O presente trabalho estudou os sistemas de pagamento de leite no Brasil, nos seis principais estados produtores. Analisou e discutiu a diferenciação de preços do leite em decorrência do pagamento de bonificações por volume de 1666 produtores dentro de 62 diferentes linhas de coleta de 5 cooperativas. Cerca de 34% das cooperativas amostradas no Brasil pagam por volume e cerca de 55% das cooperativas utilizam os critérios de volume e qualidade na remuneração dos produtores. Para o pagamento do frete, 58% das cooperativas cobram o frete somente pelo volume entregue, enquanto 23% utilizam os critérios distância e volume no cálculo do frete e 19% das cooperativas cobram o frete dos produtores pela distância percorrida. Na segunda etapa foram selecionadas cinco cooperativas que utilizavam somente o critério volume no pagamento do leite. O volume total captado no mês pela amostra foi de 4.300.810 litros, em 62 linhas de coleta das cinco cooperativas. A média foi de 106 litros/dia por produtor, com um mínimo de 0,6 litros até um valor máximo de 3983 litros/dia para o maior produtor. O trabalho também analisou o frete pago por litro. A média da amostra foi de R$ 0,029/litro, com um pagamento variando desde nenhuma cobrança de frete até R$ 0,070 por litro. O valor líquido por litro apresentou uma média de R$ 0,373, com um mínimo de R$ 0,255 e um valor máximo de R$ 0,541, variações de 112%. Foi observado que o valor recebido pelo litro do leite aumenta significativamente com o aumento do volume. As constatações efetuadas permitem afirmar que o valor do frete cobrado aos produtores, como se poderia esperar, está vinculado positivamente ao tamanho da rota de coleta e ao número de produtores na rota e negativamente ao volume coletado de cada produtor. Essas mesmas variáveis influem também de acordo com a lógica econômica nos preços recebidos pelos produtores. Observou-se, todavia, que o volume produzido influenciava positivamente os preços recebidos também por outras vias que não seu impacto sobre o valor do frete. Essa é, fora de dúvida, uma forte evidência favorável à discriminação de preços contra os menores produtores, embora não seja uma prova cabal da ocorrência de tal fato. / This article aimed to study payment systems of milk in Brazil, in the six main producing states. It analyzed and discussed the different milk prices practiced due to the paying of bonus per volume, of 1,666 producers, among 62 different lines of collect of 5 cooperatives. Roughly 34% of the studied cooperatives in Brazil pay per volume and around 55% of the cooperatives use the criteria of volume and quality to pay producers´ income. For the freight payment, 58% of the cooperatives charge the freight only based on the volume delivered, whereas 23% use the criteria of distance and volume in the figures and 19% of the cooperatives charge producers the freight based on the distance run. On the second phase was chosen 5 cooperatives, which use only the criterion of volume to pay the milk. The amount of volume obtained in the month studied totaled 4,300,810 liters, in 63 lines of collect of 5 cooperatives. The average was 106 liters/day per producer, with the minimum of 0.6 liters up to a maximum value of 3,983 liters/day for the biggest producer. The study also analyzed the freight paid per liter. The average of the study was R$ 0.029/liter, with the payment ranging from no charge of freight up to R$ 0.070 per liter. The net value per liter showed an average of R$ 0.373, with the minimum of R$ 0.255 and a maximum price of R$ 0.541, variations of 112%. It was observed that the value received per liter of milk significantly increases with the raise of volume. The conclusions obtained alow to state that the price of the freight charged on the producers, as It was expected, is linked positively to the length of the route of collect and to the number of producers in the route and negatively to the volume collected from each producer. These very variables affect also according to the economic logic of the prices received by producers. It was noticed, however, that the volume produced affected positively the prices received also by other vias that did not have any impact on the freight price. This is, without doubt, one strong evidence favorable to the discrimination of prices against minor producers, even thought it is not a real proof of such fact.

