Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_fs_me_mar_parcial.pdf: 102655 bytes, checksum: 04d4cdc53f389adaeabd311bd7240a0e (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-25T13:00:50Z: carvalho_fs_me_mar_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-25T13:03:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000696604_20160309.pdf: 102478 bytes, checksum: 789a7cb5df1bb73151547778ca2694b2 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-03-11T14:06:56Z: 000696604_20160309.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-11T14:07:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000696604.pdf: 4720084 bytes, checksum: 5f4455d9feedeb1c1c5152395e291d3d (MD5) / Na teoria social, uma maneira de entender a relação que envolve grupos particulares e o Estado, quando a ação pública é voltada para o interesse privado, recebe o nome de hegemonia, um conceito desenvolvido pelo italiano Antonio Gramsci. Segundo Gramsci, é possível compreender o Estado como uma arena onde muitos grupos ou classes sociais tentam obter poder e atenção aos seus interesses. Em uma situação de hegemonia, um grupo ou grupos está tão entrelaçado com o governo que os seus interesses particulares são defendidos como se fossem parte do interesse público ou geral da nação. Esta é a grande vantagem para o grupo que alcança a hegemonia. Se a hegemonia é a estratégia, uma das táticas para obtê-la é o lobby. Lobby descreve as ações capazes de influenciar as áreas públicas de uma forma legal e moral, diferente de corrupção. A hegemonia, com as ferramentas do lobby, torna o Estado um soldado para proteger os grupos de uma forma ampla, pois as ameaças podem estar na própria sociedade ou advindos da área internacional. Olhando para o exterior, as relações internacionais e seus impactos domésticos, Robert Putnam, com sua Teoria dos Jogos de Dois Níveis, mostra uma maneira de compreender como o Estado, frente às oportunidades e riscos na área internacional para seus grupos nacionais, atua em negociações internacionais, tendo que lidar com as possibilidades de ratificação ou deserção de um acordo, dependendo de seu win set doméstico. Todas estas amplas questões teóricas são necessárias para compreender um aspecto do Brasil. Durante quase 500 anos de história nacional, um grupo tem sido parte da estrutura econômica, política e social do país. As atividades relacionadas... / In social theory, one way to understand the relationship involving particular groups and the State, when the public action is directed to private interest, gets the name of hegemony, a concept developed by the Italian Antonio Gramsci. According to Gramsci it’s possible to understand the State as an arena where many groups or social classes try to get power and attention to its interests. In a situation of hegemony a group or groups are so interlaced with the government that its particular interests are defended as if they were part of public or general interest of the nation. This is a great advantage to the group that gets the hegemony. If the hegemony is the strategy, one of the tactics to get it is the lobby. Lobby describes the actions able to influence the public areas in a legal and moral way, different from corruption. The hegemony, with the tools of lobby, makes the State a soldier to protect the groups in a large way, because the threats can stay between the society and came from the international area. Looking to abroad, the international relations and the national impacts of them, Robert Putnam with his “Two Level Game Theory”, shows a way to understand how the State, facing opportunities or risks to its national groups in international area, acts in international negotiations, dealing with the possibilities of ratification or defection of an agreement, according with its national win set. All this wide theoretical questions are necessary to realize an aspect of Brazil. During almost the 500 years of Brazilian history a group has been part of the economic, politic and social feature of the country. The sugar cane activity has been with Brazil since it was officially discovered by Portuguese. The group around this... