Cette thèse présente une étude historique : l’apparition du papier au Moyen Orient. L’identification des centres de fabrication papetières de cette région, les différentes méthodologies constatées, puisées dans des sources arabes anciennes. Une étude analytique : analyses des sujets présents dans les firmans d’Alep qui contiennent plusieurs sujets traitant de la vie politique, économique, religieuse, militaire et sociale de cette ville. Ces sujets nous donnent une idée plus claire et réelle de ce qui s’est passé dans cette région et d’une manière plus large dans l’empire ottoman. Une étude technique des papiers filigranés des collections ottomanes conservées au centre des archives de Damas : de manière à peu près constante, les papetiers d’Occident se sont appliqués à signer leur production en utilisant une marque inscrite en filigrane dans la feuille à sa fabrication. Cette marque qui s’exprime par le dessin d’une figure ou des lettres, constitue en quelque sorte l’enseigne du papetier. Des solutions de conservation préventive par la surveillance climatique et la sensibilisation des différents acteurs : chercheurs, responsables et lecteurs sur les bonnes pratiques de consultation. Des solutions de conservation curatives sont proposées par l’utilisation de méthodes de restaurations reconnues au niveau international et par la création d’un type de reliure de conservation économiquement et techniquement transposable en Syrie pays où cet artisanat est absent. / This thesis presents a historical study: the appearance of the paper in the Middle East. Identification of paper mills manufacturing centers of this region, the different methodologies identified, drawn from ancient Arabic sources. An analytical study: analysis of subjects in the firmans Aleppo containing several topics dealing with political, economic, religious, military and social life of the city. These subjects give us a clearer and real idea of what happened in this region and more broadly in the Ottoman Empire. A technical study paper watermarks Ottoman collections housed at the center of Damascus archives: in order almost constant, papermakers west have applied to sign their production using a registered trademark implicit in the sheet manufacture. This brand is expressed through drawing of a figure or letters, is something of the sign in the paper. Preventive conservation solutions for climate monitoring and awareness of various stakeholders: researchers, managers and players on good consultation practices. Curative conservation solutions are offered by the use of methods restorations internationally recognized and the creation of a type of conservation economically and technically binding transposable Syria country where the craft is away.

This essay aims to report on the process of our documentation of art objects in the care of Smålands nation in Uppsala as a part of our education in museology and cultural heritage studies. The nation has a long history and our documentation shows many valuable objects reflecting this. The care of these objects is substandard and in great need of change. Our work process has involved photography and research about each object, the information has then been registered in our catalogue. The documentation has, besides the catalogue, generated a plan for future management and storage of the collection. We hope that this documentation has, besides the catalogue, generated a plan for future management and storage of the collection. We hope that this documentation, in addition to knowledge about preventive conservation, will result in a change of attitude towards the cultural heritage of the nation.

Archaeological conservation is the process by which conservators prevent deterioration of archaeological remains and provide insight into the nature of recovered material. This thesis examines the effect of digital technology upon the ethics of the conservation profession and upon the attitude of the lay-public towards archaeology. The ethical issues raised by the use of digital technology are discussed, particularly the ways in which these issues differ from those raised by traditional conservation methods. Technological advancements, particularly those occurring in the 20th century, changed the way artifacts are conserved and studied. Conservation arose out of a craft-restoration tradition and evolved into a profession which, in addition to necessary artistic and aesthetic considerations, uses a demonstrable scientific method in order to preserve artifacts. The creation of guidelines for practice and various codes of ethics is the turning point in this evolution, marking the point after which conservation became a scientific profession. Advances in computer technology have permitted the widespread use of devices such as 3-D scanners, digital CT scanners, and digital cameras in the conservation of archaeological artifacts. All of these pieces of equipment produced digital files which must be stored. Currently, the pace of technological change renders most data inaccessible within ten years, and data conservation problems such as storage, access, and file format have not been adequately addressed by the professional conservation community. There is a distinct lack of formal ethical guidelines concerning these issues; this thesis concludes that there is an extreme need for measured consideration before digital methods are used in archaeological conservation. The creation of high-fidelity replicas presents a problem for the museum audience. The public connects with artifacts on an emotional level which is altered when a replica is displayed instead of an original. Digital reconstructions abound in popular culture, heavily influencing public opinion, and often resulting in widespread misperception of the information which can be extracted from archaeological evidence. As a result, conservators of the future must be cautious when creating digital artifacts, and must be meticulously careful to make the nature of digital reconstruction clear to the audience, in order to avoid spreading misinformation.