O presente trabalho estudou os sistemas de pagamento de leite no Brasil, nos seis principais estados produtores. Analisou e discutiu a diferenciação de preços do leite em decorrência do pagamento de bonificações por volume de 1666 produtores dentro de 62 diferentes linhas de coleta de 5 cooperativas. Cerca de 34% das cooperativas amostradas no Brasil pagam por volume e cerca de 55% das cooperativas utilizam os critérios de volume e qualidade na remuneração dos produtores. Para o pagamento do frete, 58% das cooperativas cobram o frete somente pelo volume entregue, enquanto 23% utilizam os critérios distância e volume no cálculo do frete e 19% das cooperativas cobram o frete dos produtores pela distância percorrida. Na segunda etapa foram selecionadas cinco cooperativas que utilizavam somente o critério volume no pagamento do leite. O volume total captado no mês pela amostra foi de 4.300.810 litros, em 62 linhas de coleta das cinco cooperativas. A média foi de 106 litros/dia por produtor, com um mínimo de 0,6 litros até um valor máximo de 3983 litros/dia para o maior produtor. O trabalho também analisou o frete pago por litro. A média da amostra foi de R$ 0,029/litro, com um pagamento variando desde nenhuma cobrança de frete até R$ 0,070 por litro. O valor líquido por litro apresentou uma média de R$ 0,373, com um mínimo de R$ 0,255 e um valor máximo de R$ 0,541, variações de 112%. Foi observado que o valor recebido pelo litro do leite aumenta significativamente com o aumento do volume. As constatações efetuadas permitem afirmar que o valor do frete cobrado aos produtores, como se poderia esperar, está vinculado positivamente ao tamanho da rota de coleta e ao número de produtores na rota e negativamente ao volume coletado de cada produtor. Essas mesmas variáveis influem também de acordo com a lógica econômica nos preços recebidos pelos produtores. Observou-se, todavia, que o volume produzido influenciava positivamente os preços recebidos também por outras vias que não seu impacto sobre o valor do frete. Essa é, fora de dúvida, uma forte evidência favorável à discriminação de preços contra os menores produtores, embora não seja uma prova cabal da ocorrência de tal fato. / This article aimed to study payment systems of milk in Brazil, in the six main producing states. It analyzed and discussed the different milk prices practiced due to the paying of bonus per volume, of 1,666 producers, among 62 different lines of collect of 5 cooperatives. Roughly 34% of the studied cooperatives in Brazil pay per volume and around 55% of the cooperatives use the criteria of volume and quality to pay producers´ income. For the freight payment, 58% of the cooperatives charge the freight only based on the volume delivered, whereas 23% use the criteria of distance and volume in the figures and 19% of the cooperatives charge producers the freight based on the distance run. On the second phase was chosen 5 cooperatives, which use only the criterion of volume to pay the milk. The amount of volume obtained in the month studied totaled 4,300,810 liters, in 63 lines of collect of 5 cooperatives. The average was 106 liters/day per producer, with the minimum of 0.6 liters up to a maximum value of 3,983 liters/day for the biggest producer. The study also analyzed the freight paid per liter. The average of the study was R$ 0.029/liter, with the payment ranging from no charge of freight up to R$ 0.070 per liter. The net value per liter showed an average of R$ 0.373, with the minimum of R$ 0.255 and a maximum price of R$ 0.541, variations of 112%. It was observed that the value received per liter of milk significantly increases with the raise of volume. The conclusions obtained alow to state that the price of the freight charged on the producers, as It was expected, is linked positively to the length of the route of collect and to the number of producers in the route and negatively to the volume collected from each producer. These very variables affect also according to the economic logic of the prices received by producers. It was noticed, however, that the volume produced affected positively the prices received also by other vias that did not have any impact on the freight price. This is, without doubt, one strong evidence favorable to the discrimination of prices against minor producers, even thought it is not a real proof of such fact.