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 antonangelo_atbf_dr_botib.pdf: 1383699 bytes, checksum: 62761d8607d84c569f6220176bc59b97 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Brasil é atualmente o maior produtor mundial de álcool de cana de açúcar, sendo responsável por uma produção anual de aproximadamente 27 bilhões de litros. O álcool é produzido através da fermentação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar e/ou melaço por células de levedura da espécie Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Embora, atualmente, muitas indústrias utilizem cepas selecionadas de S. cerevisiae como iniciadoras, a condição não estéril dos substratos torna este processo sujeito a constantes contaminações por bactérias e linhagens de leveduras nativas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e não-Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Estas leveduras nativas dominam rapidamente a população iniciadora do processo por serem cepas genética e fisiologicamente adaptadas às condições daquele ambiente. Tais leveduras podem prejudicar o processo fermentativo, porém, algumas entre elas, podem apresentar características positivas. Atualmente no Brasil várias indústrias acompanham a dinâmica populacional da fermentação por cariotipagem. No entanto este método é dispendioso, demorado e pouco acurado quando se compara a outros métodos moleculares mais sensíveis. Este trabalho se propõe a utilizar a técnica de PCR microssatélite para diferenciar linhagens de leveduras presentes no processo de fermentação em usinas de álcool, acompanhar a dinâmica populacional de uma usina durante uma safra e estudar a diversidade genética e a estrutura populacional das cepas nativas presentes no processo industrial de produção do álcool combustível. O trabalho também visa investigar a presença de single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ou mutações de base única nas cepas nativas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoladas deste processo e relacioná-los à capacidade de floculação e à tolerância ao ambiente industrial estressante. Durante o trabalho... / Brazil is the major world producer of ethanol from sugar cane, producing about 27 billion liters of ethanol a year. Alcohol is the result of sugar cane juice/ molasses fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. Although many sugar mills in Brazil currently start the fermentation process by inoculating selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial strains, it often occurs the incoming of bacteria, native Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast strains because of its unsterile condition. In this process these indigenous strains outnumber the population inoculated and those which are genetically and physiologically better adapted tend to dominate. These strains may either show desirable fermentative qualities or not. The method currently used in Brazil to investigate sugar cane must population is electrophoresis karyotyping, however this method is expensive, time consuming and not very accurate when compared with other more sensitive molecular methods. This work aimed at using microsatellite PCR method for differentiating yeasts strains from alcohol plants fermentation process, monitoring population dynamic of a bioethanol fuel plant during a harvest season and studying the genetic diversity and population structure of native strains from bioethanol production industrial process. This work also aimed at investigating SNPs occurrence among Saccharomyces cerevisiae native strains that could be related with flocculation and stressful industrial environment tolerance. Twenty- four microsatellite loci were tested and 12 of them were polymorphic and capable of differentiating the commercial selected strains BG-1, CAT-1, PE-2 e SA-1 from each other and also capable of screening indigenous strains from the inoculated ones. Four loci were used for monitoring Usina São Manoel harvest season during 2008 where were observed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Marcelo Fernandes de Oliveira / Banca: José Marangoni Camargo / Banca: Pedro Ramos / Resumo: Na teoria social, uma maneira de entender a relação que envolve grupos particulares e o Estado, quando a ação pública é voltada para o interesse privado, recebe o nome de hegemonia, um conceito desenvolvido pelo italiano Antonio Gramsci. Segundo Gramsci, é possível compreender o Estado como uma arena onde muitos grupos ou classes sociais tentam obter poder e atenção aos seus interesses. Em uma situação de hegemonia, um grupo ou grupos está tão entrelaçado com o governo que os seus interesses particulares são defendidos como se fossem parte do interesse público ou geral da nação. Esta é a grande vantagem para o grupo que alcança a hegemonia. Se a hegemonia é a estratégia, uma das táticas para obtê-la é o lobby. Lobby descreve as ações capazes de influenciar as áreas públicas de uma forma legal e moral, diferente de corrupção. A hegemonia, com as ferramentas do lobby, torna o Estado um soldado para proteger os grupos de uma forma ampla, pois as ameaças podem estar na própria sociedade ou advindos da área internacional. Olhando para o exterior, as relações internacionais e seus impactos domésticos, Robert Putnam, com sua "Teoria dos Jogos de Dois Níveis", mostra uma maneira de compreender como o Estado, frente às oportunidades e riscos na área internacional para seus grupos nacionais, atua em negociações internacionais, tendo que lidar com as possibilidades de ratificação ou deserção de