Thesis (M.S. - Watershed Management)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Thesis advisor: Dana Sajdi / The British physicians Dr. Alexander Russell M.D., FRS (c.1715 - 1768) and Dr. Patrick Russell M.D., FRS (1726/7 - 1805), both British Levant Company servants, wrote and published two editions in 1756 and 1794, respectively. These brothers resided in Aleppo, Syria, when it was a provincial capital of the Ottoman Empire and recorded their observations and empirical observations in a literary work that would later become the two editions of The Natural History of Aleppo. These editions are vital references for modern scholars concerned with Ottoman Syria, Levantine commercial activity and European presence, and the city of Aleppo. However, these very scholars ignore the significant fact that these two editions were written by two different individuals at two different points in history. Thus, this MA thesis aims to investigate the two editions and illustrate how the variations in these publications were the result of both coexisting and correlated processes that culminated in an eighteenth-century phenomenon of the transformation of British global presence from a commercial power to a modern empire. Various socio-economic, political, and cultural changes related to the Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, and the growth of Western, especially British, global hegemony, resulted in a particular attitude towards what became constructed as the "Orient". This thesis examines the ways in which the interrelated processes of the rise of modern scientific disciplines, the quest for order, the emergence of the culture of collecting, and the new emphasis on the value of "useful knowledge" rendered the "Orient" a place to be ordered and studied, hence, to be controlled. The eighteenth century witnessed several decisive events that facilitated this phenomenon; with Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763), particularly at the Battle of Plassey (1757), Britain deviated from its previous position as a commercial power and emerged victorious as an imperial empire. The project attempts to demonstrate how the Russell Brothers' book on Aleppo represents a movement from the fascination with natural history, that is, the topography and botany of Aleppo (Alexander Russell's edition), to an attempt at a comprehensive study of a people, language, and culture (Patrick Russell's edition). The change in focus and tenor found in Patrick's edition represents a shift from natural history to ethnographic, a shift that is essentially Orientalist. Though the book is about the relatively marginal city of Aleppo, the shift between the two editions reflects not only the change of the character of British global dominance, which was, after the 1857 Indian Mutiny, officially colonial, but also the very national identity of Britain. This thesis, then, is a study of how Aleppo was conceived and reconceived through the prism of the change of British relationship to India from a commercial entanglement to imperial domination. The variations between the two editions, then, were a result of changing circumstances and consequent shifting attitudes. I not only attempt to illustrate Britain's transformation from a mercantile and commercial power to a colonial and imperial empire, but also how the variations of the Russell brothers' two editions, from a collection of observations to a scientific contribution to a body of specialized knowledge, were the direct results of the two authors' transformations from the botanist to the orientalist. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Dissertation--Heidelberg--Fakultät für Orientalistik und Altertumswissenschaft, 1979. / Bibliogr. p. XII-XXIII.

Alep, comme beaucoup d’autres villes dans le monde, est touchée par la mondialisation qui a suscité une dynamique métropolitaine ayant des effets sur l’organisation socio-spatiale de la ville. Ces effets ont connu une ampleur considérable dans les décennies qui ont précédé le déclenchement de la révolution et de la guerre, la ville se trouvant en pleine expansion avec un accroissement de population très rapide, tandis que les politiques d'aménagement mises en oeuvre ne se révélaient pas à la hauteur du phénomène avec une centralisation accrue des services et des équipements qui amplifiait l'exode rural. La présente recherche se base sur la complexité phénoménologique et prend en compte les facteurs dynamiques tels que l’interaction et l’évolution. La nouvelle lecture que nous proposons ici se base sur des principes de morphogenèse qui permettent d'expliquer la dynamique de la forme urbaine. / Aleppo, like many other cities in the world is affected by globalization, which has sparked a metropolitan dynamic with effects on the socio-spatial organization of the city. These effects have been considerable momentum in the decades preceding the outbreak of the revolution and the war, the city being in full expansion with rapid population growth, while development policies implemented will not revealed up to the phenomenon with greater centralization of services and equipment that amplifies the rural exodus. This research is based on the phenomenological complexity and take into account dynamic factors such as interaction and evolution. The new reading proposed here is based on the principles of morphogenesis that explain the dynamics of urban form.

This thesis explores the migration of the chile pepper, or capsicum anuum, from Mesoamerica into the Old World after 1500, focusing on two case studies of the Aleppo pepper in Syria and paprika in what was once Hungarian Nagyvarad, and which is now Romanian Oradea. Using foodways as a historical lens, and considering the movement of food as historical, it can be seen that the chile pepper, despite its low profit value, illustrates a globalization that existed well before modern times, and it came to cement itself within many different cultures as a symbol of identity. Despite its far-away origins, the chile pepper took over the Old World, particularly those societies that were once controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and came to represent the common man in newly formed post-Colonial nations.