A questão central dessa tese é entender as razões e a natureza das falhas de coordenação em sistemas agroindustriais complexos. A temática de falhas de coordenação é um problema multifacetado e complexo, representando um desafio para pesquisadores. Uma observação crítica das organizações leva à conclusão de que as falhas organizacionais, faceta visível das falhas de coordenação, são a regularidade no mundo organizacional. Essa constatação instiga e justifica esta pesquisa, sendo seu objeto de estudo a transação entre o produtor rural e a indústria frigorífica no Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) da carne bovina. Especificamente, buscou-se estudar a razão e a natureza das falhas organizacionais a partir de diferentes aportes teóricos, com foco nas falhas de natureza institucional e informacional. Analisou-se o papel das instituições formais e informais para a resolução dos conflitos no SAG da carne bovina e as falhas na transmissão de incentivos ao longo de subsistemas de qualidade. Com base no suporte teórico oferecido pela Nova Economia Institucional, especialmente a Economia dos Custos de Transação, a Teoria do Agente-Principal e a Teoria dos Custos de Mensuração, desenvolveu-se três ensaios: dois ensaios empíricos e um ensaio teórico. O ensaio teórico explorou os determinantes da cooperação e das falhas de coordenação sob diferentes lentes e discutiu-se a necessidade de uma Teoria das Falhas. Um constructo analítico foi proposto e as dimensões de ordem institucional e informacional foram posteriormente exploradas nos ensaios empíricos. No primeiro ensaio empírico, considerou-se a dimensão institucional das falhas e investigou-se a falta de garantias na transação produtor indústria frigorífica no mercado spot. Analisou-se a cadeia de garantias da transação e, por meio de um modelo de regressão logit ordenado, investigou-se a relação da percepção de risco dos produtores com o padrão da transação e das suas garantias. No segundo ensaio empírico, baseado na dimensão informacional das falhas, analisou-se o papel das instituições formais e informais como mecanismos de incentivos não pecuniários em subsistemas estritamente coordenados. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um modelo analítico matemático e um modelo estratégico (jogo). Como consideração final, destacou-se a necessidade de uma Teoria das Falhas que contemple de modo integrativo todas as nuances desse fenômeno recorrente no mundo das organizações as falhas organizacionais. Concluiu-se, também, que as instituições formais e informais são variáveis relevantes para a minimização da ocorrência das falhas, seja por oferecer garantias à transação ou por representar mecanismos não pecuniários para a transferência de incentivos em subsistemas coordenados. / The core aspect of this thesis is the understanding of the reasons and the nature of coordination failures in complex agrisystems. The issue of coordination failure is a multifaceted and complex problem, posing a challenge to researchers. A critical observation of the real world leads to the conclusion that organizational failures, which are the observable face of coordination failures, are the regularity. This finding encourages and justifies this research. The object of analysis is the transaction between the farmer and the meatpacking industry in the beef agrisystem. The aim of this research is to study the reason and the nature of organizational failures from different theoretical frameworks, focusing on the institutional and the informational dimensions. The role of formal and informal institutions for conflict resolution in the beef system and the failures in the transmission of incentives along a quality subsystem were analyzed. Based on the theoretical support provided by New Institutional Economics, especially the Economics of Transaction Costs, the Principal-Agent Theory and the Theory of Measurement Cost, three papers were developed: two empirical and one theoretical. The theoretical one explored the determinants of cooperation and coordination failures from different lenses and discussed the need for a \"Theory of Failure.\" An analytical construct was proposed and the institutional and the informational dimensions were subsequently explored in empirical essays. In the first empirical essay, the institutional aspect was tackled and the lack of guarantees in the transaction under spot market coordination was investigated. The chain of guarantees of the transaction was analyzed and an ordered logit regression model was developed to investigate the producers risk perception related to the transaction and the guarantee pattern. In the second empirical essay, which was based on the informational dimension of failures, the role of formal and informal institutions as non-pecuniary incentive mechanisms in strictly coordinated subsystem was studied. For this purpose, an analytical mathematical model and a strategic model (game) were developed. As a final consideration, the need for a \"Theory of Failure\" was stressed. This theory might encompass in an integrated way all the aspects of this recurrent phenomenon of the world of organizations - the organizational failures. Also, it was concluded that formal and informal institutions are important variables to minimize the occurrence of failures, either by offering guarantees to the transaction or by representing mechanisms for non-pecuniary incentives along a coordinated subsystem.