The objective of the present project was to develop and evaluate a solution forstorage of textiles in humid indoor environments, in this case churches. The proposed solution is based on creating a microclimate in the storage cabinets separated from the rest of the building. The cabinets were made air tight and insulated. With the use of a simple control system for conservation heating, the relative humidity can be kept below dangerous levels. The project comprises development and evaluation of textile cabinets in three churches on Gotland, Sweden. Measurements over one year show that cabinets with climate control are a simple and reliable method to prevent mould growth. Overall, the control systems have worked according to expectations. The relative humidity and temperature in the cabinets was maintained within a safe interval.

Músico e professor, Gilberto Mendes (1938 - 2016) foi pioneiro da música concreta no Brasil e grande incentivador da formação de novos músicos no país. Como fruto de seu propósito, une-se aos colegas Willy Corrêa de Oliveira, Rogério e Regis Duprat, Damiano Cozzella e Oliver Toni e cria no ano de 1962 o Festival Música Nova, derivado do movimento de mesmo nome. O prelúdio de tal encontro dos músicos ocorre em 1961, quando da participação destes no Festival de Música Contemporânea da Orquestra de Câmara de São Paulo, ocasião em que Gilberto Mendes apresenta a recém composta \"Música para doze instrumentos - Berimbau\". O documento manuscrito produzido no momento da gênese dessa canção encontra-se atualmente sob a guarda da Biblioteca da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, a qual é responsável pela preservação e disponibilização da obra. esse trabalho envolve esforços de diversos âmbitos, considerando que a obra é composta de um material altamente reativo e higroscópico, sobreposto por materiais sintéticos e complexos, dos quais pouco se vê debate na área da Salvaguarda de Patrimônio. A premissa que conduz a contribuição desse trabalho para o referido empenho abarca o conceito da Conservação Preventiva de Bens Patrimoniais, em seu postulado de mínima exposição do Patrimônio a seus agentes deteriorantes (ICOM, 2008). Objetivando conhecer a interação desse com os fatores ambientais presentes naquele contexto e as consequências de tais interações para sua salvaguarda, o trabalho busca caracterizar a obra em seu aspecto material, bem como compreender de modo abrangente seu contexto de guarda. O estudo interdisciplinar utiliza aparatos das ciências aplicadas ao patrimônio, testes de degradação e coleta de dados ambientais, sempre priorizando técnicas realizáveis in loco e que prescindem a coleta de amostras da obra. Estes esforços devem ser capazes de fornecer dados que permitam a construção de parâmetros adequados à manutenção do manuscrito, considerando suas particularidades inerentes e conjunturais. / Musician and professor, Gilberto Mendes (1938 - 2016) was the pioneer of the concrete music in Brazil, and a great nurturer of new musicians\' instruction in the country. As a result of his purpose, he joins the colleagues Willy Corrêa de Oliveira, Rogério and Regis Duprat, Damiano Cozzella and Oliver Toni to create in 1962 the Festival Música Nova, from the cultural movement with the same title. The prelude of this alliance happens in 1961, at the Festival de Música Contemporânea of the Orquestra de Câmara de São Paulo, when Gilberto Mendes presented the newly created \"Música para doze instrumentos - Berimbau\". The manuscript produced while conceiving this song is currently under the safeguard of the Biblioteca da Escola de Comunicações e Artes of the Universidade de São Paulo, which is responsible for its preservation and availability. This consists of multiple efforts and scopes, considering that the document is made of a highly reactive and hygroscopic material overlapped by synthetic and complex substances, about which there\'s just a few researches in the Heritage Preservation area. The premise that conducts the contribution of this research to the referred effort cover the concept of the Preventive Conservation of Heritage, in its postulate of minimal exposition of the object to its damaging agents (ICOM, 2008). Aiming to recognize the interaction between the object and the environmental factors, and the consequences of it to the preservation of the document, the study pursue the material characterization, as well as an extensive comprehension of the safeguard context. The interdisciplinary investigation uses scientific devices, degradation tests and environmental data capture, always prioritizing techniques available for working on site, and those that dispense sample collection. The attempt must be capable to provide elements that can built appropriate settings to the manuscript maintenance, considering its intrinsic and contextual particularities.