um acordo, dependendo de seu win set doméstico. Todas estas amplas questões teóricas são necessárias para compreender um aspecto do Brasil. Durante quase 500 anos de história nacional, um grupo tem sido parte da estrutura econômica, política e social do país. As atividades relacionadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In social theory, one way to understand the relationship involving particular groups and the State, when the public action is directed to private interest, gets the name of hegemony, a concept developed by the Italian Antonio Gramsci. According to Gramsci it's possible to understand the State as an arena where many groups or social classes try to get power and attention to its interests. In a situation of hegemony a group or groups are so interlaced with the government that its particular interests are defended as if they were part of public or general interest of the nation. This is a great advantage to the group that gets the hegemony. If the hegemony is the strategy, one of the tactics to get it is the lobby. Lobby describes the actions able to influence the public areas in a legal and moral way, different from corruption. The hegemony, with the tools of lobby, makes the State a soldier to protect the groups in a large way, because the threats can stay between the society and came from the international area. Looking to abroad, the international relations and the national impacts of them, Robert Putnam with his "Two Level Game Theory", shows a way to understand how the State, facing opportunities or risks to its national groups in international area, acts in international negotiations, dealing with the possibilities of ratification or defection of an agreement, according with its national win set. All this wide theoretical questions are necessary to realize an aspect of Brazil. During almost the 500 years of Brazilian history a group has been part of the economic, politic and social feature of the country. The sugar cane activity has been with Brazil since it was officially discovered by Portuguese. The group around this... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Débora Colombi / Coorientador: Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla / Banca: Maria da Graça Stupiello Andrieta / Banca: Sandra Regina Ceccato Antonini / Banca: Celso Marino / Banca: Eduardo Bagagli / Resumo: O Brasil é atualmente o maior produtor mundial de álcool de cana de açúcar, sendo responsável por uma produção anual de aproximadamente 27 bilhões de litros. O álcool é produzido através da fermentação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar e/ou melaço por células de levedura da espécie Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Embora, atualmente, muitas indústrias utilizem cepas selecionadas de S. cerevisiae como iniciadoras, a condição não estéril dos substratos torna este processo sujeito a constantes contaminações por bactérias e linhagens de leveduras nativas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e não-Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Estas leveduras nativas dominam rapidamente a população iniciadora do processo por serem cepas genética e fisiologicamente adaptadas às condições daquele ambiente. Tais leveduras podem prejudicar o processo fermentativo, porém, algumas entre elas, podem apresentar características positivas. Atualmente no Brasil várias indústrias acompanham a dinâmica populacional da fermentação por cariotipagem. No entanto este método é dispendioso, demorado e pouco acurado quando se compara a outros métodos moleculares mais sensíveis. Este trabalho se propõe a utilizar a técnica de PCR microssatélite para diferenciar linhagens de leveduras presentes no processo de fermentação em usinas de álcool, acompanhar a dinâmica populacional de uma usina durante uma safra e estudar a diversidade genética e a estrutura populacional das cepas nativas presentes no processo industrial de produção do álcool combustível. O trabalho também visa investigar a presença de single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ou mutações de base única nas cepas nativas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoladas deste processo e relacioná-los à capacidade de floculação e à tolerância ao ambiente industrial estressante. Durante o trabalho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil is the major world producer of ethanol from sugar cane, producing about 27 billion liters of ethanol a year. Alcohol is the result of sugar cane juice/ molasses fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. Although many sugar mills in Brazil currently start the fermentation process by inoculating selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial strains, it often occurs the incoming of bacteria, native Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast strains because