O sistema agroindustrial citrícola brasileiro é reconhecido mundialmente não apenas pela sua grandeza, mas principalmente pela sua competitividade. Algo em torno de US$ 1,33 bilhão foi trazido ao Brasil pela cadeia citrícola em todas as suas exportações no ano de 2003, representando 1,87% das exportações brasileiras e 4,47% das exportações do agronegócio. Grande parte desses valores (72%) se deu a partir da venda do suco de laranja concentrado e congelado, com produção destinada quase que exclusivamente ao mercado externo. Nos últimos três anos, em torno de 75% das caixas de laranja produzidas foram processadas com essa finalidade, restando apenas cerca de um quarto da produção para o abastecimento do mercado interno. O Brasil, com uma área cultivada em torno de 820 mil hectares e produção de 327 milhões de caixas de 40,8 kg colhidas em 2003 (cerca de 13,3 milhões de toneladas), mantém há anos a posição de maior produtor mundial de laranja, sendo responsável por aproximadamente 30% do total produzido no mundo e mais de 80% das exportações mundiais de suco. O desenvolvimento do mercado interno de sucos e frutas torna-se uma importante ação a ser desenvolvida, haja vista que o setor é muito dependente das exportações de suco de laranja concentrado e congelado (SLCC), além de que o consumo per capita de frutas no Brasil é muito baixo comparado ao de outros países desenvolvidos. Com o objetivo de compreender o sistema agroindustrial citrícola, descrevendo as características dos membros atuantes nesse sistema e sua interação com os demais participantes, torna-se importante caracterizar e quantificar esse sistema contemplando uma seqüência de etapas que permita entendê-lo. Este estudo fundamenta-se no método para caracterização e quantificação de sistemas agroindustriais. Como resultado desta pesquisas, foi apresentado o desenho da cadeia citrícola quantificada que permitirá, em pesquisas futuras, desenvolver a elaboração de ações coletivas e implementação de políticas públicas para o fortalecimento da competitividade dessa cadeia e também no desenvolvimento de estratégias para as firmas envolvidas. / The Brazilian citrus agro industrial System is worldwide known not only for its greatness but mainly for its competitiveness. Something around 1.33 billion dollars was brought to Brazil by the citrus chain in consequence of all exports in 2003, what makes up 1.87% of all Brazilian exports and 4.4%of all agro industry exports. The bulk of these figures (72%) was due to type frozen concentrated juice which is basically produce for exportation. In the last three years 75% of all oranges produced in Brazil were aimed to this purpose, leaving only one fourth for domestic market. Brazil, with a citrus area of 820 thousand hectares and a production of 327 million of boxes with 40.9 kg each picked in 2003, has been for many years the world largest orange producer in the world with a share of 30% of the world production and 0ver 80% of world orange juice exportation. The domestic market development for juice and fruit becomes an important action to be developed, once the sector is highly dependent of frozen juice exportation (FCOJ; furthermore, the per capita consumption of oranges in Brazil is extremely low compared to other developed countries. In order to understand the citrus agro industrial system, describing the characteristics of acting members in the system and its interaction with other participants, it is important to characterize and quantify the system highlighting a sequence of phases that allow us to understand it, making possible the elaboration of strategies for the development of domestic market for fruits and orange juice. This study is based on the methodology developed by characterization and quantification of agro industrial systems. The result of this research a citrus chain drawing was shown, allowing in future researcher the development of coactive actions and the settlement public policy to make the chain competitiveness stronger and to developed in the chain.