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender o papel de íons metálicos na degradação de gordura vegetal e animal, assim como na geração de formiatos. Nesse contexto foram investigados: 1) o papel de formaldeído na corrosão de peças de chumbo e a possibilidade de CO2 ser reduzido a ácido fórmico (ou formiato) por íons metálicos presentes em vidro; 2) o papel de íons metálicos na degradação de gordura animal e vegetal, desde que um grande número de pigmentos são minerais e tais gorduras foram frequentemente utilizadas em pinturas. Espectroscopia Raman foi a principal técnica empregada nas investigações, nas quais também foram usadas FTIR, difratometria de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, refletância no visível e análise elementar (C e H). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que formaldeído é agressivo a Pb mesmo na ausência de oxidantes como H2O2 e formiatos foram detectados como produto de corrosão para concentrações de aldeído tão baixa quanto 100 ppb (100% de umidade relativa). As concentrações investigadas de H2CO foram 100 ppb, 500 ppb, 1,2 ppm, 44 ppm e 1,6x102 ppm e para todas essas foram observadas bandas de carbonato e de formiato, embora em muitos casos os espectros não foram simplesmente a soma das contribuições das bandas de Pb(HCO2)2 e PbCO3, revelando um complexo equilíbrio envolvendo as concentrações de H2CO, CO2 e H2O. O efeito de umidade relativa (54%, 75% e 100%) foi estudado e formiato foi detectado mesmo em umidade relativa de 54%. Os mesmos produtos de corrosão foram observados quando cupons de Pb e PbO foram expostos a formaldeído, evidenciando o papel da camada de óxido na oxidação de formaldeído a formiato. Quando o efeito de Fe(III) foi considerado, câmaras climáticas foram usadas e o efeito de íons metálicos foi investigado na presença e ausência de luz. Linoleato de metila, gordura vegetal e animal foram mantidos por 8 dias sob condições controladas e as mudanças na composição foram acompanhadas por espectroscopia Raman e FTIR. As amostras mostraram ser sensíveis tanto a luz quanto a Fe(III), no entanto, problemas com as duplicatas não permitiram que conclusões pudessem ser obtidas dos experimentos. Como uma etapa preliminar no intuito de estender os estudos de degradação de gorduras à química forense, um desenho de suposta autoria de Tarsila do Amaral que teria sido feito na década de 1920, foi analisado por microscopia Raman. Ftalocianina azul (ftalocianina de cobre) foi encontrada como componente dos traços verdes e desde que esse pigmento começou a ser comercializado em 1937, pelo menos a data assinalada ao desenho não é correta. / The present work aimed at the understanding of the role played by metal ions on the degradation of vegetal and animal fats and on formates formation. The following issues were addressed: 1) the effect of formaldehyde on the corrosion of Pb objects and the possibility of CO2 reduction to formic acid (or formate) by the metal ions present in glass framework; 2) the effect of metal ions on the degradation of vegetal and animal fats, since a large number of pigments are minerals and such fats were often used as paint binders in the past. Raman microscopy was the main technique employed in the investigations which also used FTIR, XRD, SEM, UV-VIS absorption and elemental analysis (C and H). The obtained results indicated that formaldehyde is harmful towards Pb even in the absence of oxidants such as H2O2 and formates were detected among the corrosion products for aldehyde concentrations as low as 100 ppb (100% relative humidity). The investigated H2CO concentrations were 100 ppb, 500 ppb, 1,2 ppm, 44 ppm and 1,6x102 