A questão central dessa tese é entender as razões e a natureza das falhas de coordenação em sistemas agroindustriais complexos. A temática de falhas de coordenação é um problema multifacetado e complexo, representando um desafio para pesquisadores. Uma observação crítica das organizações leva à conclusão de que as falhas organizacionais, faceta visível das falhas de coordenação, são a regularidade no mundo organizacional. Essa constatação instiga e justifica esta pesquisa, sendo seu objeto de estudo a transação entre o produtor rural e a indústria frigorífica no Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) da carne bovina. Especificamente, buscou-se estudar a razão e a natureza das falhas organizacionais a partir de diferentes aportes teóricos, com foco nas falhas de natureza institucional e informacional. Analisou-se o papel das instituições formais e informais para a resolução dos conflitos no SAG da carne bovina e as falhas na transmissão de incentivos ao longo de subsistemas de qualidade. Com base no suporte teórico oferecido pela Nova Economia Institucional, especialmente a Economia dos Custos de Transação, a Teoria do Agente-Principal e a Teoria dos Custos de Mensuração, desenvolveu-se três ensaios: dois ensaios empíricos e um ensaio teórico. O ensaio teórico explorou os determinantes da cooperação e das falhas de coordenação sob diferentes lentes e discutiu-se a necessidade de uma Teoria das Falhas. Um constructo analítico foi proposto e as dimensões de ordem institucional e informacional foram posteriormente exploradas nos ensaios empíricos. No primeiro ensaio empírico, considerou-se a dimensão institucional das falhas e investigou-se a falta de garantias na transação produtor indústria frigorífica no mercado spot. Analisou-se a cadeia de garantias da transação e, por meio de um modelo de regressão logit ordenado, investigou-se a relação da percepção de risco dos produtores com o padrão da transação e das suas garantias. No segundo ensaio empírico, baseado na dimensão informacional das falhas, analisou-se o papel das instituições formais e informais como mecanismos de incentivos não pecuniários em subsistemas estritamente coordenados. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um modelo analítico matemático e um modelo estratégico (jogo). Como consideração final, destacou-se a necessidade de uma Teoria das Falhas que contemple de modo integrativo todas as nuances desse fenômeno recorrente no mundo das organizações as falhas organizacionais. Concluiu-se, também, que as instituições formais e informais são variáveis relevantes para a minimização da ocorrência das falhas, seja por oferecer garantias à transação ou por representar mecanismos não pecuniários para a transferência de incentivos em subsistemas coordenados. / The core aspect of this thesis is the understanding of the reasons and the nature of coordination failures in complex agrisystems. The issue of coordination failure is a multifaceted and complex problem, posing a challenge to researchers. A critical observation of the real world leads to the conclusion that organizational failures, which are the observable face of coordination failures, are the regularity. This finding encourages and justifies this research. The object of analysis is the transaction between the farmer and the meatpacking industry in the beef agrisystem. The aim of this research is to study the reason and the nature of organizational failures from different theoretical frameworks, focusing on the institutional and the informational dimensions. The role of formal and informal institutions for conflict resolution in the beef system and the failures in the transmission of incentives along a quality subsystem were analyzed. Based on the theoretical support provided by New Institutional Economics, especially the Economics of Transaction Costs, the Principal-Agent Theory and the Theory of Measurement Cost, three papers were developed: two empirical and one theoretical. The theoretical one explored the determinants of cooperation and coordination failures from different lenses and discussed the need for a \"Theory of Failure.\" An analytical construct was proposed and the institutional and the informational dimensions were subsequently explored in empirical essays. In the first empirical essay, the institutional aspect was tackled and the lack of guarantees in the transaction under spot market coordination was investigated. The chain of guarantees of the transaction was analyzed and an ordered logit regression model was developed to investigate the producers risk perception related to the transaction and the guarantee pattern. In the second empirical essay, which was based on the informational dimension of failures, the role of formal and informal institutions as non-pecuniary incentive mechanisms in strictly coordinated subsystem was studied. For this purpose, an analytical mathematical model and a strategic model (game) were developed. As a final consideration, the need for a \"Theory of Failure\" was stressed. This theory might encompass in an integrated way all the aspects of this recurrent phenomenon of the world of organizations - the organizational failures. Also, it was concluded that formal and informal institutions are important variables to minimize the occurrence of failures, either by offering guarantees to the transaction or by representing mechanisms for non-pecuniary incentives along a coordinated subsystem.

