Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

<p>Compulsory treatment is regulated by the Care of Alcoholics and Drug Abusers Act (LVM; 1988:870), and aims, among other things, at motivating addicts to treatment. Research has, up til now, mostly disregarded the client-perspective on compulsory measures. This dissertation has its starting point in the experiences of 54 alcohol- and drug addicts. The intention is to describe and analyse their view on coercive care and the possibilities to become motivated for change and/or voluntary treatment in such a context.</p><p>A central question during the interviews (which took place at five different institutions for compulsory commitments) is the addicts´ problem recognition, desire for help and willingness to participate in treatment. These dimensions are also illuminated quantitatively by use of a questionnaire. The results of this questionnaire form the basis of a division of the addicts into three groups with varying de-gree of treatment motivation. Comparisons between the groups are done with reference to the evaluation of present treatment context and of the institutions’ efforts to enhance motivation. In addition to this the groups are compared regarding how they perceive limita-tions in their freedom of action.</p><p>The results showed that the three groups had different motiva-tional structures. The “least motivated” stated that the addiction was not their major problem and wanted no help with that aspect of their lives. The “middle-group” claimed to have alcohol-/drug problems that, however, were not too serious. They were not sure that the coercive care was adequate for their situation. The “most motivated” said that they had vast problems with their addiction, were help-seeking and satisfied with having the chance to participate in any kind of treatment program at all. Less differences between the groups were noticeable when it came to a direct evaluation of com-pulsory treatment. The majority reported that they, through the co-ercion, had been exposed to violations of their autonomy. Whether motivated for treatment or not, the interviewees were also sceptical about the possibilities of the institutions to enhance motivation among the incarcerated addicts.</p><p>In the dissertation, addiction and motivation is furthermore dis-cussed from the perspective of rational choice and motivational the-ory. It is concluded that committed addicts think and act strategically in order to maximise their personal use of involuntary incarcerations. It is also asserted that their view on what happens during commit-ment, in some respects, is opposed to the “establishment’s”. For instance, the addicts claim that you don’t become motivated by way of compulsory treatment, while the opposite of their notion form the basis of the legislation.</p>

Compulsory treatment is regulated by the Care of Alcoholics and Drug Abusers Act (LVM; 1988:870), and aims, among other things, at motivating addicts to treatment. Research has, up til now, mostly disregarded the client-perspective on compulsory measures. This dissertation has its starting point in the experiences of 54 alcohol- and drug addicts. The intention is to describe and analyse their view on coercive care and the possibilities to become motivated for change and/or voluntary treatment in such a context. A central question during the interviews (which took place at five different institutions for compulsory commitments) is the addicts´ problem recognition, desire for help and willingness to participate in treatment. These dimensions are also illuminated quantitatively by use of a questionnaire. The results of this questionnaire form the basis of a division of the addicts into three groups with varying de-gree of treatment motivation. Comparisons between the groups are done with reference to the evaluation of present treatment context and of the institutions’ efforts to enhance motivation. In addition to this the groups are compared regarding how they perceive limita-tions in their freedom of action. The results showed that the three groups had different motiva-tional structures. The “least motivated” stated that the addiction was not their major problem and wanted no help with that aspect of their lives. The “middle-group” claimed to have alcohol-/drug problems that, however, were not too serious. They were not sure that the coercive care was adequate for their situation. The “most motivated” said that they had vast problems with their addiction, were help-seeking and satisfied with having the chance to participate in any kind of treatment program at all. Less differences between the groups were noticeable when it came to a direct evaluation of com-pulsory treatment. The majority reported that they, through the co-ercion, had been exposed to violations of their autonomy. Whether motivated for treatment or not, the interviewees were also sceptical about the possibilities of the institutions to enhance motivation among the incarcerated addicts. In the dissertation, addiction and motivation is furthermore dis-cussed from the perspective of rational choice and motivational the-ory. It is concluded that committed addicts think and act strategically in order to maximise their personal use of involuntary incarcerations. It is also asserted that their view on what happens during commit-ment, in some respects, is opposed to the “establishment’s”. For instance, the addicts claim that you don’t become motivated by way of compulsory treatment, while the opposite of their notion form the basis of the legislation.