ppm for all of them bands assigned to carbonates and formate were observed, although in most cases the spectra were not simply the sum of Pb(HCO2)2 and PbCO3 contributions revealing a quite complex equilibria involving H2CO, CO2 and H2O concentrations. The effect of relative humidity (54%, 75% and 100%) was studied and formate was detected even at 54% RH. The same corrosion products were observed when both Pb cupons and PbO were exposed to formaldehyde thus making clear the role played by the oxide layer in the formaldehyde to formate oxidation. When the effect of Fe(III) was considered, a home made environmental chamber was used and the effect of the metal ions was investigated in the presence and absence of light. Methyl linoleato, vegetal and animal fats were kept by 8 days under controlled conditions and the changes on composition were followed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. The samples proved to be sensitive to both light and Fe(III), however, problems with the replicates so far don\'t allow any conclusion to be driven from the experiments. As a preliminary step in the attempt to extend the fat degradation study to forensic, a draw supposedly authored by Tarsila do Amaral in the 1920 decade was investigated by Raman microscopy. Phthalocyanine Blue (copper phthalocyanine) was found as a component of the green traces and since phthalocynines trade started in 1937, at least the date assigned to the draw is not correct

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender o papel de íons metálicos na degradação de gordura vegetal e animal, assim como na geração de formiatos. Nesse contexto foram investigados: 1) o papel de formaldeído na corrosão de peças de chumbo e a possibilidade de CO2 ser reduzido a ácido fórmico (ou formiato) por íons metálicos presentes em vidro; 2) o papel de íons metálicos na degradação de gordura animal e vegetal, desde que um grande número de pigmentos são minerais e tais gorduras foram frequentemente utilizadas em pinturas. Espectroscopia Raman foi a principal técnica empregada nas investigações, nas quais também foram usadas FTIR, difratometria de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, refletância no visível e análise elementar (C e H). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que formaldeído é agressivo a Pb mesmo na ausência de oxidantes como H2O2 e formiatos foram detectados como produto de corrosão para concentrações de aldeído tão baixa quanto 100 ppb (100% de umidade relativa). As concentrações investigadas de H2CO foram 100 ppb, 500 ppb, 1,2 ppm, 44 ppm e 1,6x102 ppm e para todas essas foram observadas bandas de carbonato e de formiato, embora em muitos casos os espectros não foram simplesmente a soma das contribuições das bandas de Pb(HCO2)2 e PbCO3, revelando um complexo equilíbrio envolvendo as concentrações de H2CO, CO2 e H2O. O efeito de umidade relativa (54%, 75% e 100%) foi estudado e formiato foi detectado mesmo em umidade relativa de 54%. Os mesmos produtos de corrosão foram observados quando cupons de Pb e PbO foram expostos a formaldeído, evidenciando o papel da camada de óxido na oxidação de formaldeído a formiato. Quando o efeito de Fe(III) foi considerado, câmaras climáticas foram usadas e o efeito de íons metálicos foi investigado na presença e ausência de luz. Linoleato de metila, gordura vegetal e animal foram mantidos por 8 dias sob condições controladas e as mudanças na composição foram acompanhadas por espectroscopia Raman e FTIR. As amostras mostraram ser sensíveis tanto a luz quanto a Fe(III), no entanto, problemas com as duplicatas não permitiram que conclusões pudessem ser obtidas dos experimentos. Como uma etapa preliminar no intuito de estender os estudos de degradação de gorduras à química forense, um desenho de suposta autoria de Tarsila do Amaral que teria sido feito na década de 1920, foi analisado por microscopia Raman. Ftalocianina azul (ftalocianina de cobre) foi encontrada como componente dos traços verdes e desde que esse pigmento começou a ser comercializado em 1937, pelo menos a data assinalada ao desenho não é correta. / The present work aimed at the understanding of the role played by metal ions on the degradation of vegetal and animal fats and on formates formation. The following