隨著消費者行為的快速變化以及消費者對服務品質的要求提高，提供高品質的服務已經成為企業重要的策略。本研究透過「PZB 模型」從服務提供者和消費者兩個角度來探討台灣有機產業裡存在的服務缺口。 這些年有機連鎖店不斷的成長並成為重要的銷售通路之一，因此本研究選定有機連鎖公司以及有機連鎖店的消費者為研究對象。本研究採取個案研究方法，透過文獻、深度訪談、二手紀錄等方式蒐集資料，以有機連鎖公司以及消費者對服務缺口之觀點來分析及探討，並提出具參考價值的建議，讓相關企業未來可加以運用。 研究結果顯示目前有機產業裡的連鎖公司採取較被動的方式來了解消費者的需求；由於台灣有機產業裡的連鎖公司大多為中小企業，有限的能力和資源常成為滿足消費者需求最大的阻礙；有機連鎖公司缺乏服務品質的衡量指標，在供應商管理方面還需要加強；以上因素造成服務缺口的存在。此外，針對一般大眾對有機概念的推廣和教育還需要持續加強；產品資訊、品質、以及價格成為消費者在衡量服務品質的重要考量；加強推廣行動更能夠滿足消費者對有機產業的期望；另外，提升消費者對有機產品之信心亦為重要的改進方向。 / Facing rapid changes of customer behavior and increasing customers demand on service quality, delivering high quality service is adapted as an important strategy in businesses. This study applies the PZB Model to investigate the service gaps in the organic industry in Taiwan from the perspective of both service providers and customers. In recent years organic chain stores have become an important distribution channels for organic products. Therefore, organic chain store companies and organic chain stores customers are selected to be respondents. Using case study method, this study collects and analyzes data by collecting literature review, gathering secondary data, and conducting interviews with organic chain store companies and customers. The findings can serve as reference to future improvement in the industry. This study finds that current companies still use passive approaches to understand customer demands. Since most of companies in this industry are small and medium enterprises, limited capabilities and resources often become barriers when fulfilling customer demands. Companies are lacking of service performance measurement and quality improvement program. All of these situations can cause the existence of service gaps. Other findings showed that in general organic customers already have an understanding of the organic concept. However, the industry still needs efforts to communicate with people who currently aren’t customers. Product information, product quality, and price become important considerations for customers in assessing service quality in this industry. Moreover, customer trust and confidence in organic products should be increased and became an important focus of the government as well as the management to stimulate industry growth.

(in English): The aim of the thesis was to try to analyze the various generational experiences in the local space in their relation to the identity and mentality of persons born in different time periods. The work explores one particular village in southern Bohemia. The first chapters deal with the theoretical foundations of the work, the history of the village, the development in Czechoslovakia and the development in the South Bohemian countryside. The following chapters focus on childhood, education, agriculture and industry, changing into state socialism, trying to uncover the possible emerging different generational experiences.

企業經營過程中面對組織轉型與創新策略擬定過程中，要如何「形成」創新策略並且有效「執行」創新策略，常常為各企業所面臨到之最大挑戰。而管理會計系統─平衡計分卡與SWOT-Scorecard之功能，即是幫助企業進行策略之初期形成至導入，不僅協助企業形成與聚焦策略外，同時落實策略之執行與績效追蹤。過去研究鮮少將平衡計分卡與農企業之經營進行結合，更少探討農企業如何形成較有效益之創新策略，因此本研究將結合SWOT-Scorecard與藍海策略、藍色經濟三者創新策略「形成」之工具與觀念，其後再運用平衡計分卡執行創新策略。 本論文採用個案研究方式進行，將探討台灣有機微型農業之經營困境與未來機會，並結合「SWOT-Scorecard、藍海策略、藍色經濟」等創新策略之形成工具與相關概念，與個案農場一同討論與研擬形成屬於台灣農業微型企業經營之創新策略。之後再透過「平衡計分卡」導入創新策略，藉由策略地圖之研擬落實策略在四大構面與各項指標。 / When business faceing the organizational transformation or in the stage of inovative strategies forming, the biggest challenges for most of the companies are how to form an innovative strategy and how to effectively implement the strategies to whole organization. However, Balanced Scorecard and SWOT-Scorecard are both serve the functions to help business manager to form new strategy and implement into organization. Not only these two management accounting tools help the company to focus on most important strategies but also company can track the KPI and performance. Previous studies rarely focus on the Implementation of Balace Scorecard in Agriculture industry. Moreover, rarely studies did research on how to help small agriculture business to form a new strategy. The research will implement SWOT-Scorecard, Blue Ocean strategy, Blue economy concept to form the new strategy. Later will use Balanced Scorecard to conduct the strategies into organization. The research was adopted in case-study method which will cover Taiwan organic agriculture miniature operating difficulties and future opportunities. By using SWOT-Scorecard system combine with Blue Ocean Strategy and Blue Economy concept to develpoe new strategy for the company. The innovative strategies then implement to the company by Balanced Scorecard system, the strategy map will use to help forming KPI wheich relalted to the strategies for the company.