Part of Thesis--Copenhagen. / Summary in English and Danish. Bibliography: p. [318]-342.

Este estudo tem por objetivo descrever a estrutura global de entrevistas de primeira vez entre uma psicóloga e usuários de álcool e/ou outras drogas, tomando como recurso os movimentos interacionais e as ações sequenciais neles realizadas, a partir do instrumental teórico-analítico da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica, com foco nos conceitos de organização seqüencial e de agenda conversacional. O trabalho explora e problematiza o uso da ficha, espécie de roteiro disponibilizado pela instituição, e da agenda da profissional no processo investigativo em curso. Os dados indicaram que a ficha apresenta-se como instrumento de avaliação limitado. A psicóloga, então, necessita ampliar as questões e utilizar recursos sobressalentes para suprir a falta na execução da tarefa proposta. A análise revelou que a disposição dos movimentos interacionais orienta-se fortemente para a avaliação, permitindo-se que se visualize a agenda deste encontro. As entrevistas organizam-se em sete movimentos interacionais: identificar o usuário de álcool e outras drogas, investigar o histórico familiar, constituir a dinâmica da drogadição, etc. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e colaborativa e destina-se a contribuir para a reflexão a respeito da prática profissional psicológica na área da saúde / This study seeks to describe the overall structure of a group of ten first-time interviews between a pshycologist and an alcohol and/or other drugs users, through both the interactional movements and the sequentional actions taken in each movement, based on the theorethical and analytical tools comprised in the Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis, with a focus on the concepts of sequentional organization and conversational agenda. The research explore and criticizes the use of patients file, a kind of script kept by the institution, and the psychologist `s agenda in the investigative process. The results of this study showed the patients file was presented as a limited instrument of assessment. Then, it is necessary for psychologist to enlarge the issues and use all spare resources to solve the difficult in performing the proposal task. The analysis showed the arrangement of interactional movements are strongly conducted for evaluation, allowing it to visualize the agenda in this interview. The interviews are organized in seven interactional movements: identify the alcohol and others drugs users, investigate the familiar history, constitute the dynamics of the drug addiction, etc. The research is a qualitative and collaborative nature and intends to contribute for a reflection about the psycologist`s professional practice in healthy

Este estudo tem por objetivo descrever a estrutura global de entrevistas de primeira vez entre uma psicóloga e usuários de álcool e/ou outras drogas, tomando como recurso os movimentos interacionais e as ações sequenciais neles realizadas, a partir do instrumental teórico-analítico da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica, com foco nos conceitos de organização seqüencial e de agenda conversacional. O trabalho explora e problematiza o uso da ficha, espécie de roteiro disponibilizado pela instituição, e da agenda da profissional no processo investigativo em curso. Os dados indicaram que a ficha apresenta-se como instrumento de avaliação limitado. A psicóloga, então, necessita ampliar as questões e utilizar recursos sobressalentes para suprir a falta na execução da tarefa proposta. A análise revelou que a disposição dos movimentos interacionais orienta-se fortemente para a avaliação, permitindo-se que se visualize a agenda deste encontro. As entrevistas organizam-se em sete movimentos interacionais: identificar o usuário de álcool e outras drogas, investigar o histórico familiar, constituir a dinâmica da drogadição, etc. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e colaborativa e destina-se a contribuir para a reflexão a respeito da prática profissional psicológica na área da saúde / This study seeks to describe the overall structure of a group of ten first-time interviews between a pshycologist and an alcohol and/or other drugs users, through both the interactional movements and the sequentional actions taken in each movement, based on the theorethical and analytical tools comprised in the Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis, with a focus on the concepts of sequentional organization and conversational agenda. The research explore and criticizes the use of patients file, a kind of script kept by the institution, and the psychologist `s agenda in the investigative process. The results of this study showed the patients file was presented as a limited instrument of assessment. Then, it is necessary for psychologist to enlarge the issues and use all spare resources to solve the difficult in performing the proposal task. The analysis showed the arrangement of interactional movements are strongly conducted for evaluation, allowing it to visualize the agenda in this interview. The interviews are organized in seven interactional movements: identify the alcohol and others drugs users, investigate the familiar history, constitute the dynamics of the drug addiction, etc. The research is a qualitative and collaborative nature and intends to contribute for a reflection about the psycologist`s professional practice in healthy