O sistema agroindustrial citrícola brasileiro é reconhecido mundialmente não apenas pela sua grandeza, mas principalmente pela sua competitividade. Algo em torno de US$ 1,33 bilhão foi trazido ao Brasil pela cadeia citrícola em todas as suas exportações no ano de 2003, representando 1,87% das exportações brasileiras e 4,47% das exportações do agronegócio. Grande parte desses valores (72%) se deu a partir da venda do suco de laranja concentrado e congelado, com produção destinada quase que exclusivamente ao mercado externo. Nos últimos três anos, em torno de 75% das caixas de laranja produzidas foram processadas com essa finalidade, restando apenas cerca de um quarto da produção para o abastecimento do mercado interno. O Brasil, com uma área cultivada em torno de 820 mil hectares e produção de 327 milhões de caixas de 40,8 kg colhidas em 2003 (cerca de 13,3 milhões de toneladas), mantém há anos a posição de maior produtor mundial de laranja, sendo responsável por aproximadamente 30% do total produzido no mundo e mais de 80% das exportações mundiais de suco. O desenvolvimento do mercado interno de sucos e frutas torna-se uma importante ação a ser desenvolvida, haja vista que o setor é muito dependente das exportações de suco de laranja concentrado e congelado (SLCC), além de que o consumo per capita de frutas no Brasil é muito baixo comparado ao de outros países desenvolvidos. Com o objetivo de compreender o sistema agroindustrial citrícola, descrevendo as características dos membros atuantes nesse sistema e sua interação com os demais participantes, torna-se importante caracterizar e quantificar esse sistema contemplando uma seqüência de etapas que permita entendê-lo. Este estudo fundamenta-se no método para caracterização e quantificação de sistemas agroindustriais. Como resultado desta pesquisas, foi apresentado o desenho da cadeia citrícola quantificada que permitirá, em pesquisas futuras, desenvolver a elaboração de ações coletivas e implementação de políticas públicas para o fortalecimento da competitividade dessa cadeia e também no desenvolvimento de estratégias para as firmas envolvidas. / The Brazilian citrus agro industrial System is worldwide known not only for its greatness but mainly for its competitiveness. Something around 1.33 billion dollars was brought to Brazil by the citrus chain in consequence of all exports in 2003, what makes up 1.87% of all Brazilian exports and 4.4%of all agro industry exports. The bulk of these figures (72%) was due to type frozen concentrated juice which is basically produce for exportation. In the last three years 75% of all oranges produced in Brazil were aimed to this purpose, leaving only one fourth for domestic market. Brazil, with a citrus area of 820 thousand hectares and a production of 327 million of boxes with 40.9 kg each picked in 2003, has been for many years the world largest orange producer in the world with a share of 30% of the world production and 0ver 80% of world orange juice exportation. The domestic market development for juice and fruit becomes an important action to be developed, once the sector is highly dependent of frozen juice exportation (FCOJ; furthermore, the per capita consumption of oranges in Brazil is extremely low compared to other developed countries. In order to understand the citrus agro industrial system, describing the characteristics of acting members in the system and its interaction with other participants, it is important to characterize and quantify the system highlighting a sequence of phases that allow us to understand it, making possible the elaboration of strategies for the development of domestic market for fruits and orange juice. This study is based on the methodology developed by characterization and quantification of agro industrial systems. The result of this research a citrus chain drawing was shown, allowing in future researcher the development of coactive actions and the settlement public policy to make the chain competitiveness stronger and to developed in the chain.

<p> Urban development in the Niagara fruit belt has long been a problem for the area. The gradual beginnings of small non-rural land uses created demand for the infrastructure that literally paved the way for large scale urbanization of this agricultural land. Development has continued to the point that the fruit belt's viability as an agricultural resource, is threatened. This paper outlines a history of events the fruit belt, it's importance to Canada's agricultural industry, the threats to the area and the conflicting views in order to determine whether or not the fruit belt can be preserved for agriculture. In this, it was discovered that the greatest threats to the area originate from economic conditions favouring urban development. This thesis provides a basis on which future planning and development for the fruit belt can be assessed. It also indicates the extent of damage and conditions in order to determine the possibility of saving the area.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of administrators, counselors, agriscience teachers, and students towards the high school agriscience programs in Mississippi. It was also to determine the average scores of students on a criterion-based exam, and to determine if there was a correlation between the attitude scales of the agriscience teachers, counselors, administrators, students, and the student scores on the exam. The study used a descriptive survey and a descriptive-correlational design. Three different surveys were sent out to 356 agriscience teachers, counselors, and administrators at schools with either a Concepts of Agriscience Technology course or an Introduction to Agriscience course. Superintendents were asked for their permission, and subsequently, 14 teachers agreed to let their students be surveyed and tested on a criterion-based exam created by the Research and Curriculum Unit. The surveys asked the teachers, counselors, and administrators about their attitudes towards the two agriscience programs using four scales: science integration into the agricultural curriculum, the agricultural industry and agriscience courses in general, standardized testing in agricultural programs, and science credit for completion of agriscience courses. The students were surveyed about their attitudes towards agriscience programs in general. Based on 201 usable surveys from the agriscience teachers, counselors, and administrators, and 156 student surveys and test scores, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment correlations. It was determined that there were statistically significant correlations between the attitude scales of the teachers, counselors, and administrators. There was only one statistically significant correlation to the student test scores and that was the administrator attitude scale about science integration. This relationship was determined to be of a moderate negative relationship based on Davis’ (1971) conventions.