of its unsterile condition. In this process these indigenous strains outnumber the population inoculated and those which are genetically and physiologically better adapted tend to dominate. These strains may either show desirable fermentative qualities or not. The method currently used in Brazil to investigate sugar cane must population is electrophoresis karyotyping, however this method is expensive, time consuming and not very accurate when compared with other more sensitive molecular methods. This work aimed at using microsatellite PCR method for differentiating yeasts strains from alcohol plants fermentation process, monitoring population dynamic of a bioethanol fuel plant during a harvest season and studying the genetic diversity and population structure of native strains from bioethanol production industrial process. This work also aimed at investigating SNPs occurrence among Saccharomyces cerevisiae native strains that could be related with flocculation and stressful industrial environment tolerance. Twenty- four microsatellite loci were tested and 12 of them were polymorphic and capable of differentiating the commercial selected strains BG-1, CAT-1, PE-2 e SA-1 from each other and also capable of screening indigenous strains from the inoculated ones. Four loci were used for monitoring Usina São Manoel harvest season during 2008 where were observed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

The Piedmont System is a collection of equipment for efficiently removing the juice from sweet sorghum stalks for the production of ethanol. The concept is to separate the whole stalks into pith and rind-leaf fractions, pass only the pith fraction through a screw press, and thus achieve an improvement in juice expression efficiency and press capacity. The operation of three alternative harvesting/processing systems were modeled and compared using computer simulation to determine which system could produce sweet sorghum juice and deliver it to a central plant at the lowest cost per liter of potential ethanol produced. In addition, an energy analysis was done to determine the net energy gain. System A cut the sorghum stalks and hauled them to a crossroads site where they could be stored up to 30 days before juice expression. System B separated the pith and rind-leaf fractions in the field, and juice expression was accomplished at a nearby site. No storage was possible for System B. System C cut the stalks like System A, but then a mobile processor moved through the field to separate the pith and rind-leaf fractions. It was found that the cost of producing feedstock with System C ($0.87/L) was significantly higher than either System A ($0.56/L) or System B ($0.63/L). While the System A cost was slightly lower than that of System B, it is recommended that both Systems A and B should be studied further since small adjustments to the model could eliminate the advantage of System A over System B. Increases in whole-stalk yield and juice sugar level would lower the cost of all three systems by as much as 43%. As the price of energy rises, sweet sorghum is expected to gain an economic advantage over com as a feedstock for ethanol, because of its higher energy ratio. If the by-products are used to produce ethanol through cellulose conversion, the overall energy ratio for sweet sorghum was calculated to be 1.1 compared to 0.8 for corn. The energy ratio if only liquid fuels are considered was 7.9 for sweet sorghum compared to 4.5 for corn. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Silvio Roberto Andrietta / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porto_LiadeMendonca_D.pdf: 3965643 bytes, checksum: af08099e2fd964cfed91edc4842675e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste em determinar o modelo que melhor descreve a fermentação alcoólica industrial, em sistemas contínuos de reatores de mistura em série. Para determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos foi desenvolvido um programa utilizando os dados de análises feitas em amostras retiradas de usinas em operação. Dos modelos testados, o Tosseto (2002), Lee; Pagan; Rogers (1983) e Levenspiel (1980), não apresentaram incoerência física nem problema de convergência sendo estes indicados para descrever a cinética da fermentação alcoólica. Os parâmetros cinéticos comuns aos modelos apresentaram valores semelhantes, onde o parâmetro Ks' limitação pelo substrato, foi de 3,0:t 0,4, o valor da concentração limite pelo produto inibidor, Pmáx' foi 92:t 9 e o fator exponencial de inibição pelo produto, YN, foi 5,3:t 0,9. O fator de inibição pelo substrato do modelo Tosseto (2002), Ki, foi 27:t 5 . O parâmetro X máx ' inibição pela massa celular, e YM, fator exponencial desta inibição, para o modelo Lee; Pagan; Rogers (1983) foram 1O0:t 1 e 0,9:t 0,1, respectivamente. A escolha pelo modelo Tosetto (2002) para implementação do programa de simulação do processo foi devido à tentativa de uma maior abrangência na obtenção das constantes cinéticas devido à possibilidade de inibição pelo substrato. A simulação em regime permanente trata-se da resolução equações algébricas dos balanços de massa do sistema e é capaz de dimensionar a etapa de fermentação de novas plantas a serem implantadas, enquanto que a simulação em regime transiente, tem o intuito de avaliar modificações durante a operação da usina e as equações diferenciais obtidas a partir dos balanços de massa devem ser resolvidas por método numérico, que neste caso foi utilizado o Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem / Abstract: This work aimed to determinate a model that best describes the industrial scale alcoholic fermentation in continuous serial mixing reactors. Software was developed in order to establish the kinetics parameters, using analysis data performed on samples from operating plants. The models described by Tosseto (2002), Lee; Pagan; Rogers (1983) and Levenspiel (1980), did not display physical incoherence or even convergence problems that described alcoholic fermentation kinetics. The kinetics parameters shown in all models presented similar values, like K (substrate limitation) was 3,0:t 0,4, Pmáx (limited product concentration) was 92:t 9 and YN (product inhibition power factor) was 5,3:t 0,9. The K (substrate inhibition) studied by Tosseto (2002) was 27:t 5. X máx (cell mass inhibition) and YM (cell mass inhibition factor power) were respectively 1O0:t 1 and 0,9:t 0,1 to Lee; Pagan; Rogers (1983). The kinetics parameters abranger due the substrate inhibition obtained by Tosetto (2002) this model was chosen in order to implement the simulating software. The stady state simulation is about system' s mass balance algebric equations resolution and is capable to dimension the fermentation step in new plants to be implanted while the unstady state simulation have the intention to evaluate modifications during the plant operation and the differential equations obtained from mass balance must be resolved by numerical methods, in this case, was used the fouth order Runge-Kutta / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

A mixed integer programming model is developed to determine a logistical design for maximizing rates of return to harvest, storage, transportation, and bioreflning of herbaceous crop residue for production of biofuels and feed for ruminant animals. The primary objective of this research is to identify the optimal location, scale, and number of pretreatment and biorefinery plants in northeastern North Dakota. The pretreatment and biorefinery plants are modeled under the assumption that they utilize recent technological advancement in AFEX and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation, respectively. Potential feedstocks include wheat straw, barley straw, Durum straw, and com stover. Results indicate that the minimum ethanol rack price that will effectively trigger the production of cellulosic ethanol is $1.75 per gallon.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through many years of research, a number of production schemes have been developed for converting lignocellulosic biomass into transport fuels. These technologies have been assessed through a number of techno-economic studies for application in a particular context in terms of the technical and economic feasibility. However, previous studies using these methods have tended to lack vigour in various aspects. Either the energy efficiency of the processes were not maximised through adequate heat integration, or a competing technology which existed was not considered. From an economic perspective, the financial models would often lack the vigour to account for the risk and uncertainty that is inherent in the market prices of the commodities. This phenomenon is especially relevant for the biofuel industry that faces the full fledge of uncertainties experienced by the agricultural sector and the energy sector. Furthermore, from an environmental perspective, the techno-economic studies had often ignored the environmental impacts that are associated with biofuel production. Thus, a comparative study could have favoured an option due to its economic feasibility, while it could have had serious environmental consequences. The aim of this study was to address these issues in a South African context, where biofuels could be produced from sugarcane bagasse. The first step would be to modify an existing simulation model for a bioethanol scenario that operates with a Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF process) configuration into a second processing scenario that operates with a Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF process) configuration using reliable experimental