issues were addressed: 1) the effect of formaldehyde on the corrosion of Pb objects and the possibility of CO2 reduction to formic acid (or formate) by the metal ions present in glass framework; 2) the effect of metal ions on the degradation of vegetal and animal fats, since a large number of pigments are minerals and such fats were often used as paint binders in the past. Raman microscopy was the main technique employed in the investigations which also used FTIR, XRD, SEM, UV-VIS absorption and elemental analysis (C and H). The obtained results indicated that formaldehyde is harmful towards Pb even in the absence of oxidants such as H2O2 and formates were detected among the corrosion products for aldehyde concentrations as low as 100 ppb (100% relative humidity). The investigated H2CO concentrations were 100 ppb, 500 ppb, 1,2 ppm, 44 ppm and 1,6x102 ppm for all of them bands assigned to carbonates and formate were observed, although in most cases the spectra were not simply the sum of Pb(HCO2)2 and PbCO3 contributions revealing a quite complex equilibria involving H2CO, CO2 and H2O concentrations. The effect of relative humidity (54%, 75% and 100%) was studied and formate was detected even at 54% RH. The same corrosion products were observed when both Pb cupons and PbO were exposed to formaldehyde thus making clear the role played by the oxide layer in the formaldehyde to formate oxidation. When the effect of Fe(III) was considered, a home made environmental chamber was used and the effect of the metal ions was investigated in the presence and absence of light. Methyl linoleato, vegetal and animal fats were kept by 8 days under controlled conditions and the changes on composition were followed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. The samples proved to be sensitive to both light and Fe(III), however, problems with the replicates so far don\'t allow any conclusion to be driven from the experiments. As a preliminary step in the attempt to extend the fat degradation study to forensic, a draw supposedly authored by Tarsila do Amaral in the 1920 decade was investigated by Raman microscopy. Phthalocyanine Blue (copper phthalocyanine) was found as a component of the green traces and since phthalocynines trade started in 1937, at least the date assigned to the draw is not correct

Submitted by Kenia Bernini (kenia.bernini@ufpel.edu.br) on 2016-08-31T20:31:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Susana_Santos_Dode_Dissertação.pdf: 5238315 bytes, checksum: 637aad85a9291b9360a07eb1e1aeceeb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T19:30:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Susana_Santos_Dode_Dissertação.pdf: 5238315 bytes, checksum: 637aad85a9291b9360a07eb1e1aeceeb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T19:30:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Susana_Santos_Dode_Dissertação.pdf: 5238315 bytes, checksum: 637aad85a9291b9360a07eb1e1aeceeb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Susana_Santos_Dode_Dissertação.pdf: 5238315 bytes, checksum: 637aad85a9291b9360a07eb1e1aeceeb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / A grande quantidade de material arqueológico metálico depositado nas instituições de guarda do sul do Brasil e do Uruguai, provenientes de campos de batalha e a constante perda desses materiais e das informações associadas a eles, tem sido motivo de preocupação dos gestores destas instituições. Este trabalho visa contribuir para a conservação e a musealização desses materiais, bem como conscientizar seus gestores, e pesquisadores em arqueologia da importância da presença do conservador arqueológico em todas as etapas que envolvem a pesquisa arqueológica. A metodologia empregada constou de revisão bibliográfica, aplicação de procedimentos de conservação curativa e preventiva em uma série de materiais provenientes de campo de batalha, que se encontrava em risco decorrentes do péssimo estado de armazenamento nas respectivas instituições. Os procedimentos resultaram na recuperação desses materiais que se encontram em condições de serem estudados por futuras gerações de pesquisadores e apresentados para a sociedade em geral. / There is a large amount of archaeological metallic material stocked safeguard