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre plus large des travaux menés par le groupe de recherche Drug, Alcool and Violence International (DAVI) qui cherche à préciser la nature des liens qui se tissent entre l’alcool, les drogues et la violence chez trois groupes de jeunes - étudiants, décrocheurs, contrevenants - des villes de Montréal, Toronto, Philadelphie et Amsterdam. Elle explore plus spécialement les dimensions du capital social, familial, individuel et délinquant comme étant des voies d’explication possibles de la relation constatée entre la consommation d’alcool et de drogues et la manifestation de gestes de violence chez les jeunes de la grande région montréalaise fréquentant le milieu scolaire secondaire. Trois objectifs spécifiques de recherche sont poursuivis soit : 1) déterminer, à travers une recension des écrits scientifiques, les modalités formant les dimensions du capital social, familial, individuel et délinquant; 2) cerner empiriquement dans les données, quelles sont les modalités à disposition permettant de rendre compte de la contribution du capital social, du capital familial, du capital individuel et du capital délinquant dans l’explication de la relation alcool/drogues et violence chez les jeunes; et 3) vérifier si les dimensions à l’étude influencent a) la consommation par les jeunes d’alcool et de drogues; b) la manifestation par eux de comportements délinquants, et plus spécialement de comportements violents, et c) la relation entre alcool, drogues et violence chez les jeunes fréquentant le milieu scolaire secondaire montréalais en fonction de ces dimensions. L’échantillon de type aléatoire est composé de 995 répondants (garçons et filles ) qui se répartissent dans huit écoles secondaires francophones et deux écoles secondaires anglophones provenant des secteurs public ou privé et de milieu favorisé ou défavorisé se trouvant sur les territoires des villes de Montréal, Laval et Longueuil constituant « la grande région de Montréal ». Les participants devaient répondre à un questionnaire composé de 138 questions dont la grande majorité sont fermées. Les données sociodémographiques caractérisant le jeune et son environnement, ses rapports avec sa famille, ses amis, l’école, son quartier, sa consommation d’alcool et de drogues, l’existence dans sa vie de comportements violents dont il aurait été auteur ou victime, la manifestation de gestes de délinquance ou de troubles de comportement sont les principales dimensions de la vie du jeune sondées par le questionnaire utilisé. D’entrée de jeu, spécifions que peu importe les substances consommées, très peu d’étudiants en font un usage problématique et que l’on ne note aucune propension à la délinquance chez la majorité des élèves de l’échantillon En somme, les analyses amènent à conclure à l’existence de relations statistiquement significatives entre la consommation d’alcool, de marijuana et de drogues dures et la propension à la délinquance et aux troubles de comportement, ces relations étant de force variable allant de modérée à forte. Toutefois, il faut bien noter que ces relations ne touchent qu’un petit nombre des élèves du secondaire participant à notre étude, comme ce fût le cas dans d’autres études. Plus spécifiquement, le capital familial paraît influencer seulement la consommation de marijuana. Ainsi, plus le degré de supervision parentale diminue, plus la fréquence de consommation de marijuana augmente. Le capital individuel produit un impact plus important sur la consommation d’alcool, de marijuana et de drogues dures, les troubles de comportement, et la propension à la délinquance. Ainsi, plus le capital individuel est affecté négativement, plus la consommation d’alcool, de marijuana et de drogues dures de même que la propension à la délinquance et aux troubles de comportement seront importants. Le capital social, quant à lui, explique davantage la consommation de marijuana que la consommation d’alcool et de drogues dures ou encore la manifestation de troubles de comportement et la propension à la délinquance. Finalement, le capital délinquant paraît influencer la consommation d’alcool, de marijuana et de drogues dures. Son influence se fait ressentir également, mais dans une moindre mesure, sur la manifestation de troubles de comportement et la propension à la délinquance. À notre grande surprise, la dimension du capital familial qui se révèle être particulièrement influente dans les écrits scientifiques ne ressort pas dans nos