Decades  ago,  1  ton  of  steel  required  80  kg  of  refractory  material.  While  the  scenario  has completely changed over the years. Today, 1 ton of steel needs approximately 11 kg of refractory material   depending   on   the   steelworks.   Refractories   are   accustomed   to   high-temperature processes,  for  example,  producing  steel,  glass,  etc.  The amount of  spent  refractories has  also increased  with the increase in demand for its production. For the manufacturing of refractories, there is a tremendous use of virgin raw materials but with the increase in price and reducing raw material   sources,   it  will   be  difficult  to   continue  in  that   way  in  the  future.  While,  the environmental  concerns  in  steel  industries  are  increasing  on  a  rapid  scale  such  as  global environmental pollution, natural  resource conservation, and the most important increase in cost for  landfilling.  Therefore,  achieving  zero  waste  and  proper  usage  of  material  from  spent refractories is necessary for economic and environmental reasons in future. This project work focuses on collecting information regarding the refractory waste management for  aid  towards   more   sustainable  Swedish  steel  industries.  The  project  is  carried  out  in collaboration  with  KTH  Royal  Institute  of  Technology  and  the  Swedish  steel  producers association  Jernkontoret.  This  work  focuses  on  a   survey   of  well-known  Swedish  steel companies Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) AB and Höganäs AB. The scientific work concentrates on the investigation of MgO-C bricks mixed waste, collected from Mireco AB, up to a grain size of 20 mm. Three samples of varying compositions and different grain sizes were collected  from  the  recycling  site  and  processed  for  carbon  reduction.  On  several  trails,  the maximum  carbon  elimination  was  achieved at a  temperature higher than  800°C with holding time longer than 5h. The fines underwent mechanical pressing of 40 MPa to form pellets of 16 mm and 32 mm in diameter. The main traced elements of MgO, SiO2, CaO, Al2O3  and Fe2O3  can be utilized for applications in the agricultural industry. MgO is present in the maximum quantity (70-80%).  By  possible  extraction  of  MgO  from  the  fines  can  be  employed  in  the  crucible industry,  construction industry  and steel  industry for slag  formation. The MgO  in the form of supplements for magnesium deficient soils or calcium magnesium oxide for neutralizing the pH of  the  soil  by  balancing  the  acidity  can  be  employed.  The  compatibility of the  fines can be helpful  to  resolve  transportation  issues and benefit  convenient addition to processes. Overall, this  work  brings  to  the  fore  a  high  potential  for  using  such  waste  refractory  materials  forapplications besides landfilling with an emphasis on agriculture. / För decennier sedan krävde 1 ton stål 80 kg eldfast material. Medan scenariot har förändrats helt genom åren. Idag behöver 1 ton stål cirka 11 kg eldfast material beroende på stålverk. Eldfasta produkter är vana vid högtemperaturprocesser, till exempel produktion av stål, glas etc. Mängden förbrukade  eldfasta  produkter  har  också  ökat  med  ökad  efterfrågan  på  dess  produktion.  För tillverkning av eldfasta produkter finns det en enorm användning av jungfruliga råvaror men med prisökningen  och  minskade  råvarukällor  blir  det  svårt  att  fortsätta  på  det  sättet  i  framtiden. Medan  miljöproblemen  inom  stålindustrin  ökar  i  snabb  skala,  såsom  global  miljöförorening, bevarande av naturresurser och den viktigaste ökningen av kostnaderna för deponering. Därför är det  nödvändigt  att  i  framtiden  uppnå  noll  slöseri  och  korrekt  användning  av  material  från förbrukade eldfasta anläggningar av ekonomiska och miljömässiga skäl. Detta projektarbete fokuserar på att samla in information om eldfast avfallshantering för stöd till mer  hållbar  svensk  stålindustri.  Projektet  genomförs i samarbete  med KTH Royal  Institute of Technology och den svenska stålproducentföreningen Jernkontoret. Detta arbete fokuserar på en undersökning  av  välkända  svenska  stålföretag  Sandvik  Materials  Technology (SMT) AB  och Höganäs AB. Det vetenskapliga arbetet koncentrerar sig på undersökningen av blandat avfall av MgO-C-tegel,  samlat  från Mireco  AB, upp till en kornstorlek på 20 mm. Tre prover med olika kompositioner  och  olika  kornstorlekar  samlades  från  återvinningsstället  och  bearbetades  för kolreduktion. På flera stigar uppnåddes den maximala kolelimineringen vid en temperatur högre än 800 ° C  med en hålltid  längre än 5 timmar.  Böterna  genomgick mekanisk  pressning av 40 MPa  för att bilda pellets med 16 mm och 32 mm i diameter. De viktigaste spårade elementen i MgO,  SiO2,  CaO,  Al2O3 och Fe2O3  kan användas för applikationer inom jordbruksindustrin. MgO finns i den maximala kvantiteten (70-80%). Genom möjlig utvinning av MgO från böterna kan användas i degelindustrin, byggindustrin och stålindustrin för slaggbildning. MgO i form av tillskott  för  magnesiumbristjord  eller kalciummagnesiumoxid för neutralisering av jordens pH genom balansering  av surheten  kan användas. Böternas kompatibilitet kan vara till hjälp för att lösa transportproblem och gynna praktiska tillägg till processer. Sammantaget ger detta arbete en hög   potential   för   att   använda   sådana   eldfasta   avfallsmaterial   för   applikationer   förutomdeponering med tonvikt på jordbruk