institutions in the south of Brazil and Uruguay. They come mostly from battlefield sites and the loss of information associated with them has been a constant worry for managers in those institutions. This work intent to contribute for the conservation and the musealization of those materials, and also to create an awareness for the managers in order to maintain the presence of an archaeologist and/or conservator in these places and participation in all the stages that encompass the archaeological research. The methodology used was a bibliographic revision, the application of curative and preventive conservation procedures in a series of materials from a battlefield site that were in risk due to the big storage issues in their respective institutions. The procedures resulted in a recovery of those materials that are now in a condition to be studied by the next generations of researchers and presented to the public in general

檔案是紀錄人類文明發展的重要史料，也是行政機關執行業務過程的重要憑據，先進國家對於檔案的管理都極為重視，且均已興建現代化的檔案館來保存珍貴的國家檔案，設置適足的空間與設備以提供優質的應用服務，這不僅有助於文化資產之保存，也是國家發展進步的重要指標與象徵。我國現代化之檔案管理制度係師承歐美各先進國家，參酌國情後制定並予以立法規範，就長遠觀之，雖然已在2015年啟用首座永久性之國家檔案庫房，然而，這只能算是完成了因應典藏空間需求的近程目標，未來在制度面方面仍需建構完整的國家檔案管理體系，爭取興建獨立且多功能之館舍，讓珍貴的國家檔案得以妥適典藏並提供各界應用，發揮檔案存在的價值與功能。 　　檔案保存維護策略之擬訂，需掌握空間規劃、環境控制、修護處置、複製儲存及風險管理等要項，各要項皆有賴相當的專業能力方可成就，國家發展委員會檔案管理局為我國檔案中央主管機關，依法負有管理國家檔案之責，由於數量龐大且因年代久遠、原保管條件不佳等因素，檔案接管時多已嚴重劣損，更需要儘速研訂保存策略以為作業準據。本研究之目的，即以世界各先進國家之國家檔案館業務概況為探究目標，針對各國國家檔案館發展之保存策略加以研析，並就保存維護工作之範圍與業務重點比較其內涵之異同，據以研議適合我國國家檔案之保存策略，建立一致性、完整性、正確性之處置作業標準，提供未來國家檔案館規劃之參考，達到提升國家檔案典藏效益與作業品質之目的。本研究之重要成果與建議，歸納如下： 　一、國家檔案館興建刻不容緩 　　 本次研究調查發現，屬嚴重劣化的受損檔案多達一成以上，可合理推估具永久保存價值之國家檔案在尚未移轉前，恐有滅失之危機；據統計現有100公里以上之國家檔案尚待移轉，然受限於典藏空間不足而無法加速移轉作業之進行。因此，無論是從國際趨勢或是保存珍貴國家記憶的角度來看，興建國家檔案館都是未來首要推動的工作目標。 　二、國家檔案保存維護優先順序有待建立 　　國家檔案數量龐大，媒體型式及材質種類又十分多元，在資源有限情形下，除了必須爭取經費持續進行預防性保護相關作為，亦應衡酌檔案的價值性、應用性、保存性等條件，建立客觀的評量標準，研訂國家檔案保存修護及數位化等優先處置原則，兼顧檔案長期保存與便捷應用之需求，提升國家檔案管理效益。 三、國家檔案保存維護作業人力亟待充實 　　面對數量龐大且媒體類型多元的檔案，若無經費、人力、設備等資源的持續挹注，實難完成。為有效提升國家檔案保存維護工作的執行績效，未來仍應加強人力的支援，並思考業務傳承方式，使是項工作得以順遂推動。 四、各機關檔案人員保存維護正確觀念有待加強 　　國家檔案移轉前在各機關保存時間長達數十年，若原管有機關未善盡保存維護之責，或是施以錯誤的保管方式，等到檔案徵集移轉時再來搶救，恐為時已晚。為了讓檔案能夠延長保存壽命，進而減輕國家檔案移轉後所需花費的修護成本，應透過培訓、輔導等方式強化各機關檔案人員對於保存維護觀念的正確認知，宣導檔案保存環境控制與保管作為的有效作法，才能有效降低國家檔案劣化的數量與嚴重程度。 / Archives are not only important records of the development of human civilization but also concrete proofs of the works of government agencies. All the advanced nations attach great importance to the management of archives. They have therefore set up modernized buildings to house and preserve such precious archival materials, and have provided adequate space and facilities for quality service to users. By doing so, precious cultural assets can be best kept. These actions significantly symbolize the progress of a nation. In formulating correct strategies of archival preservation, we need to carefully take into consideration space planning, environment control, repair & restoration, duplicate & storage, and risk management. All of these rely on professional expertise. The National Archives Administration (NAA) under the Cabinet-level National Development Council is accountable for overall management of national archives in Taiwan. However, many of the archival materials had been damaged or deteriorated even before having been transferred to NAA due to their long history and the poor handling by the original agencies. Preservation of such archives urgently need efficient strategies. This dissertation therefore aims to conduct some researches on the operations of national archives agencies in advanced nations, analyze their preservation strategies, and compare the differences of their works and emphases. More importantly, this author tries to come up with standard operation procedures, which are coherent, complete and accurate, for Taiwan to preserve our national archives. Hopefully this will offer reference in planning for a new national archives hall, so as to enhance the efficiency and upgrade the quality of national archives preservation. The major study results and suggestions are as follows: I. There is urgent need for a national archives hall. This study finds out that seriously damaged or deteriorated archives in different agencies account for ten percent of the total archives. It can therefore be estimated that national archives worth preserving might be lost before being transferred to NAA. Statistics show that there are over 100-km long national archives waiting to be transferred. Yet, due to the limited space in NAA, it is impossible to speed up the transfer process. Therefore, in view of international trend or the need to retain precious national memories, to build a new national archives hall is top on the agenda. 