analyses comme nous l’avions envisagé. Nous attribuons cet état de fait aux limites imposées par l’utilisation d’une banque de données constituée initialement à d’autres fins que celles visées dans notre étude, et dans laquelle les facteurs reliés au capital familial, identifiés dans les écrits, n’étaient pas tous présents. Nul doute à que la consommation de substances psychoactives et la propension à la délinquance et aux troubles de comportement sont des comportements présents dans la population juvénile. Les modèles généralement utilisés pour expliquer les comportements déviants à l’étude ne produisent pas de résultats probants en ce qui concerne les écoliers, une population de jeunes d’ailleurs rarement étudiée à cet égard. Le modèle d’explication au cœur de nos analyses, mettant à contribution les dimensions du capital social, familial, individuel et délinquant, paraît prometteur surtout en ce qui concerne le capital délinquant, et ce, en dépit des limites imposées par la banque de données utilisée. À la lumière des résultats obtenus, il semble que l’explication de la cooccurrence de la consommation de substances psychoactives et de la propension à la délinquance et aux troubles de comportement soit multifactorielle. Les principaux facteurs contributifs sont ceux du capital délinquant pour la consommation d’alcool, de marijuana et de drogues dures de même que pour la propension à la délinquance alors les troubles de comportement se révèlent davantage expliqués par les facteurs composant le capital individuel. Nous estimons que la combinaison des dimensions du capital familial, individuel, social et individuel constitue une voie d’explication prometteuse de la relation alcool/drogue et violence chez les jeunes. Il nous apparaît dès lors qu’un instrument de collecte de données spécifiquement conçu pour en explorer le potentiel explicatif devrait être à la base de prochaines recherches en ce sens. / The topic of this study joins the wider frame of the works led by the research group Drug, Alcohol and Violence International (DAVI) which tries to clarify the nature of the links between alcohol, drugs and violence amongst the youth (students, dropouts, offenders) from Montreal, Toronto, Philadelphia and Amsterdam. The study investigates more specifically the dimensions of social, family, individual and delinquent capital as being possible ways to explain the relationship between alcohol and drug consumption and the demonstration of violence amongst the youth from Montreal frequenting a high school environment. To do so, we pursue three specific research objectives: 1) to determine, through a review of the litterature, the modalities of the social, family, individual and delinquent capital; 2) to empirically encircle in our data, which modalities can be used to account for the contribution of social, family, individual and delinquent capital in the explanation of the relationship between alcohol/drugs and violence amongst the youth; and 3) to verify if the studied dimensions influence a) the consumption of alcohol and drugs amongst the youth; b) the emergence of delinquent behaviour and more specially violent behaviour, and c) the relationship between alcohol, drugs and violence amongst the youth frequenting Montreal high schools. Our random sample consists of 995 respondents (boys and girls) from eight French-speaking and two English-speaking schools from both the public and private sectors and from privileged and underprivileged environments in the cities of Montreal, Laval and Longueuil, also called the Greater Montréal. Participants had to answer a questionnaire consisting of 138 questions, the great majority of which were closed. The sociodemographic data characterizing the youths and their environment, their relationships with their families, their friends, their school, their district, their alcohol and drugs consumption, the existence in their life of violent behaviour (being the aggressor or the victim), the demonstration of criminal gestures or behavioural disorders are the main dimensions of their life sounded by the questionnaire. From the outset, let us specify that regardless of the substance, very few students use them in a problematic fashion and that no inclination to crime was noted in the majority of our sample. In fact, our analysis brings us to conclude the existence of statistically significant relationships between the consumption of alcohol, marijuana and hard drugs and the inclination to crime and behavioural disorders, these relations being of variable strengths, going from moderate to strong. However, it is necessary to note that these relations touch only a small portion of high school students participating in the study, as was observed in other studies. More specifically, family capital appears to influence only marijuana consumption. So, the less parental supervision is present, the more marijuana consumption increases. We notice that individual capital produces a more important impact