data. The second step was to ensure that the maximum energy efficiency of each scenario was realised by carrying out pinch point analysis as a heat integration step. In contrast to these biological models is the thermochemical model that converts bagasse to gasoline and diesel via gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and refining (GFT process). While there were no significant advances in technology concerning this type of process, the energy efficiency was to be maximised with pinch point analysis. The GFT process obtained the highest energy efficiency of 50.6%. Without the affects of pinch point technology, the efficiency dropped to 46%, which thus emphasises the importance of heat integration. The SSF had an efficiency of 42.8%, which was superior to that of the SHF at 39.3%. This resulted from a higher conversion of biomass to ethanol in the SSF scenario. Comparing the SHF model to an identical model found in literature that did not have pinch point retrofits, this study showed lower efficiency. This arose because the previous study did not account for the energy demands of the cold utility systems such as the cooling tower operation, which has been shown in this study to account for 40% of the electrical energy needs. The economic viability of all three processes was assessed with Monte Carlo Simulations to account for the risks that the fluctuations in commodity prices and financial indices pose. This was accomplished by projecting the fluctuations of these parameters from samples of a historical database that has been transformed into a probability distribution function. The consequences were measured in terms of the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for a large number of simulations. The results of these variables were aggregated and were then assessed by testing the probability that the NPV<0, and that the IRR recedes below the interest rate of 12.64%. The investment was thus deemed unfeasible if these probabilities were greater than 20%. Both biological models were deemed profitable in terms of this standard. The probabilities were 13% for the SSF and 14% for the SHF. The GFT process however was deemed completely unfeasible because the probability that the NPV<0 was 78%. Given that the GFT process had the highest energy efficiency, this result arises mainly because the capital investment of 140,000USD/MWHHV of biomass energy input is to enormous for any payback to be expected. The environmental footprint of each process was measured using Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs). LCAs are a scientifically intricate way of quantifying and qualifying the effects of a product or process within a specified boundary. The impacts are assessed on a range of environmental issues, such as Global Warming, Acidification, Eutrophication and Human toxicity. Furthermore, if the project under concern has multiple output products, then the impacts are distributed between the output products in proportion to the revenue that each generates. The impacts were either relative to the flow of feedstock, which was 600MW of bagasse, or to the functional unit, which was the amount of fuel required to power a standard vehicle for a distance of 1 kilometre. In either case, the GFT scenario was the least burdening on the environmental. This was expected because the GFT process had the highest energy efficiency and the process itself lacked the use of processing chemicals. Relative to the feedstock flow, the SSF was the most environmentally burdening scenario due to the intensive use of processing chemicals. Relative to the functional unit, the SHF was the most severe due to its low energy efficiency. Thus, the following conclusions were drawn from the study:  The GFT is the most energy and environmentally efficient process, but it showed no sign of economic feasibility. iv  There is no significant difference in the economic and environmental evaluation of the SSF and SHF process, even though the SSF is considered to be a newer and more efficient process. The major cause of this is because the setup of the SSF model was not optimised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Deur baie jare van navorsing is ‘n aantal produksie-skemas vir die omskakeling van lignosellulose biomassa na vloeibarebrandstof ontwikkel. Hierdie tegnologië is geassesseer ten opsigte van die tegniese en ekonomiese haalbaarheid deur middel van tegno-ekonomiese studies in bepaalde tekste. Tog het hierdie vorige studies besliste beperkings gehad. Of die energie-doeltreffendheid van die proses is nie gemaksimeer deur voldoende hitte-integrasie nie, of 'n mededingende tegnologie wat bestaan is nie oorweeg nie. Vanuit 'n ekonomiese perspektief, was die finansiële modelle dikwels nie die omvattend genoeg om rekening te hou met die risiko en onsekerheid wat inherent is in die