2. Priorities should be set to best preserve national archives. National archives are not only large in quantity but also diverse in media types and material sorts. With limited resources, NAA has to allocate budgets to continue preventive protection measures. Meanwhile, it needs to establish objective criteria for assessing the value, usage, and preservation of different national archives before setting priorities for the restoration and digitalization of each sort. It is equally important to ensure long-term preservation and offer convenient service to users, so as to enhance the management efficiency of national archives. 3. The quality and quantity of workforce in national archives preservation need to be strengthened. Faced by the challenges in both large number and different types of national archives, NAA assuredly needs more financial, workforce and equipment support to continue fulfilling its missions. In order to more effectively preserve national archives and keep the operation going smoothly, more professionals are needed, and skills and experiences must be passed down to new staff members. 4. The preservation-related knowledge of staff members in different agencies needs to be strengthened. The current national archives had been kept by different agencies for several decades before having been transferred to NAA. If the original agencies failed to do their jobs well or kept their archives in a wrong way, it would be too late to rescue those archives after transfer. Therefore, in order to prolong the life of archives and reduce the expenses on repairing them after transfer, staff members in all agencies should receive training and assistance to gain better knowledge of archival preservation. After that, they can together take correct, effective measures as environment control and careful preservation to significantly reduce the number and degree of deteriorated archives.

Esta Tese de doutorado teve por objetivo aumentar a compreensão dos aspectos sinérgicos na corrosão de bens culturais feitos com chumbo (Pb) e avaliar a agressividade ambiental sobre bens culturais em igrejas e museus brasileiros para a proposição de estratégias de conservação. Neste contexto, foram investigados, em microambientes simulados, os efeitos sinérgicos entre formaldeído e ácido acético, ácido fórmico ou dióxido de carbono na corrosão de Pb; foi feita a síntese e caracterização de diferentes formiatos gerados nos processos de corrosão de Pb por formaldeído ou ácido fórmico; foi avaliada a agressividade ambiental sobre bens culturais da Igreja de São Francisco (São Paulo, ambiente urbano industrial), da Igreja dos Freis Carmelitas (Santos, ambiente urbano industrial costeiro), do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da USP (MAC, São Paulo, reserva técnica da nova sede) e do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da USP (MAE, São Paulo, reserva técnica), através de cupons metálicos (chumbo e cobre) expostos nos ambientes interno e externo dessas instituições e através do uso de monitores miniaturizados; foi feita a otimização destes monitores e, finalmente, foi considerado o desenvolvimento de um nariz eletrônico (EN) baseado em microbalanças de quartzo (QCMs) para o uso em conservação preventiva. Nestas investigações microscopia Raman foi a principal técnica empregada, sendo que as demais foram FTIR-ATR, µ-FTIR-ATR, µ-FTIR, nano-FTIR (SINS), s-SNOM, AFM, SEM, SEM-EDX, XRD e SR-XRD. Os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de individualização dos objetos artísticos tanto para a proposição de estratégias de conservação quanto para o entendimento de sua reatividade, mostraram a agressividade ambiental de todas as instituições investigadas, indicaram a potencialidade de ENs em conservação preventiva e demonstraram a utilidade de técnicas de alta resolução lateral, como nano-FTIR, em investigações de corrosão metálica. Mais especificamente, as investigações de sinergia entre poluentes aumentaram o entendimento da reatividade de Pb e permitiram a proposição de esquemas mais completos de sua reatividade, levando a discussões acerca da conservação desses bens. A agressividade química ambiental das igrejas e museus a bens culturais foi inferida pela caracterização de cupons metálicos expostos em seus interiores e exteriores, enquanto que a agressividade relacionada a fatores físicos, como temperatura e umidade relativa, foi inferida através do uso de monitores miniaturizados expostos somente nas igrejas. Com esse monitoramento, estratégias de conservação foram propostas. Para a devida caracterização dos cupons metálicos, expostos nas igrejas e museus ou nos microambientes simulados, a síntese e a caracterização de diferentes formiatos de Pb foi essencial. Por fim, visando melhorar o desempenho dos monitores miniaturizados e ampliar sua aplicabilidade (com seu futuro uso como EN), um novo dispositivo foi construído e um estágio na Universidade de Aveiro, em Portugal, foi realizado para o desenvolvimento de um EN baseado em QCMs. / The objective of this doctoral thesis was to increase the understanding of synergistic aspects in the corrosion of cultural objects made with lead (Pb) and to assess the environmental aggressiveness on cultural objects of Brazilian churches and museums in order to propose conservation strategies. In this context, in simulated micro-environments, the synergistic effects between formaldehyde and acetic acid, formic acid or carbon dioxide in Pb corrosion were investigated; the syntheses and characterization of different formates generated by formaldehyde or formic acid in Pb corrosion processes was conducted; the environmental aggressiveness on cultural objects of the church of São Francisco (São Paulo, urban industrial environment), of the church of the Carmelite Friars (Santos, urban industrial littoral environment), of the Museum of Contemporary Art of the USP (MAC, São Paulo, new site) and of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of the USP (MAE, São Paulo) was assessed exposing metal coupons (lead and copper) in their internal and external environments and using miniaturized monitors; these monitors were optimized and finally, the development of an \'electronic nose\' (EN) based on quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) was considered for preventive conservation. In these investigations the principal technique employed was Raman microscopy, and FTIR-ATR, µ-FTIR-ATR, µ-FTIR, nano-FTIR (SINS), s-SNOM, AFM, SEM, SEM-EDX, XRD and SR-XRD were also used. The results pointed out to the necessity of individualization of the artistic objects when investigating their reactivity or when proposing conservation strategies, showed the environmental aggressiveness of all the investigated institutions, indicated the potential of ENs in preventive conservation and demonstrated the utility of techniques of high lateral resolution such as nano-FTIR for the investigation of metal corrosion. More specifically, the investigations of synergistic effects between gaseous pollutants increased the understanding of Pb reactivity and allowed to propose more completed schemes of its reactivity, which allowed discussions on the conservation of these objects. The aggressiveness related to the environmental chemical composition of the churches and museums was inferred through the characterization of metal coupons exposed in their indoor and outdoor environments, whilst the aggressiveness related to physical factors such as temperature and relative humidity was inferred through the use of miniaturized monitors exposed only in the churches. With this monitoring, conservation strategies were proposed. For the well characterization of the metal coupons, exposed in the churches and museums or in simulated microenvironments, the syntheses and characterization of different Pb formates were essential. Finally, aiming at still improving the performance of the miniaturized monitors and increasing their applicability (in their future use as EN), a new device was constructed, and an internship was considered in the University of Aveiro, Portugal, for the development of an EN based on QCMs.