on alcohol, marijuana and hard drug consumption, on behavioural disorders and on the inclination to crime. So, as individual capital is negatively affected, the more the consumption of alcohol, marijuana and hard drugs as well as the inclination to behavioural disorders and crime will be important. The share capital, better explains the consumption of marijuana than that of the alcohol and hard drugs or better still, the demonstration of behavioural disorders and the inclination to crime. Finally, the delinquent capital appears to influence alcohol, marijuana and hard drugs consumption. Its influence is felt also, to a lesser proportion, on the demonstration of behavioural disorders and the inclination to crime. To our surprise, the dimension of family capital which is particularly influential in scientific papers does not stand out in our analyses as we had envisioned it. We attribute this to the limits of the data bank used which was established for purposes other than those aimed in our study, and in which factors connected to family capital were not all present. There is no doubt that the consumption of psychoactive substances and the inclination to behavioural disorders and to crime are found amongst the youth. The explanatory models, generally used to explain deviant behaviours, do not produce convincing results for high school students, a population of young people rarely studied in this respect. The model at the heart of our analyses which puts to contribution the dimensions of share, family, individual and delinquent capital seems promising, especially with regards to delinquent capital, and this, in spite of the limits imposed by our data bank. In light of the results, it seems that the incidence of the concurrence of the consumption of psychoactive substances and the inclination to behavioural disorders and to the crime is multifactorial. The main contributory factors are those of the delinquent capital for the consumption of alcohol, marijuana and hard drugs as well as the inclination to behavioural disorders and to crime which are better explained by the component factors of the individual capital. We consider that the combination of the dimensions of family, individual, social and individual capital constitutes a way of explaining the relation alcohol / drug and violence amongst the youth. It appears to us that a data collection instrument specifically designed to investigate the explanatory potential should be at the basis of the next research.

There is a perception that drug use is a serious and growing problem to be solved by medicine, social work and drug enforcement agencies. This thesis takes a critical standpoint again such populist views and interprets drug use as one of any number of normal activities that people engage. This qualitative research utilising a bricoleur ethnographic methodology focuses on the drug taking of non-treatment seeking illegal drug users. The data reveals that they manage several social identities and the potential stigma of being discovered as an illicit user of illegal drugs utilising several strategies to remain intentionally unseen. The thesis explores how and in what way socially competent drug users differ from visible treatment seeking drug users. In order to develop this understanding, several gatekeepers were identified and within their social networks the participants were recruited into this research. The participants (n=24) were recruited from a wide range of age groups (21-52) and geographical locations within Scotland. One to one interviews, a focus group, and several pair bonded partners were interviewed together providing rich sources of data. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically from a social constructionist perspective. The findings illuminate the ways in which the intentionally unseen identify and manage risks from drugs, drugs policy and the potential shame and stigma were their hidden social worlds revealed. The practical implications of the results of this thesis are explored and recommendations for future research are discussed.

The diploma thesis deals with psychosis. Portraits of people who suffered from some type of psychosis, and which in most cases is caused by long-term drug abuse or drinking of alcohol. This is depicted with figurative painting in such a way that the painting that its style and the color spectrum corrensponds to the profile of a person with this form of mental illness and mental changes in the brain at different stages of of the disease. The output will be a series of paintings of a united size of formats that will be based , thematically a basis of dialogues with people who currently suffer or have suffered from some psychosis. The authenticity of the experiences of these people with toxic psychosis is very sensitive material, therefor it is proccessed, in this series, in such a way that can it bring closer to the viewers to posibally unimaginable situations and ways of perception of reality.