In the past few years, there has been a growth in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) numbers in segregated airspace. However, although there is an interest in integrating large UAS into non-segregated airspace, the safety challenges on its integration arise from the inclusion of new ways of reaching unsafe states into the airspace. Furthermore, Air Traffic Controllers (ATCo) aim to o?er appropriate levels of safety and efficiency and to solve issues present in complex situations. Although the UAS technology may be used in di?erent situations and brings several advantages to the airspace (e.g. efficiency), it may bring uncertainties due to the fact that ATCos may not be familiar with them. Throughout the years, this impact may be lower then it is nowadays due to the fact that the present lack of familiarity in the relationship between UAS and ATCo contributes to higher workload levels. Furthermore, Terminal Maneuvering Area (TMA), which composes the controlled airspace and in which the final sector in contained, is a critical control area normally established at the confluence of Air Traffic Service (ATS) routes in which the aircraft tend to be closer to each other. Thus, operations in this particular area are conducted carefully and, in order to achieve desirable levels of safety and efficiency, standard procedures are established. In some cases, however, standard procedures cannot be followed and the sequencing of the aircraft during the approach, which is a highly challenging task due to complex maneuvers constraints, must be performed by the ATCo in a manner to respect the minimum separation of aircraft and to avoid flights through cumulonimbus (CB). Finally, the main goal of defining a final arrival segment is to deliver the set of aircraft from the final sector of the TMA to the final phase of its landing procedure, i.e., the final approach, considering the operation efficiency and safety. The main objective of this research is to propose a parallel swarm-based method for optimizing final aircraft arrival segments design, i.e., routes that connects the final sector to the Initial Approach Fix (IAF), considering the UAS presence. This is conducted from two perspectives: ATCo workload, which is related to safety, and sequencing duration, which is related to efficiency. Furthermore, di?erent phases of UAS integration are considered, i.e., from early stages of its integration to a mature stage of its operation by means of the Technology Maturity Level (TML) usage, which is a scale that measure the familiarity between the ATCo with the aircraft. Finally, the solutions consider airspace restrictions such as minimum separation between aircraft and bad weather conditions, i.e., the presence of cumulonimbus (CB). The experiments conducted show that this approach is able to build safe and efficient solution even in situations with a high number of aircraft. / Nos últimos anos, houve um crescimento, no espaço aéreo segregado, nos números do Veículos Aéreos Não-Tripulados (VANT). No entanto, embora exista interesse em integrar grandes VANT em espaço aéreo não-segregado, os desafios de segurança decorrem da inclusão de novas formas de alcançar estados inseguros no espaço aéreo (ATCo) tem como objetivo oferecer níveis adequados de segurança e eficiência e resolver problemas presentes em situações complexas. Embora VANTs possam ser usados em diferentes situações e trazem várias vantagens para o espaço aéreo (por exemplo, eficiência), podem trazer incertezas devido ao fato de que os ATCos não estão familiarizados com essa tecnologia. Ao longo dos anos, esse impacto pode ser menor, e atualmente a falta de familiaridade na relação entre VANT e ATCo contribui para níveis mais altos de carga de trabalho. Além disso, a Área Terminal (TMA), que compõe o espaço aéreo controlado, é uma área de controle crítico normalmente estabelecida na confluência de rotas do Servi¸co de Tráfego Aéreo (ATS), nas quais as aeronaves tendem a estar mais próximas umas das outras. Assim, as operações nesta área particular são realizadas com cuidado e, para alcançar níveis desejáveis de segurança e eficiência, os procedimentos padrão são estabelecidos. Em alguns casos, no entanto, procedimentos padrão não podem ser seguidos e o sequenciamento da aeronave durante a aproximação, que é uma tarefa desafiadora por conta das restrições de manobras complexas, deve ser realizada pelo ATCo de forma a garantir separação mínima entre aeronaves e evitar voos através de cumulonimbus (CB). Finalmente, o principal objetivo de definir um segmento de chegada final ´e entregar o conjunto de aeronaves do setor final, da TMA, para a fase final do seu procedimento de pouso, ou seja, a aproximação final, considerando a eficiência e a segurança da operação. O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método paralelo baseado em enxame para otimizar o projeto final de segmentos de chegada de aeronaves, ou seja, rotas que conectem o setor final com o Fixo de Aproximação Inicial (IAF), considerando a presença de VANTs. Esse processo ´e conduzido a partir de duas perspectivas: a carga de trabalho do ATCo, que est´a relacionada à segurança, e a duração da sequenciamento, que está relacionado à eficiência. Além disso, são consideradas diferentes fases da integração de VANTs, ou seja, desde os primeiros estágios de sua integra¸c~ao at´e um estágio maduro de sua operação por meio do uso do Nível de Maturidade Tecnológica (TML), que é uma escala que mede a familiaridade entre o ATCo e a aeronave. Finalmente, as soluções consideram as restrições do espaço aéreo, como a separação mínima entre aeronaves e condições climáticas adversas, isto é, a presença de cumulonimbus (CB). Os experimentos realizados mostram que essa abordagem é capaz de criar soluções seguras e eficientes mesmo em situações com um grande número de aeronaves.