markpryse van die kommoditeite nie. Hierdie verskynsel is veral relevant vir die biobrandstof bedryf wat die volle omvang van onsekerhede ervaar waaraan die landbousektor en die energiesektoronderhewig is. Verder het die tegno-ekonomiese studies dikwels die omgewingsimpakte wat verband hou met biobrandstofproduksie geïgnoreer. Dus kon ‘n opsie deur die ekonomiese haalbaarheid bevoordeel word, ten spyte van die ernstige omgewingsimpakte wat dit kon inhou. Die doel van hierdie studie was om hierdie kwessies aan te spreek in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, waar biobrandstof uit suikerriet bagasse geproduseer kan word. Die eerste stap was om 'n bestaande simulasiemodel vir 'n bio-scenario wat met Afsonderlike Hidroliese en Fermentasie (SHF proses) stappe werk, te modifiseer vir 'n tweede verwerking scenario wat met 'n gelyktydige Versuikering en Fermentasie (SSF proses) konfigurasie werk. Die verandering is gedoen deur die gebruik van betroubare eksperimentele data. Die tweede stap was om te verseker dat elke scenario die maksimum energie-doeltreffendheid het, deur 'n hitte-integrasie stap, wat gebruik maak van “pinch-point” analise. In teenstelling met hierdie biologiese modelle, is daar die thermochemiese roete waar petrol en diesel van bagasse vervaardig word via vergassing, Fischer-Tropsch-sintese en rafinering (GFT proses). Daar was geen betekenisvolle vooruitgang in tegnologie vir hierdie proses nie, maar die energie-doeltreffendheid is gemaksimeer word deur energie-integrasie. Die GFT proses toon die hoogste energie-doeltreffendheid van 50,6%. Sonder die invloed van energie-integrasie het die doeltreffendheid gedaal tot 46%, wat dus die belangrikheid van hitte-integrasie beklemtoon. Die SSF het 'n effektiwiteit van 42,8% gehad, wat beter was as dié 39,3% van die SHF opsie. Hierdie hoër effektiwiteit wasas gevolg van die hoër omskakeling van biomassa na etanol in die SSF scenario. Die energie doeltreffendheid vir die SHF-model was laer as met 'n identiese model (sonder energie-integrasie) wat in die literatuur gevind wat is. Dit het ontstaan omdat die vorige studie nie 'n volledig voorsiening gemaak het met die energie-eise van die verkillingstelselsnie, wat tot 40% van die elektriese energie behoeftes kan uitmaak. Die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van al drie prosesse is bepaal met Monte Carlo simulasies om die risiko's wat die fluktuasies in kommoditeitspryse en finansiële indekse inhou, in berekening te bring. Hierdie is bereik deur die projeksie van die fluktuasies van hierdie parameters aan die hand van 'n historiese databasis wat omskep is in 'n waarskynlikheid verspreiding funksie. Die gevolge is gemeet in terme van die netto huidige waarde (NHW) en Interne Opbrengskoers (IOK) vir 'n groot aantal simulasies. Die resultate van hierdie veranderlikes is saamgevoeg en daarna, deur die toets van die waarskynlikheid dat die NPV <0, en dat die IRR laer as die rentekoers van 12,64% daal, beoordeel. Die belegging is dus nie realiseerbaar geag as die waarskynlikhede meer as 20% was nie. Beide biologieseprosesse kan as winsgewend beskou word in terme van bostaande norme. Die waarskynlikhede was 13% vir die SSF en 14% vir die SHF. Aangesien die NHW van die GFT-proses onder 0 met ‘n waarskynlikheid van 78% is, is die opsie as nie-winsgewend beskou. Gegewe dat die GFT-proses die hoogste energie-doeltreffendheid het, is die resultaat hoofsaaklik omdat die kapitale belegging van 140,000 USD / MWHHV-biomassa energie-inset te groot is, om enige terugbetaling te verwag. Die omgewingsvoetspoor van elke proses is bepaal deur die gebruik van Lewens Siklus Analises (“Life Cycle Assessments”) (LCAS). LCAS is 'n wetenskaplike metodeom die effek van ‘n produk of proses binne bepaalde grense beide kwalitatief en kwantitatief te bepaal. Die impakte word beoordeel vir 'n verskeidenheid van omgewingskwessies, soos aardverwarming, versuring, eutrofikasie en menslike toksisiteit. Voorts, indien die projek onder die saak verskeie afvoer produkte het, word die impakte tussen die afvoer produkte verdeel, in verhouding tot die inkomste wat elkeen genereer. Die impak was met of relatief tot die vloei van roumateriaal (600MW van bagasse), of tot die funksionele eenheid, wat die hoeveelheid van brandstof is om 'n standaard voertuig aan te dryf oor 'n afstand van 1 kilometer. In al die gevalle het die GFT scenario die laagste belading op die omgewing geplaas. Hierdie is te verwagte omdat die GFT proses die hoogste energie-doeltreffendheid het en die proses self nie enige addisionele chemikalieë vereis nie. Relatief tot die roumateriaal vloei, het die SSF die grootse belading op die omgewing geplaas as gevolg van die intensiewe gebruik van verwerkte chemikalieë. Relatief tot die funksionele eenheid, was die SHF die swakste as gevolg van sy lae energie-doeltreffendheid.