This study used three research questions to analyze the barriers male nurses and male nursing students encountered in their nursing education. Further comparison was made between the results of this study and earlier studies using the same survey and recently graduated respondents versus respondents who had been out of nursing school for longer. The findings for this study indicate barriers for male nurses in their nursing program still exist. Nurses are still referred to primarily as "she," there is little to no content on men's contributions to nursing, male nursing students still have difficulty in their Obstetrics clinical rotation, male nurses and nursing students continue to be anxious regarding accusations of sexual inappropriateness when caring for female patients, and male nurses and male nursing students feel like they have to prove themselves because people still expect nurses to be females. Some barriers appear to not be present for most male nurses. The respondents reported feeling accepted by their peers. Respondents were encouraged to strive for leadership roles. People close to the respondents were supportive of their decision to enter nursing. Recommendations for changes in the nursing curriculum were made to help better support men in nursing school. Nursing school administrators can also use the results from this study to help decrease gender-based barriers, which may decrease male nursing students' high attrition rate.

Few female farmers are participating in the sector due to various gender-based challenges that they face. The purpose of this study was to investigate prospective farmers’ motivation and their personal attitude to starting their own businesses, as well as their perceptions of barriers to successful business start-ups in the sector. The Prospective Farmers Profile Questionnaire was distributed to 421 prospective farmers (agricultural students at six institutions of higher learning in South Africa). There was an estimated 3,486 students enrolled for various agriculture-related qualifications in the country when this cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out. The aim of the study was to investigate perceived gender-based barriers to business start-up amongst prospective farmers in SA. The study found perceived barriers to be either intrinsic, (such as, risk aversion, innovation and self efficacy) and extrinsic, examples being, social cultural, political skills and access to land among others factors. The study also intended to find out if (1) motivation to start a business (2) taking responsibility (entrepreneurial orientation) and (3) entrepreneurial intention, were predicted by a number of select business start up factors. The findings were that motivation was predicted by only one business start up factor, socio-cultural forces; while four key factors; motivation, proactiveness, creativity and socio-cultural forces did predict taking responsibility (EO). Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is predicted by three key factors, namely socio-cultural forces, motivation and creativity. It is recommended that prospective farmers be introduced to the importance of social networking and socio-cultural forces in entrepreneurship. Furthermore, entrepreneurial education is required from government, institutions of higher learning and other organisations to educate prospective farmers on the influence of barriers to business start-up.The study was conducted on undergraduate agricultural students and should be extended to post-graduate farmers in South Africa, that is practising farming. A comparison between prospective farmers and prospective entrepreneurs from other disciplines should also be undertaken.This is a South African study and the results cannot be generalised. Therefore, the study could be expanded to other regions and future comparative studies could be done. / Applied Management / D. Phil. (Entrepreneurship in the Faculty of Management Sciences)