Regardless of the level of development achieved by the respective economies, women play a pivotal role in agriculture and in rural development in most countries. Evidently there are serious constraints which militate against the promotion of an effective role for women in development in those societies which were bound by age-old traditions and beliefs. Patriarchal modes and practices motivated by cultures and/or interpretations of religious sanctions and illiteracy hinder women’s freedom to opt for various choices to assert greater mobility in social interactions. Resulting from these situations, women’s contribution to agriculture and other sectors in the economy remain concealed and unaccounted for in monitoring economic performance measurement. Consequently, they are generally invisible in plans and programmes. They were, in fact, discriminated against by stereotypes which restrict them to a reproductive role and denied access to resources which could eventually enhance their social and economic contribution to the society.

A presente tese busca corroborar a hipótese inicial, segundo a qual, no México e no Brasil, o processo de introdução das relações capitalistas na agricultura foi configurado por uma modernização agrícola crescente e de uma tendência ao monopólio. A conjunção desses processos deu consequência à agroindústria que, em um sentido amplo, se tornou a nova forma dominante da estrutura agrícola capitalista, em substituição às antigas formas pré-capitalistas, herdeiras do colonialismo moderno no México e no Brasil, respectivamente, as haciendas e as plantations. Nesses países, a modernização agrícola, que se iniciou ainda no século XIX, se intensificou após 1930, culminando nas décadas de 1960 e de 1970, quando convergiram para a mesma direção, as empresas transnacionais de grande aporte de capital estrangeiro e a acentuação dos processos de inovação tecnológica. Para ilustrar essa relação plena entre modernização agrícola, organização da agroindústria, tendência ao monopólio e transnacionalização, foi escolhida a abordagem, em particular, da Cargill, conhecida empresa do ramo alimentar e de comércio e beneficiamento de grãos, entre outros / The present thesis targets the confirmation of the initial hypothesis, in which, in Mexico and in Brazil, the process of capitalistic relations into agriculture was configured by an improved agriculture modernization and a tendency to monopoly. The conjunction of these processes resulted in agroindustry that in a comprehensive sense became the new dominant way to the capitalistic agriculture structure, in substitution of the former pre-capitalistic models, the Mexican and Brazilian modern colonialism heirs, respectively, the haciendas and the plantations. In these countries, the agriculture modernization, which began in the 19th century, intensified after 1930, culminating in the decades of 1960 and 1970, when converged to the same direction, the transnational enterprises with large capital support and an increment of the technological innovation process. Illustrating this complete relation of agriculture modernization, agroindustry organization, tendency to monopoly and transnational change, was chosen the approach, in particular, of Cargill, acquainted enterprise of alimentary sector and of grain merchandising and processing, among others

Regardless of the level of development achieved by the respective economies, women play a pivotal role in agriculture and in rural development in most countries. Evidently there are serious constraints which militate against the promotion of an effective role for women in development in those societies which were bound by age-old traditions and beliefs. Patriarchal modes and practices motivated by cultures and/or interpretations of religious sanctions and illiteracy hinder women’s freedom to opt for various choices to assert greater mobility in social interactions. Resulting from these situations, women’s contribution to agriculture and other sectors in the economy remain concealed and unaccounted for in monitoring economic performance measurement. Consequently, they are generally invisible in plans and programmes. They were, in fact, discriminated against by stereotypes which restrict them to a reproductive role and denied access to resources which could eventually enhance their social and economic contribution to the society.

Unregulated use of growth promoting antibiotics like Tetracyclines in agricultural feeds is becoming an increasing problem in antibiotic resistance. Undigested antibiotics leads to significant concentrations in livestock waste. These concentrations provide continuous selection pressure for the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. Antibiotic resistance related deaths are projected to surpass cancer related deaths by 2050 making antibiotic resistance a pressing public health issue. The purpose of this study is to determine the abundance and persistence of tetracycline (tet) resistance genes in swine waste over a period of 100 days in an anaerobic digester system. Tet(A), tet(B), tet(G), tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), and tet(W) were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction after DNA extraction. Primers that target ribosomal protection proteins and efflux proteins were used. Antibiotic resistance genes decreased from day one but were found to be present throughout the study.