Ce projet propose une étude comparée de deux cinéastes essentiels, dont l'œuvre montre un fort rapport à l'onirisme et à l'imaginaire : Alain Resnais et Federico Fellini. Ayant commencé à la même époque (après la Seconde Guerre mondiale), ils ont traversé plusieurs périodes en parallèle. Nombre d'aspects les rapprochent, malgré leurs différences de styles et de cultures. Alain Resnais porte un regard sur l'histoire contemporaine, mais travaille également sur la vision subjective, la mémoire individuelle, et divers états de conscience. Fellini porte un regard acerbe sur la bourgeoise italienne, et propose simultanément un vagabondage dans les consciences et l'inconscient marqué par le merveilleux et l'onirique. Les deux cinéastes refusent de limiter la réalité « au constat purement objectif d'un monde scientifiquement analysable » pour montrer une « autre réalité », qu'il s'agit ici de questionner à l'aide de différentes théories (psychanalytiques, littéraires, philosophiques…). / This project proposes a comparative study between two essential film directors: Alain Resnais and Federico Fellini. Their work shows a strong relation with the oneiric and the imaginary. They began in the same period (after the Second World War) and they shared the same historical experiences in two different countries. Despite a difference of style and culture, a lot of aspects approach them. Alain Resnais focuses on contemporary history, but he works also on the subjective vision, individual memory, and different states of consciousness. Fellini focuses on the Italian bourgeoisie and he proposes simultaneously a kind of vagrancy in the conscious and in the unconscious, always marked by the oneiric. The two film directors refuse to limit the reality «to an objective analysis of a world scientifically analyzable». They want to show an «other reality». We want to interrogate this reality with the help of different theories (psychoanalytic, literary, philosophical…).

This dissertation is a rhetorical study of the critical reception of the French film Hiroshima mon amour (1959; dir.: Alain Resnais; screenplay: Marguerite Duras). My main argument is that the themes of love and technology followed a dialectical progression in the critical reception of Hiroshima mon amour. They were important and politically charged in the first essays on the film at the turn of the Sixties. But they lost momentum and became more neutral due to the academization of Film Studies and to the rise of semiology that privileged linguistic abstractions. The return of the themes of love and technology in the Eighties signals the search for renewed forms of commitment. However, this commitment "through abstraction" is also predicated on forgetting. In fact, a different understanding of commitment does not allow remembering that Hiroshima mon amour was also a protest against the first French atomic test in Algeria and its colonial implications. My dissertation examines the limits of what can be said through different paradigms of criticism and commitment through the careful study of the rhetorical situation of each critical act. Jacques Derrida's twin concepts of aimance and of the peut-être guide my research. I examine how we can think Hiroshima mon amour on the background of the paradoxical communities that invented new forms of political participation in postwar France. The early debate on the representation of "mad love" in Resnais' film signaled a concern for the way in which modern technology undermined the binary oppositions between war/peace, civilian/military, and friend/enemy. The paradoxical communities that originated from this realization opened to rhetorical articulations that united people with no communal party membership. Derrida's politics of aimance carries on this reflection on the peut-être by targeting the traditional view that envisions the political as limited to the public sphere and tend to exclude women. By contrast, Hiroshima mon amour empowered women because it tapped into the dark territories of the private in order to show that modern technology had colonized the intimate and daily life. Hence, women critics could acquire a strong political voice from the oppression of the private.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A multiplicidade pela sintaxe cinematografica.pdf: 2463609 bytes, checksum: 4c0b40e3077b1eaa2d0ac2dd5a214ea7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of study of this research is the multiplicity at the semiotic process in Smoking and No Smoking, aiming to deep in the narrative and esthetics questions of these Alain Resnais movies. At the same time they structure themselves on a new way of narrative, these two twin works point out to the dissolution of the esthetics barriers determined by the formats, incorporating to them different languages, esthetics, genres and works. The movies come from the same situation to develop twelve different and independent stories, carnivaling the characters sense, sequence and dialogs. To this narrative complexity, add esthetics