Flight planning is a large part of the air traffic operations that are presently being conducted. Airlines strive to achieve the cheapest and most cost effective routes for their flights, resulting in aircraft sometimes flying longer routes in order to avoid expensive airspaces with high unit rates. This issue has been an ongoing obstacle for the Swedish air navigation provider, LFV, as some airlines tend to fly over the Baltic Sea, through the Baltic countries, instead of the shorter route through Swedish airspace. These protracted routes result in extra kilometers being flown yearly,consuming extra fuel, as well as imply a revenue loss to LFV and Sweden. The conclusions of this study is that the airspace dodging behavior generate a revenue loss to LFV, totaling approximately €5 032 354 million per year. Should these flights fly the shortest route between their origin and destination, the before mentioned sum would mean an increase in LFV’s reported revenue from air traffic control services by 2%. Airspace dodging also results in roughly 380 408 superfluous kilometers being flown and 1 874 486 liters of additional fuel being consumed every year.

This thesis analyses the programme Single European Sky, which aims to reorganise the air space and to supply navigation and air traffic services in Europe. It describes the current state of implementation in the individual functional blocks of the air space as well as presents Maastricht Upper Area Control.

Atualmente a utilização do padrão IPS (Internet Protocol Suite) na ATN compreende os conceitos de mobilidade IP, de convergência na comunicação ar-terra e também as sub-redes ATN em terra. A ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) cita a ATN/IPS que é baseada em conexões suportadas pelos protocolos TCP e UDP na camada de transporte e IPv6 na camada de rede. A ATN/IPS deve ser capaz de suportar o ATSC (Air Traffic Service Communication), o AAC (Aeronautical Administrative Communications), bem como o AOC (Aeronautical Operational Communications). Tendo em vista tal panorama, este trabalho de pesquisa aborda um estudo sobre o comportamento do protocolo MIPv6 para a mobilidade IP, analisando a capacidade de roteamento das aeronaves com o objetivo de complementar o serviço de navegação de forma mais precisa, introduzindo-se o conceito de mobilidade à capacidade de flexibilidade e escalabilidade para as aeronaves e os sistemas em terra. Como forma de atingir tal objetivo, primeiramente é realizada uma análise no canal VHF a fim de aferir as possíveis interferências que possam ocorrer em comunicações entre a aeronave e o Controle de Tráfego Aéreo. Após, implementa-se o ambiente onde são simulados os testes de comportamento do protocolo MIPv6. / Currently the use of standard IPS (Internet Protocol Suite) in the ATN it comprehends the concepts of IP mobility, convergence in the air-to-ground communication and also ATN sub-nets in land. The ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) mentions the ATN/IPS, which is based on connections supported by TCP and UDP protocols in the transport layer and by IPv6 in the net layer. The ATN/IPS must be able to support the ATSC (Air Traffic Service Communication), the AAC (Aeronautical Administrative Communications), as well as the AOC (Aeronautical Operational Communications). In view of such a scenario, a study on the behavior of the MIPv6 protocol for mobility IP is approached, analyzing the capacity of router of the aircraft so as to complement the navigation service more accurately, introducing the concept of mobility to the flexibility capacity and scalability for the aircraft and the systems in land. In order to attain this goal, first an analysis in the VHF channel is carried out in order to gauge the possible interferences that may occur in communications between the aircraft and the Air Traffic Control. After that, the environment is implemented where the behavior tests of the MIPv6 protocol are simulated.