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_jc_me_prud.pdf: 867146 bytes, checksum: a7b4cc49bcf70bd2ff5c4d3f48a7847a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil passou por importantes reformulações ao longo dos anos 1990, decorrentes da abertura da economia nacional, da desregulamentação do setor pelo governo federal e da importação de leite e derivados dos demais países do Mercosul. A partir desta reestruturação, a especialização na produção de leite passou a ser um requisito para os produtores, que em sua maioria não são especializados, pois a maioria dos produtores de leite brasileiros se dedica além da pecuária leiteira, à pecuária de corte. Nesse contexto, a Portaria 56, que regulamenta a produção de leite no Brasil, tem contribuído tanto para uma maior especialização desta atividade no país, como para a exclusão dos produtores que não têm condições de atender às suas exigências, como a aquisição do tanque de expansão, um equipamento que mantém o leite refrigerado, garantindo a sua qualidade. Na Microrregião Geográfica de Presidente Prudente, predomina a pecuária de corte, porém a produção de leite também é importante, complementando a renda de vários produtores rurais. Nesta microrregião, atuam importantes empresas do setor lácteo nacional, como a Líder e a Vigor, além da COOLVAP, cooperativa que se encontra em fase de reestruturação. Estas empresas têm incentivado a aquisição de tanques de expansão pelos produtores, através de financiamentos, uma vez que estes equipamentos se constituem em pré-requisito para que muitos laticínios realizem a coleta do leite, porém na região em estudo predominam pequenos produtores, que mesmo diante destes incentivos... / The productive cycle of milk in Brazil has passed by important changes during the years 1990, due to the opening of national economy, the disregulation of the sector ordered by the federal government and the importing of milk and its derivatives from other countries of Mercosul. From thies reorganizing on the specialized production of milk became a previous requisite for the producers. Who in their majority are not specialized, as they dedicat, besides the milk production, for the cattle raising. In this context, the law number 56, which rules the milk production in Brazil, has equally contributed for a greater specialization of this activity in Brazil, and also for the exclusion of the producers who cannot adapt to its exigences, like the acquirement of the expansion tank, na equipment that keeps milk refrigerated, what guarantees its quality. In the Geographic Micro Region of Presidente Prudente, the cattle raising for oxen-stal predominates, but the milk production is also important, complementing the income of several rural producers. Inside this Micro Region, important companies of the national milk sector operate, like Líder and Vigor, besides Coolvap, a cooperative society that is in a reorganizing phasis. These companies have incentived the acquirement of expansion tanks by the producers, through finnancings, as these equipments constitute a precious requisite to many milk companies operate the milk collect, but in this region predominate small producers that even with this kind of incentives don’t have conditions to acquire such equipment, and see their survival prejudiced... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Orientador: Antonio Nivaldo Hesponhol / Resumo: A cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil passou por importantes reformulações ao longo dos anos 1990, decorrentes da abertura da economia nacional, da desregulamentação do setor pelo governo federal e da importação de leite e derivados dos demais países do Mercosul. A partir desta reestruturação, a especialização na produção de leite passou a ser um requisito para os produtores, que em sua maioria não são especializados, pois a maioria dos produtores de leite brasileiros se dedica além da pecuária leiteira, à pecuária de corte. Nesse contexto, a Portaria 56, que regulamenta a produção de leite no Brasil, tem contribuído tanto para uma maior especialização desta atividade no país, como para a exclusão dos produtores que não têm condições de atender às suas exigências, como a aquisição do tanque de expansão, um equipamento que mantém o leite refrigerado, garantindo a sua qualidade. Na Microrregião Geográfica de Presidente Prudente, predomina a pecuária de corte, porém a produção de leite também é importante, complementando a renda de vários produtores rurais. Nesta microrregião, atuam importantes empresas do setor lácteo nacional, como a Líder e a Vigor, além da COOLVAP, cooperativa que se encontra em fase de reestruturação. Estas empresas têm incentivado a aquisição de tanques de expansão pelos produtores, através de financiamentos, uma vez que estes equipamentos se constituem em pré-requisito para que muitos laticínios realizem a coleta do leite, porém na região em estudo predominam pequenos produtores, que mesmo diante destes incentivos... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The productive cycle of milk in Brazil has passed by important changes during the years 1990, due to the opening of national economy, the disregulation of the sector ordered by the federal government and the importing of milk and its derivatives from other countries of Mercosul. From thies reorganizing on the specialized production of milk became a previous requisite for the producers. Who in their majority are not specialized, as they dedicat, besides the milk production, for the cattle raising. In this context, the law number 56, which rules the milk production in Brazil, has equally contributed for a greater specialization of this activity in Brazil, and also for the exclusion of the producers who cannot adapt to its exigences, like the acquirement of the expansion tank, na equipment that keeps milk refrigerated, what guarantees its quality. In the Geographic Micro Region of Presidente Prudente, the cattle raising for oxen-stal predominates, but the milk production is also important, complementing the income of several rural producers. Inside this Micro Region, important companies of the national milk sector operate, like Líder and Vigor, besides Coolvap, a cooperative society that is in a reorganizing phasis. These companies have incentived the acquirement of expansion tanks by the producers, through finnancings, as these equipments constitute a precious requisite to many milk companies operate the milk collect, but in this region predominate small producers that even with this kind of incentives don't have conditions to acquire such equipment, and see their survival prejudiced... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre