spatial structures of commodity chains. Through the qualitative analysis, using the example of the tomato, five different types of commodity chains were identified. The first group represents industrial commodity chains, which produce for the state rationed retail trade. The second group includes industrial commodity chains, which focus on the currency segment. The third group sums up those commodity chains which lack the industrial segment. They focus on the population’s direct supply with fresh agricultural products. Especially the third group’s commodity chains represent a special type. Due to the economic crisis and the connected transportation problems, local economic cycles evolved in Cuba since 1994. Opposite to the industrial commodity chains they represent the shortest commodity chains on the island and therefore differ from the first and second group of commodity chains.

The pressing global demand to transform to a low-carbon business community, which is required by the urgency of mitigating climate change, significantly alters the operating procedures for carbon emitters and carbon revenue generators alike. Although agricultural activities are not considered as heavy carbon emission source, the increased public focus on climate change has catapulted the exploitation of sustainable agricultural land management mitigating strategies as intervention by the sector. Additionally, the focus on market-based mechanism to address climate change, which has led to the evolution of cap-and-trade schemes, makes the agricultural sector become a source of low-cost carbon offsets. However, the fact that cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sector are voluntary has resulted into not only very diverse farming practices but also diverse accounting practices. The consequences of the diversity practices are that, the impacts on financial performance and position are not comparable. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the recognition, measurement and disclosure for cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sectors This study was conducted through literature reviews and empirical test. A qualitative research approach utilising constructivist methodology was employed. Primary data was collected in Kenya by administering three sets of semi-structured questionnaires to drafters of financial statements, loan officers and financial consultants. Secondary data involved content analysis of financial statements and reports of listed entities across the globe. It was established that proper accounting for cap-and-trade schemes adaptation activities is critical to the success of an entity’s environmental portfolio. Additionally, a model for valuing an organisation's carbon capture potential as suggested by this study enables entities to better report the impact of the adaptation activities on the financial performance and financial position. The outcome of this study enables entities to integrate the carbon capture potential on an entity sustainability reporting framework. / Colleges of Economic and Management Sciences / D. Phil. (Accounting Science)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo de Pintor.pdf: 2268244 bytes, checksum: a1d995cf5f0c97287de35b0b1349eecc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The agricultural sector has been and remains essential to the development of the Brazilian economy. This sector held its basic functions to assist the development process in much of the country. The main functions, carried out in the 1960s and 1970s, were: sustained increase in supply of agricultural products; expansion of agribusiness exports; labor release to work in other sectors of the economy; transfer of financial resources to other activities in the economy and consumer market constitution for industrialized goods and services. However, it is known that development occurs unevenly and disproportionately in the territory, tending to be concentrated spatially at the locations of greater wealth accumulation. Thus, the agricultural sector also has modernized more intensively in places with higher wealth concentration. Its modernization has not occurred equally throughout the national territory, having also areas where agricultural expansion occurred in the 1990s and 2000. Brazil is one of the few countries that has the possibility of expanding the agricultural frontier of production through incorporation of new areas. The process of agricultural expansion in these areas continues to occur, either by area growth or by increase in productivity. They are concentrated in the states of the regions North and Northeast of Brazil. The agent capable of accomplish this agricultural expansion through new investments is the entrepreneur. In Schumpeter's view, it is the agent who performs the new combinations of production factors that result in innovations in the economy. To this end, this agent, when unprovided of the means of production, needs credit. The role of credit is to provide the means for the entrepreneur perform new combinations. This capacity that the entrepreneur is gifted will result in the opening of new markets or a new source of raw material. The farmer figure as this agent able to implement the technical change of the production process in the analyzed region. Thus, based on these assumptions and the way that the development is spread in the territory, it analyzed the expansion of the production frontier of rice, corn and soybeans in the North and Northeast of Brazil, from 1999 to 2012. For this, it used an econometric model estimated by panel data technique. The equation estimated by this method found that 81.95% of the harvested area of rice, corn and soybeans to the North and Northeast Brazil from 2000 to 2012, are explained by the rural credit funding, Gross Value Added of agriculture, commodities price, number of employees in the agricultural sector, number of establishments of the agricultural sector, quantity sold tractors, agribusiness exports and dummies Bahia, Maranhão, Pará, Piauí and Tocantins. Besides, the learning ability and technique of farmers was critical to the consolidation of the agricultural expansion process, they are seen as entrepreneurs able to put into practice the technical changes applied to the agricultural sector in the North and Northeast of Brazil. / O setor agrícola foi e continua sendo indispensável para o desenvolvimento da economia brasileira. Esse setor realizou suas funções básicas para auxiliar o processo de desenvolvimento em grande parte do território nacional. As principais funções realizadas, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, foram: aumento sustentado da oferta de produtos agrícolas; expansão das exportações do agronegócio; liberação de mão de obra para outros setores da economia; transferência de recursos financeiros para outras atividades na economia; e a constituição de mercado consumidor para os bens e serviços industrializados. Contudo, sabe-se que o desenvolvimento ocorre de forma desigual e desproporcional no território, tendendo a concentra-se espacialmente nos locais de maior acumulação de capital. Deste modo, o setor agrícola também se modernizou de forma mais intensiva em locais com maior concentração de capital. Sua modernização não ocorreu de forma igualitária em todo o território nacional, possuindo, ainda, áreas onde a expansão agrícola ocorreu nas décadas de 1990 e 2000. O Brasil é um dos poucos países que tem a possibilidade de expansão da fronteira agrícola de produção via incorporação de novas áreas. O processo de expansão agrícola nestas áreas continua ocorrendo, seja pelo crescimento de área ou pela elevação da produtividade. Elas estão concentradas nos estados das regiões Norte e Nordeste brasileiro. O agente capaz de realizar esta expansão agrícola por meio de novos investimentos é o empresário. Na concepção de Schumpeter, ele é o agente que realiza as novas combinações dos fatores de produção que resultam em inovações na economia. Para tanto, esse agente, quando desprovido dos meios de produção, necessita de crédito. O papel do crédito é proporcionar os meios para que o empresário realize novas combinações. Esta capacidade de que o empresário é dotado resultará na abertura de novos mercados ou em uma nova fonte de matéria-prima. O agricultor figura como este agente capaz de implantar a mudança técnica do processo produtivo na região analisada. Assim, pautado nestas premissas e na forma pela qual o desenvolvimento se propaga no território, analisou-se a expansão da fronteira de produção das culturas de arroz, milho e soja no Norte e Nordeste brasileiro, no período de 1999 à 2012. Para isto, foi utilizado um modelo econométrico estimado por meio da técnica de dados em painel. A equação estimada por esse método constatou que 81,95% da área colhida das culturas de arroz, milho e soja para o Norte e Nordeste brasileiro de 2000 a 2012, são explicadas pelo crédito rural de custeio, Valor Adicionado Bruto da produção agropecuária, preço das commodities, número de empregados no setor agrícola, número de estabelecimentos do setor agrícola, quantidade vendida de tratores, exportações do agronegócio e as dummies Bahia, Maranhão, Pará, Piauí e Tocantins. Além disso, a capacidade de aprendizagem e técnica dos agricultores foi fundamental para a consolidação do processo de expansão agrícola, sendo eles, vistos como os empresários capazes de colocar em prática as mudanças técnicas aplicadas ao setor agrícola no Norte e Nordeste brasileiro.