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Polyketides are a group of complex natural products that can inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and tumor cells. Most polyketides are very difficult to extract from bacteria. Therefore, numerous syntheses of polyketide-related synthons have been attempted. <p> However, controlling the stereochemistry of the polyketide poses the most challenging task for researchers. The aim of this report is to discuss control of the stereochemistry of the polyketide-related synthons in asymmetric aldol reactions. Several important methodologies for stereochemical control in the aldol reaction exist. The first approach is to control the enolate geometry and the aldehyde (or ketone) geometry. The second approach is to use a chiral auxiliary and chiral ligands. The third approach is to use a chiral catalyst, which is the most efficient method if the catalyst operates with complete efficiency. Proposed transition states are also described to explain the resulting stereochemistry of the aldol adduct. / Master of Science

Monoterpenoid derivatives are some of the most effective asymmetric controllers used in organic synthesis. They are also precursors in target syntheses, especially in synthesis of natural products with useful biological properties. However, there are still significant opportunities to develop new structural synthetic modifications. This project target focuses on employing commercially available chiral pool cyclic ketones, such as R-(-)-carvone, (+)-isomenthone, and (-)-isopinocamphone to create new potential substrates for biocatalytic modifications, via terpenone enolate alkylations, aldol additions, and formation of alkylidenes. Evaluation of these substrates has been carried out using isolated enzymes as biocatalysts to reduce the double bond and/or carbonyl group, as well expansion of six membered rings by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase to generate lactone derivatives, consequently resulting in new high-value terpenone, terpenol and lactone derivatives. Bioreduction of R-(-)-carvone substituted (with Me or OH) at C6 and/or C3 via OYEs afforded with highly diastereoselectivity in most cases with varied yields; and there was no activity observed toward substrates with substituents bigger than Me. Biooxidation of dihydrocarvone substituted (Me) at C6 or C3 via cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO_Phi1) was selective, and oxidised only one diastereomer. For instance, (2R,3R,6R)-methyldihydrocarvone was completely converted to lactone with high regio- and enantioselectivity, while for the (2S,3R,6R)-diastereomer no lactone was produced, and starting material was recovered. (+)-Isomenthone, R-(-)-carvone, (-)-isopinocamphone and their derivatives were treated with carbonyl reductase, and only (+)-isomenthone, R-(-)-carvone and anti (5S,6S)-hydroxycarvone showed reaction, with varied yields and selectivities. The bioreduction and oxidation of substrates were scaled up to 50-100 mg as part of chemo-enzymatic reactions. The simulation of substrates with PETNR enzyme was studied, and docking was modelled.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:00:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuccaJunior_EmilioCarlosde_M.pdf: 5948258 bytes, checksum: 406eb38fa953e871cd9581138b7bc85d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As reações aldólicas envolvendo os enolatos de boro 71 (P = TBS, R = t-Bu), 72 (P = PMB, R = t-Bu) e 96 (P = TPS, R = t-Bu) levaram à formação de adutos de aldol com seletividades de moderadas a boas em favor do isômero 1,5-syn. As reações aldólicas envolvendo os enolatos de boro 90 (P = Tr, R = t-Bu), 91 (P = Tr, R = Me) e 97 (P = TPS, R = Me) levaram à formação de adutos de aldol em uma proporção equimolar de 1,5-anti e 1,5-syn. A reação aldólica envolvendo o enolato de boro 131 (P = TBS, R = Ph3C) levou à obtenção de excelentes níveis de seletividade em favor do aduto de aldol 1,5-syn / Abstract: The aldol reactions involving boron enolates 71 (P = TBS, R = t-Bu), 72 (P = PMB, R = t-Bu) and 96 (P = TPS, R = t-Bu) led to the formation of aldol adducts with moderate to good levels of diastereoselectivity, favouring the 1,5-syn isomer. The aldol reactions involving boron enolates 90 (P = Tr, R = t-Bu), 91 (P = Tr, R = Me) and 97 (P = TPS, R = Me) led to the formation of aldol in a 50:50 mixture. The aldol reactions of boron enolate 131 (P = TBS, R = Ph3C) led to excellent levels of diastereoselectivity, favouring the 1,5-syn adduct / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:04:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Polo_EllenChristine_M.pdf: 6602828 bytes, checksum: d42e742a7de09597441836d6ade5c8bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As reações aldólicas com o enolato de boro da metilcetona 44, com protetor cíclico de acetonídeo e relação trans entre os centros quirais, levaram à obtenção de adutos de aldol com níveis de seletividade variando de moderados a bons, em favor do isômero 1,5-anti. Reações aldólicas envolvendo enolatos de boro da metilcetona 45, com protetor cíclico de acetonídeo e relação cis entre os centros quirais, levaram à formação de adutos de aldol com excelentes níveis de seletividade