elements from the XIX century scenery to the games, from the theater to the hipertextual applicative. This diversity of elements points out to a multiplicity produced at the building of sense in the narrative and esthetics sphere. The notion of multiplicity is assumed at the same time as being an integrant of the object of study and of the analysis methodology carried out. In this sense, the multiplicity concept suggested by Ítalo Calvino is taken into account, on the literature field, in the search of a theoretical deep at the contemporary thinking. This way is made possible through Mikhail Bakhtin s concepts of polyphony, dialogism and carnivalesque and to Gilles Deluze and Feliz Guattari s notions of rhizome, moving forward to the dialogic relations among movie, theater, scenery, digital means, information architecture and games. Finally, the approach between the multiplicity applied in Smoking and No Smoking and the concept of rhizome is carried out, making evident that multiplicity is essential in the building of sense process at Resnais works / A presente pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a multiplicidade nos processos de construção de sentido em Smoking e No Smoking, visando um aprofundamento sobre as questões narrativas e estéticas destes filmes de Alain Resnais. Ao mesmo tempo em que se estruturam sobre uma a forma da narrativa permutativa, estas duas obras gêmeas apontam para a dissolução das barreiras estéticas determinadas pelos formatos, incorporando diferentes linguagens, estéticas, gêneros e obras. Os filmes partem da mesma situação para desenvolver doze histórias diferentes e autônomas, carnavalizando o sentido dos personagens, seqüências e diálogos. A esta complexidade narrativa, somam-se elementos estéticos intertextuais que vão dos panoramas do século XIX aos games, do teatro aos aplicativos hipertextuais. A diversidade de elementos aponta para a multiplicidade operada nos processos de construção de sentido nos âmbitos estético e narrativo. A noção de multiplicidade é assumida ao mesmo tempo como integrante do objeto de estudo e da metodologia das análises realizadas. Para isso, parte-se do conceito de multiplicidade proposto por Ítalo Calvino, no campo da literatura, em busca de um aprofundamento teórico no pensamento contemporâneo. Este percurso é viabilizado metodologicamente pelos conceitos de polifonia, dialogismo e carnavalesco de Mikhail Bakhtin e pela noção de rizoma de Gilles Deluze e Feliz Guattari, avançando rumo às relações dialógicas entre cinema, teatro, panorama, meios digitais, arquitetura da informação e games. Por fim, é realizada a aproximação entre a multiplicidade implicada em Smoking e No Smoking e o conceito de rizoma, evidenciado a multiplicidade como elemento fundamental nos processos de construção de sentido das obras de Resnais

The audio visual essay, or ”film/video essay” as it might be better known, has in recent years started to enjoy a level of popularity previously unseen in its long and obscure history; encouraging a proper reexamination of the genre through the years, to see how it has developed and changed throughout its lifetime to finally arrive at where it is today. With a lineage stretching back across the centuries, through to the 16th -century writings of Michel de Montaigne, the essay format, either as it manifests in the traditions of literature or the audio visual mode, is a curious form of expression, preferring an indirect route towards knowledge, marked by quandary, reflection, the trying and retrying ideas in a process built around the act of searching. Because of its unusual and shifting nature, on both a formal and discursive level, coupled with a propensity for analysis and dialectical reasoning, it has been a staple of transgressive aesthetic practices, landing it with several of leading experimental filmmakers and movements of the pre- and postwar eras. Interestingly, however, in the new cultural landscape, shaped by the advent of the digital revolution, it has also been involved in a politically transgressive arena of democratized home productions, sparking discussion about the imperative conditions and potential future possibilities of media creation as a whole. To make sense of these historical proceedings, and the forces which impel them, a cohesive definition of the genre is in order, which can then be used as the basis of a functional historical model. As such, the following questions are prompted: What characteristics define the audio visual essay, in what ways has it manifested throughout its history and, by extension, how does one go about formulating a conception of its history? To accommodate these queries both an essayistic mode of analysis, concerning a work’s discursive and formalistic properties, and a chronological lineage of the audio visual essay, is proposed, and applied to different historical examples, to map out paths of development and progression as well as the genres response to the varying cultural, social, political and technological forces during its lifetime.