This study examines the value of travellers’ written records of their trips with specific reference to the journals of five French travellers who visited Scotland between 1780 and 1830. The thesis argues that they contain material which demonstrates the merit of journals as historical documents. The themes chosen for scrutiny, life in the rural areas, agriculture, industry, transport and towns, are examined and assessed across the journals and against the social, economic and literary scene in France and Scotland. Through the evidence presented in the journals, the thesis explores aspects of the tourist experience of the Enlightenment and post -Enlightenment periods. The viewpoint of knowledgeable French Anglophiles and their receptiveness to Scottish influences, grants a perspective of the position of France in the economic, social and power structure of Europe and the New World vis-à-vis Scotland. The thesis adopts a narrow, focussed analysis of the journals which is compared and contrasted to a broad brush approach adopted in other studies.

The vision of New Zealand as a 'knowledge society' is a mantra that has opened the twenty-first century. Underpinning any 'knowledge society', however; are people who turn resources into concrete products and who build, maintain and service the technological and social infrastructure essential to society. This thesis examines the skilled trades and, in particular, how people are trained for those trades. Industry training is a crucial component of the wealth-generating capabilities of New Zealand. It is also an essential part of the way that many young people make the transition from school to work and from adolescence to adulthood. The means of training tradespeople has moved over the years from the rigid and prescriptive apprenticeship system, to the more voluntaristic, industry-led 'industry training' strategy, introduced following the Industry Training Act 1992. Regardless of the system used to organise training, however, there have been long-standing problems in New Zealand with achieving the optimum number of skilled workers, possessing the correct 'mix' of skills required. In this research, based upon semi-structured interviews with industry training stakeholders four industry case studies, policy content analysis and an in-depth examination of the Modem Apprenticeships scheme, I ask three key questions. First, what are the things that, as a country, we could or should reasonably expect a 'good' industry training system to contribute to? These may be things like: an adequate supply of appropriately skilled workers, the ability to upskill or reskill these workers as needed, clear transition routes for young people, lifelong learning opportunities, equity goals and foundation skills. Second, I ask how the current system performs against these criteria. The short answer is that the performance is 'patchy'. There are dire skill shortages in many areas. While opportunities for workplace upskilling, reskilling or 'lifelong learning' are available, I argue that they are not yet cemented into a 'training culture'. Workplace-based learning is an important transition route for a small percentage of our young people but the favoured route is some form of tertiary education, which may be an expensive and not necessarily relevant option. Third, I ask why the performance of New Zealand's industry training system is often less than desirable. My argument is that the problems and solutions thereof, of skill formation in New Zealand have been understood largely in terms of the supply-side. That is, we have either critiqued, or looked to reform, whatever system has been in place to train skilled workers. The inadequacy of this approach is evident from weaknesses in the ability of either the prescriptive apprenticeship system or the voluntaristic industry training strategy to deliver an appropriately skilled workforce. Thus, I also examine the demand side of skill formation: the wider influences that impact on employers' training decisions. Training decisions made by individual employers, the aggregation of which represent the level and quality of training for New Zealand as a whole, are influenced by a plethora of factors. At the micro level of the employer or firm, I explore barriers to training and some of the constraints to the demand for skills. I then examine broader influences, such as the changing shape of the workforce, labour market regulation and wider economic factors, all of which impact on training levels.