This thesis aims to investigate the attitudes towards organic farming and how agricultural space is understood among organic farmers in the Swedish region of Halland and then to relate this to the ongoing discussion on multifunctional agricultural transition. The research is based on a field study on nine different organic farms in Halland, where qualitative interviews have been conducted for the creation of the empirical results. Using the theory of planned behavior and the concept of the “good farmer”, the thesis has revealed that the organic farming community in Halland is heterogeneous and different perspectives and attitudes are expressed about organic farming and agriculture. While the farmers are driven by many aspects of organic farming, the attitudes towards agriculture are often in line with traditional productivist ideals highlighting clean fields and high yields, even though many organic farmers have started to question the traditional norms often due to the different conditions met by organic farmers. Due to the various attitudes represented, the range within the multifunctional agricultural spectrum is rather wide were some organic farmers understand agricultural space more in line with productivist ideals while others express attitudes in line with organic farming principles, suggesting a strong multifunctional understanding of agricultural space.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study investigate the process for Agricultural Policy on Agricultural Space. Thus extols is the understanding about the changes arising from the introduction, in the Agricultural Space, new actions and new objects that provide a continuity of the expropriator logic of capitalism on the socio-spatial structure. The new actions and new objects in the space created by Public Policy Agrarian increase the duality between Capital and Space. Additionally, the actions and objects new insert a new opposite dynamic on the family farming strutucture, that is based on the replacement of traditional agricultural practices by practicing modern and specialized capitalist farming. The Agricultural Space organization form in Simão Dias city, with the introduction of Agriculture inefficient, shows clearly the modern logic capitalist in which stimulates productivity, unclearly the social-spatial structure through new actions and new foreign objects in the order of space and production of traditional forms of farming community, simãodiense family farmers. The new actions and new objects rival with the objects and actions created by the previous form of family farming, causing the extinction of local agricultural knowledge and enabling the introduction of commercial logic of the capitalist production structure and social-space of simãodiense agrarian farming. / O presente trabalho busca investigar o processo transformador das Políticas Agrícolas sobre o Espaço Agrário. Desta forma, tenta-se entender as transformações decorrentes da introdução, no Espaço Agrário, de novas ações e novos objetos que proporcionam a continuidade da lógica expropriatória do capitalismo sobre a estrutura sócio-espacial. As novas ações e os novos objetos criados no Espaço Agrário pelas Políticas Públicas aumentam a dualidade existente entre Capital e o Trabalho. Ademais, as ações e os objetos novos inserem uma nova dinâmica conflitiva sobre a agricultura familiar, baseada na substituição da prática agrícola tradicional pela prática moderna e especializada capitalista. A forma de Organização do Espaço Agrário no município de Simão Dias, com a introdução de Políticas Agrícolas ineficientes, demonstra, claramente, o alcance da lógica capitalista modernizadora e produtivista que dinamiza, incoerentemente, a estrutura socioeconômica através de novas ações e de novos objetos estranhos ao molde do espaço e das formas tradicionais de produção das comunidades de agricultores familiares simãodienses. As novas ações e os novos objetos rivalizam com os objetos e ações anteriores criados pela forma familiar de produção agrícola. Isto ocasiona a extinção do saber agrícola local possibilitando a introdução do processo de expropriação capitalista do valor.

De nos jours, l’étalement urbain est devenu une préoccupation grandissante tant pour les institutions concernées (surtout les collectivités territoriales) que pour les chercheurs qui sont en quête d’analyser les facteurs favorisants ce type d’urbanisation, ainsi que les effets qui en découlent. Ce travail de doctorat s’intéresse à l’étalement urbain dans la région Damascène (en Syrie), un phénomène qui s’accélère au fil des années en menaçant les espaces agricoles de la Ghouta (l’osais de Damas). En tenant compte de la situation de Damas et le rôle qu’elle joue au niveau de la Syrie (comme la capitale d’un pays très centralisé), notre travail vise à comprendre : comment les espaces agricoles de son oasis (la Ghouta) se trouvent menacés par l’étalement urbain, alors que l’Etat semble prendre en considération l’importance vitale de ces espaces ? En s’appuyant sur plusieurs études réalisées en Syrie et en France, des données récoltées à partir des institutions syriennes, ce travail repose sur l’hypothèse suivante : la région damascène, comme le reste des métropoles nationales, est soumise aux conditions générales de l’étalement urbain, ce phénomène s'explique aussi et principalement par d'autres éléments, qualifiés de « spécificités Damascènes ». Donc, au delà d’une simple approche qui s’appuie sur les deux facteurs (démographique et économique), la particularité de cette étude se réside dans d’autres facteurs importants liés au contexte politico-administratif, mais aussi au contexte socioculturel (confessionnel). / Nowdays, Urban sprawl is gaining larger attentions by institutions and researchers who are seeking to analyze its effects and the corresponding contributing factors. This PhD thesis focuses on the urban sprawl phenomenon in the region of Damascus (Syria) that is accelerating with time, and threatening the agricultural spaces of Ghouta (the oasis of Damascus). Taking into account the fact of Damascus being the capital of Syria, a very centralized country, we show in this work how the Ghouta agricultural spaces (that are of great importance as declared by the state) are threatened by this urban sprawl. Based on several studies and on data collected from Syrian local institutions, we show that the Damascus region, like the other national metropolis, is subject to the urban spreading general conditions. Finally, this phenomenon can be also mainly explained by other factors termed "specific Damascenes". Therefore, rather considering a simple approach based only on two factors (demographic and economic), the peculiarity of this PhD lies in considering some additional important factors into consideration when analyzing the urban sprawl phenomenon. Those important factors are those related to the political, administrative and sociocultural context (confessional).