Atualmente a utilização do padrão IPS (Internet Protocol Suite) na ATN compreende os conceitos de mobilidade IP, de convergência na comunicação ar-terra e também as sub-redes ATN em terra. A ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) cita a ATN/IPS que é baseada em conexões suportadas pelos protocolos TCP e UDP na camada de transporte e IPv6 na camada de rede. A ATN/IPS deve ser capaz de suportar o ATSC (Air Traffic Service Communication), o AAC (Aeronautical Administrative Communications), bem como o AOC (Aeronautical Operational Communications). Tendo em vista tal panorama, este trabalho de pesquisa aborda um estudo sobre o comportamento do protocolo MIPv6 para a mobilidade IP, analisando a capacidade de roteamento das aeronaves com o objetivo de complementar o serviço de navegação de forma mais precisa, introduzindo-se o conceito de mobilidade à capacidade de flexibilidade e escalabilidade para as aeronaves e os sistemas em terra. Como forma de atingir tal objetivo, primeiramente é realizada uma análise no canal VHF a fim de aferir as possíveis interferências que possam ocorrer em comunicações entre a aeronave e o Controle de Tráfego Aéreo. Após, implementa-se o ambiente onde são simulados os testes de comportamento do protocolo MIPv6. / Currently the use of standard IPS (Internet Protocol Suite) in the ATN it comprehends the concepts of IP mobility, convergence in the air-to-ground communication and also ATN sub-nets in land. The ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) mentions the ATN/IPS, which is based on connections supported by TCP and UDP protocols in the transport layer and by IPv6 in the net layer. The ATN/IPS must be able to support the ATSC (Air Traffic Service Communication), the AAC (Aeronautical Administrative Communications), as well as the AOC (Aeronautical Operational Communications). In view of such a scenario, a study on the behavior of the MIPv6 protocol for mobility IP is approached, analyzing the capacity of router of the aircraft so as to complement the navigation service more accurately, introducing the concept of mobility to the flexibility capacity and scalability for the aircraft and the systems in land. In order to attain this goal, first an analysis in the VHF channel is carried out in order to gauge the possible interferences that may occur in communications between the aircraft and the Air Traffic Control. After that, the environment is implemented where the behavior tests of the MIPv6 protocol are simulated.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / It is within the perception, the reality and the problematic of international air travel that this thesis is situated. It argues that a space has been created for international air travel, which is conceptually and physically demarcated from normative social space, the Transit Zone. The thesis examines four sites constituting the Transit Zone using both political and social theory and the analysis of performance and visual artworks that explore, explain or contest aspects of the sites. The first site is concerned with the construction of nation-state territory, population and legal movement. Its physical expression can be found at the border between the Transit Zone and the nation-state. However, its conceptual reach is much more extensive, appearing in immigration policy, national law, international covenants, data-sharing practices and the creation of a space external to, yet within, the nation-state system. This site creates the Transit Zone’s paradoxical position of being excluded from nation-state territory while simultaneously defining it. The second site is premised on the (in)security of civil aviation and explores the striving towards absolute security, and the unachievability of that goal. This is a reflection of the prevalence of (in)security discourses in contemporary society. The third site is created by corporate interest within the airport terminal and the aeroplane. It is the site of logistics and sales, of the passenger functioning both as an object or unit of movement and as a desiring purchasing subject. The fourth site is constructed through the imagination – it is made up of the ideas, cultural dreams and responses that have accreted around the site of the Transit Zone. These intimate and personal responses transform the Transit Zone from a site of function, profit and government control to a vehicle for the construction and realisation of fears, fantasies and rites of passage. This thesis demonstrates that many contemporary issues infuse and surround the Transit Zone. Immigration, national defence, international politics, logistics, social interaction and cultural fantasy all collide there. It explores the complexity of the Transit Zone’s paradoxical collection of sites and systems, which can not be reduced to one single reading. The Transit Zone has evolved, and continues to do so, in response to government and international demands, legal problems, technological advancements, logistical and commercial needs, and social changes. In doing so, its evolution redefines and articulates contemporary concerns. Additionally the thesis reveals an extensive artistic engagement with the Transit Zone and the contemporary concerns it articulates. Art is used as a designated imaginative space that challenges the established reality and the art works discussed change our understanding of the Transit Zone.

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) represent a significant potential for growth in the aerospace industry. Their use in military operations has increased exponentially in the last decade alone, requiring a corresponding increase in training airspace in the United States. In addition to military usage, UAS have the potential to fulfill a myriad of roles for both the public and private sectors. However, the use of UAS has been limited in the National Airspace System (NAS) to military and public applications and only under fairly restrictive Certificates of Authorization or Waiver (COA). The only way to truly realize the potential of UAS is to fully integrate them into the NAS. The desire to integrate UAS was recently codified into law with the 2012 FAA Modernization Act, mandating integration by specific, fairly short timelines. There are several challenges currently preventing the full integration of UAS that range from technological to procedural areas. However, the one common theme in all of these challenges is Safety. Across the literature on this topic there is no consensus on how safe UAS need to be to achieve integration, whether UAS can currently meet specified safety targets, and if not, what is the best way to achieve the safety goals. The purpose of this effort was to demonstrate a comprehensive framework for analyzing UAS integration efforts using a Target Level of Safety (TLS) approach. Using reliability tools, aircraft encounter models, and data from a wide variety of sources ranging from manned aircraft safety, explosives, falling debris and earthquake damage, the primary outcome of the effort was a better understanding of the risk to second and third party persons as a result of UAS operations in the NAS. This framework and associated models are validated using reliability and casualty data from manned aircraft operations. The framework is then applied to several relevant and specific cases to demonstrate the impact of policy decisions on UAS reliability and allowed operational areas. The supporting research and analysis can serve as a baseline for future integration analysis and decision-making efforts, and was designed to allow stakeholders and decision makers in this field to assess UAS safety, and set minimum system reliability requirements and mitigation system effectiveness standards.

The Cuban Crisis of October 22-28, 1962, pitted against each other the two world giants who have weapons that can destroy each other and at the same time all of human society. The suspenseful events of that week brought the world to the brink of World War III. As the crisis receded upon agreement of the Soviet Union to remove the offensive missiles from Cuba and by the States to refrain, under certain conditions, from invading Cuba, so did the memory of that week. [...]

Contemporary trends in civil aviation show a noticeable tendency towards integration of national airline enterprises in many regions of the world. This attitude springs from the economic realities of air transport, the progress of which has been retarded generally by excessive competition and, in certain particular regions, also by such factors as shortages in financial resources and experienced personnel, inadequate equipment, and, at times, inherent difficulties in the operation of air services. [...]