Après l'apparition de la première génération des projets urbains dans les Pays du Sud et de l'Est de la méditerranée (PSEM), le développement et la formulation des stratégies, outils et normes sont perçus, par les experts et les spécialistes, comme une nécessité absolue pour évoluer la mise en œuvre du développement durable dans les projets urbains, ainsi que l'évolution de sa contribution dans l'action urbaine globale, afin de passer à la « ville durable ». Dans cette perspective, notre thèse se focalise sur le développement de démarches opérationnelles qui permettent de porter une nouvelle réflexion sur la fabrication urbaine en Syrie, et surtout de la ville d'Alep, qui est le terrain d'expérimentation et d'application de cette thèse. Dans ce pays, l'enjeu du développement urbain durable s'est imposé, avant la guerre actuelle, dans les politiques publiques urbaines. Entre les années 2000 et 2011, les autorités nationales syriennes (l'Etat central) et ses instances locales (les autorités publiques locales) ont lancé plusieurs programmes et projets urbains, souvent en collaboration avec des bailleurs du fonds internationaux (Banque Mondiale, GIZ, Union Européenne...).Un des objectifs de cette thèse est de proposer un cadre métrologique à partir des approches françaises de la mise en œuvre des projets de quartiers durables et/ou éco-quartiers, non pas en procédant à un transfert d'expériences totalement inopportunes, mais en effectuant une analyse de la situation de la ville d'Alep, pour la mise en place des outils permettant d'orienter les acteurs locaux de l'aménagement urbain (collectivité locales, bureau d'études, ….) pour la phase post-guerre, et d'accompagner la conception des projets urbains durables à l'interface des problèmes et des enjeux locaux / After the appearance of the first generation of sustainable urban projects in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMC), the development of strategies, tools and standards are perceived by experts and specialists, as an absolute necessity to move the implementation of sustainable development in urban projects and the evolution of its contribution in the overall urban action to move to the "sustainable city». In this perspective, our thesis focuses on the development of operational procedures that can bring new thinking on urban practices in Syria, and especially the city of Aleppo, which is the experimental site of this thesis. In this country, the issue of sustainable urban development was imposed before the current war in urban public policy. Between 2000 and 2011, the Syrian national authorities (central government) and local authorities have launched several programs and urban projects, often in collaboration with the international donor funds (World Bank, GIZ, European Union ...).One objective of this thesis is to propose a methodological framework from the French approaches to the implementation of sustainable neighborhood projects, not by taking a totally inappropriate transfer of experience, but performing an analysis of the situation of the city of Aleppo, for the implementation tools to guide local actors of urban development ( local community office, .... ) for the post-war, and to support the design of sustainable urban projects at the interface of local problems and issues

Cette thèse présente une étude historique : l’apparition du papier au Moyen Orient. L’identification des centres de fabrication papetières de cette région, les différentes méthodologies constatées, puisées dans des sources arabes anciennes. Une étude analytique : analyses des sujets présents dans les firmans d’Alep qui contiennent plusieurs sujets traitant de la vie politique, économique, religieuse, militaire et sociale de cette ville. Ces sujets nous donnent une idée plus claire et réelle de ce qui s’est passé dans cette région et d’une manière plus large dans l’empire ottoman. Une étude technique des papiers filigranés des collections ottomanes conservées au centre des archives de Damas : de manière à peu près constante, les papetiers d’Occident se sont appliqués à signer leur production en utilisant une marque inscrite en filigrane dans la feuille à sa fabrication. Cette marque qui s’exprime par le dessin d’une figure ou des lettres, constitue en quelque sorte l’enseigne du papetier. Des solutions de conservation préventive par la surveillance climatique et la sensibilisation des différents acteurs : chercheurs, responsables et lecteurs sur les bonnes pratiques de consultation. Des solutions de conservation curatives sont proposées par l’utilisation de méthodes de restaurations reconnues au niveau international et par la création d’un type de reliure de conservation économiquement et techniquement transposable en Syrie pays où cet artisanat est absent. / This thesis presents a historical study: the appearance of the paper in the Middle East. Identification of paper mills manufacturing centers of this region, the different methodologies identified, drawn from ancient Arabic sources. An analytical study: analysis of subjects in the firmans Aleppo containing several topics dealing with political, economic, religious, military and social life of the city. These subjects give us a clearer and real idea of what happened in this region and more broadly in the Ottoman Empire. A technical study paper watermarks Ottoman collections housed at the center of Damascus archives: in order almost constant, papermakers west have applied to sign their production using a registered trademark implicit in the sheet manufacture. This brand is expressed through drawing of a figure or letters, is something of the sign in the paper. Preventive conservation solutions for climate monitoring and awareness of various stakeholders: researchers, managers and players on good consultation practices. Curative conservation solutions are offered by the use of methods restorations internationally recognized and the creation of a type of conservation economically and technically binding transposable Syria country where the craft is away.