em favor do isômero 1,5-anti. As reações aldólicas entre o enolato de boro da metilcetona 46, com protetor cíclico de silício e relação trans entre os centros quirais, levaram a obtenção de adutos de aldol com níveis de seletividade variando de moderados a bons em favor do isômero 1,5-anti. A reação aldólica entre o enolato de boro da metilcetona 47, com protetor cíclico de silício e relação cis entre os centros quirais, e pivalaldeído levou à formação do aduto de aldol em bom nível de seletividade em favor do isômero 1,5-anti / Abstract: The aldol reactions of the boron enolate generated from methylketone 44 (containing a trans-acetonide), led to aldol adducts with moderate to good levels of diastereoselectivity, favoring the 1,5-anti adduct. The aldol reactions involving the boron enolate of methylketone 45 (containing a cis-acetonide) gave the corresponding aldol adducts with excellent levels of diastereoselectivity, favoring the 1,5-anti adduct. The aldol reactions of the boron enolate generated from methylketone 46 (containing a cyclic silicon protecting group and trans relationship between the chiral centers), led to the formation of aldol adducts with moderate to good levels of diastereoselectivity favoring the 1,5-anti isomer. The aldol reaction between the boron enolate prepared from methylketone 47 (containing a cyclic silicon protecting group and cis relationship between the chiral centers), led to the formation of aldol adduct with good level of diastereoselectivity favoring the 1,5-anti isomer / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Dias / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:20:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perez_CarlaCristina_D.pdf: 5128114 bytes, checksum: d3cf5087b543e1096ea7da56cdaadc47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os salinecetais A e B foram isolados em 2007 por Fenical e colaboradores a partir da actinobactéria marinha Salinispora arenicola, e mostraram ser importantes alvos na quimioprevenção do câncer como inibidores da ornitina descarboxilase. Concluímos a síntese do fragmento avançado C-4/C-17 (19) envolvendo 19 etapas em 5,5% de rendimento global a partir do éster de Roche (rota linear mais longa). No decorrer deste trabalho algumas mudanças de estratégia se fizeram necessárias, estando sempre voltadas à procura da rota sintética mais criativa e eficiente. Foram utilizadas como etapas chave na rota sintética principal, reações aldólicas do tipo syn seletivas para a preparação do aduto 139, bem como reação aldólica de dupla diastereodiferenciação na preparação de 134b. Uma reação de Grignard estereocontrolada pelo substrato foi determinante na preparação de 169, seguido de uma ciclização intramolecular do tipo Wacker para formação do biciclo espirocetal presente em 29. A reação de homologação de Seyferth-Gilbert foi usada na preparação do alcino 187 e uma syn-hidroestanilação converteu o mesmo na estanana vinílica 19. Esse resultado permitiu a determinação inequívoca da estereoquímica dos centros formados por comparação com os dados obtidos nesse trabalho com os da literatura, além dessa rota permitir, a princípio, a obtenção dos mesmos fragmentos em escalas maiores / Abstract: The saliniketals A (1) and B (2) were isolated in 2007 by Fenical and coworkers from Salinispora arenicola and showed to be important inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase. We concluded the synthesis of C-4/C-17 fragment (19) after 19 steps in 5.5% overall yield from Roche ester (longest linear sequence). This work was always focused on the search for the more creative and efficient synthetic route. The key steps involved an efficient syn-aldol reaction for the preparation of adducts 139 and a double diastereo-differentiating aldol reaction for the preparation of 134b. Substrate controlled Grignard reaction provide 169, and an intramolecular Wacker-type cyclization established the bicyclic spiroketal in 29. The Seyferth-Gilbert homologation was used in the preparation of alkyne 187 and a syn-hydrostannation provided the vinyl stannane 19. This result allowed the unequivocal determination of the stereochemistry for all stereocenters formed by comparison with data obtained from the literature. We are able to conclude a formal total synthesis of saliniketals A and B and the synthetic route is, in principle, amenable to a large scale synthesis / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutora em Ciências

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kuroishi_PaulaKishi_M.pdf: 5417860 bytes, checksum: ee15eb079e97f744325e1ec5d6c13315 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os criptocarióis A-H foram isolados em 2011 por Gustafson e colaboradores. Esses compostos apresentaram uma promissora atividade contra o câncer por serem capazes de estabilizar Pdcd4, uma proteína supressora de tumor. Neste trabalho, foi concluída a síntese total do enantiômero do criptocariol A em 17 etapas e 0,1% de rendimento (rota linear mais longa) a partir do (R)-penten-2-ol. As etapas chave dessa rota foram reações aldólicas mediadas por boro, assim como reduções estereosseletivas que permitiram a instalação de todos os seis estereocentros presentes na molécula. Além disso, realizamos a reação de Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons utilizando o protocolo de Ando para obter a olefina Z presente no anel a-pirona. Nas etapas finais da síntese, foram observados baixos rendimentos. Sendo assim, foram realizados estudos de modo a tentar otimizar essas condições reacionais utilizando substratos modelo. Embora as condições otimizadas tivessem sido apropriadas para os compostos modelos, elas não se mostraram efetivas para o substrato real / Abstract: Cryptocaryols A-H were isolated in 2011 by Gustafson and coworkers. These compounds have notable anticancer activity because of their ability to stabilize tumor suppressor protein Pdcd4. In this work, the total synthesis of the enantiomer of cryptocaryol A was completed in 17 steps and 0.1% yield (longest linear sequence) starting from (R)-penten-2-ol. The key steps are comprised of boron-mediated aldol reactions and stereoselective reductions allowing the installation of all six stereocenters present in the molecule. In addition, we performed a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction using Ando's protocol to obtain the Z-alkene present in the a-pyrone ring. The final steps of the synthesis were low yielding; thus, we attempted to optimize the reaction conditions with model substrates. Although the optimized conditions worked well for the model compounds, they were ineffective for the actual substrate. / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestra em Química

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18092号 / 理博第3970号 / 新制||理||1572(附属図書館) / 30950 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 丸岡 啓二, 教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 時任 宣博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This thesis describes the total synthesis of the polyketide derived marine natural product (-)-maurenone (14) and synthetic studies of a model system for the marine polyketides, the spiculoic acids (20, 22-24). A biomimetic approach involving cyclisation of linear polyketide precursors to install the complex chemical frameworks was employed. Maurenone is a polypropionate derived metabolite isolated from pulmonate molluscs collected off the coast of Costa Rica. While structural assignment following isolation revealed a relatively uncommon tetra-substituted dihydropyrone moiety the only stereochemical information deduced was the trans-relative relationship between the C8 and C9 protons. The total synthesis of a series of eight stereoisomeric putative structures was achieved in order to assign the stereochemistry of (-)-maurenone (14), as that depicted above. A time and cost efficient strategy was developed utilising common intermediates providing access to the eight stereoisomeric structures in a convergent manner. Six key fragments, four aldehydes (109) and two ketones (110), were synthesised using highly diastereoselective syn- and anti-boron aldol reactions and were coupled using a lithium-mediated aldol reaction. Trifluoroacetic acid-promoted cyclisation/dehydration enabled installation the ƒ×-dihydropyrone ring. All eight isomers of one enantiomeric series were synthesised by coupling two ketones with each of four aldehydes. By comparison of the NMR data for the eight isomers with that reported for the natural product, the relative stereochemistry was established as shown. The (-)-enantiomer of maurenone was synthesised in nine linear steps (13 % overall yield) from (R)-2-benzylpentan-3-one ((R)-40) and (R)-2-benzoyloxypentan-3-one ((R)-39). The spiculoic acid family of polyketide derived natural products, isolated from plakortis sponges, possess a unique [4.3.0]-bicyclic core which is proposed to be formed via an enzyme catalysed Intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition reaction of linear polyene precursors 25. Model linear precursors (114), possessing various olefin geometries at C2 and both stereochemical orientations of the C5 stereocentre, were synthesised in order to examine stereoselectivity of the thermally induced IMDA cycloaddition reaction. The two alternative C4-C6 stereotriads of the linear precursors 114 were achieved by employing highly diastereoselective substrate-controlled aldol reactions; an anti-boron aldol reaction, controlled by the facial preference of (R)-2-benzoyloxypentan-3-one ((R)-39), and a syn-titanium aldol reaction, under the control of chiral N-acylthiazolidinethione ((R)-43a). The diene and dienophile moieties were installed using either standard Wittig, H.W.E. or ¡§modified¡¨ Julia olefination reactions. A thorough stereochemical assignment of the cycloadducts of the thermally induced IMDA reaction of each linear precursor was accomplished employing 2D NMR techniques. Comparison of the stereochemistry of each of the cycloadducts with the spiculoic acids revealed that the linear precursor (2E,5S)-114 produced a cycloadduct 232 with stereochemistry analogous to the natural products in 94 % diastereoselectivity. Thus, a synthetic approach to the spiculoic acids via synthesis of a linear precursor 285 possessing a TBS ether at C5 in the S configuration was proposed. Unfortunately, problems encountered in the synthesis of the proposed linear precursors to the spiculoic acids ultimately prevented the total synthesis from being achieved.