ABSTRACT SYRIAN ARMENIANS DURING THE LAST DECADES OF THE NINETEETNH AND THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURIES MemiS, Serife (Eroglu) MS, Department of Middle East Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. &Ouml / mer Turan December 2007, 161 pages This thesis analyses the situation of the Syrian Armenians during the last decades of the nineteenth and the first quarter of the twentieth centuries. The central position of the Provinces of Aleppo and Damascus, parts of today&rsquo / s Syria, for both the Armenian communities of Aleppo and Damascus and the Ottoman Empire are the main incentives that determine the focus of this study as Syrian Armenians. Apart from the representation of the social, economic, political, religious, cultural and educational life of the Armenian communities in the Provinces of Aleppo and Damascus, the thesis also includes information about the situation of them during the relocation process. Within this context, the thesis also includes information representing the issue of Armenian Question in a different aspect since untouched fields of research, the cases of Aleppine and Damascene Armenians, provide some similarities and differences with the Armenian community&rsquo / s situation in the Ottoman Empire before World War I and during the relocation process.

Alep est la seconde grande ville de la Syrie. Elle connaît actuellement un processus d'extension de son influence urbaine et économique. Ses « marges vécues » ne cessent de s'agrandir, tandis que la réaction publique et politique se fait plus lentement pour répondre aux besoins criants en termes de logemen t, de transport, de fourniture de services publics. Ce travail vise à partir du cas d'Alep à définir le processus de métropolisation et à comprendre qu'une agglomération ne devient métropole que si une combinaison de facteurs sont remplis. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'éléments quantifiables mais aussi de composantes qualitatives. Plus encore, une métropole ne peut s'affirmer comme telle sans une réelle implication politique des parties prenantes et la mise autour de la table de l'ensemble des acteurs à cette construction urbaine.Toutes ces questions sont abordées et mises en parallèle avec le processus métropolitain lyonnais. En Syrie, malgré les efforts consentis ces dernières années en matière d'ouverture balbutiante de la décision publique, la volonté de diversifier l'économie et de l'internationaliser progressivement, l'enjeu métropolitain reste difficile. D'une part parce que les lois ne sont pas adaptées et qu'elles portent la marque d'un Etat centralisé. D'autre part parce que les acteurs impliqués dans la gestion de la cité à ces différentes échelles travaillent rarement de manière partenariale. En outre, il est à noter un manque de recherche, un déficit de données démographiques, sociales et économiques, qui seraient pourtant nécessaires pour mettre en place une planification stratégique de la métropole en puissance qu'est Alep. Des changements se font jour actuellement dans la pensée des politiques et des aménageurs en Syrie ; progressivement plus de pouvoirs sont octroyés aux collectivités locales. Mais un véritable diagnostic de la situation, ainsi qu'une réflexion sur les outils à mettre en place, sont d'une grande importance pour le futur d'Alep / Aleppo is the second biggest cities of Syria and its urban and economic influence is growing in the North of the country and even abroad. Its limits as they are defined by human activities are constantly increasing. But the public and politic reaction is slower than these informal processes and unable to tackle the problems of public transport, accommodation, public services. From the case of Aleppo, this doctoral research aims at defining the process of metropolis building and at explaining that an agglomeration can't become a metropolis without meeting a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors. Moreover a metropolis needs a real involvement of political stakeholders and the partnership of the different actors, who take part to this urban concentration and dynamic. We will deal with these questions of uncompleted metropolization in comparing with the metropolitan process of Lyon (France). In Syria, although some political efforts have been granted to open the decision process, to vary and step by step to internationalize the national economy, the challenge to recognize and strengthen metropolis is very difficult. On the first hand, the national legislation isn't suited to these urban and strategic questions. The Syrian state is centralized and doesn't allow the local governments to develop ad hoc solutions. On the other hand the stakeholders involved in the city management at different scales don't work together. Besides, the lack of academic research and the gaps of demographic, social and economic data prevent local politicians and administrators from strategically planning the development of the city.As the political minds and urban planners' practice are progressively evolving and more and more competences are given to cities, Aleppo's running requires at first a diagnosis of the social, economic and urban situation to be able to create useful tools and implement efficient policies