Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria associated with oyster larvae feed algae Isochrysis galbana, Monochrysis lutheri and Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa were isolated and enumerated. The bacterial numbers ranged from 7.8x10³ to 3.9x10⁶ CFU per ml. The bacteria associated with Pseudoisochrysis sp. were identified and the majority of isolates belonged to genera Leucothrix (51%). Also present were members of Pseudomonas III sp. (19.1%), atypical Moraxella sp. (16.8%), Moraxella sp. (7.2%) and Flavobacterium sp. (5.9%). The growth of bacteria on marine agar was fastidious and took four days to form visible colonies. None of the bacterial isolates grew in buffered salt broth in which the algae had been grown. Marine broth supplemented with 0.1% beef extract best supported the growth of the isolates, while ferric citrate (3x10⁻⁴ M) supported their growth in buffered salt broth. The role of algae as a solid support for bacteria was investigated by studying the attachment of bacteria on glass slides suspended in the growth medium. The percent of Leucothrix sp. attached to the slide was 2.1-3.0%. This was four to six times greater than that of Staphylococcus (0.5%), an organism well known for its commensal growth on skin and mucus membranes of man and animal. Hydrophobic attraction, which is thought to play an important role in the orientation of bacteria to solid surfaces, was studied by measuring the adsorption of bacteria on hydrocarbons introduced to a bacterial suspension. Leucothrix sp. exhibited the strongest affinity, whereas Flavobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. adsorbed the least. An attempt to obtain an axenic culture of algae by antibiotic treatment was unsuccessful due to the detrimental effect of antibiotics to both algae and bacteria. / Graduation date: 1982

Graduation date: 2003

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:19:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 labres_rv_me_jabo.pdf: 529931 bytes, checksum: 983797bfa27c1fb4d2d46431a537e6c9 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A Spirulina spp. é uma alga cianofícea que apresenta altas concentrações de substâncias com ação antioxidante em sua composição. Devido ao seu efeito na manutenção das reações de oxidação-redução (redox) do organismo, os antioxidantes são capazes de modular diversas funções orgânicas, dentre elas, a imunológica. Tendo isso em vista, delineou-se um experimento dose-resposta, no qual avaliou-se os efeitos imunológicos in vivo, ex vivo e indicadores do status oxidativo em cães alimentados com dietas extrusadas contendo espirulina. Foram formuladas cinco rações isonutrientes: Controle (Co), Co+β-caroteno (controle positivo), Co+0,5%; Co+1,0% e Co+3,0% de espirulina, sendo a espirulina e o beta-caroteno adicionados externamente após o processo de extrusão. Utilizou-se 35 cães adultos beagle, distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os tratamentos. Os animais receberam as dietas por 98 dias e foram estimulados imunologicamente no dia 70 com vacina anti-leishmania. Nos períodos 0, 70 e 98 dias avaliou-se a produção ex vivo de citocinas em cultura de células mononucleares de sangue periférico, a quantificação de subpopulações linfocitárias por citometria de fluxo, de imunoglobulina G (IgG) anti-leishmania e o status oxidativo pela determinação das concentrações séricas de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e pela determinação da capacidade antioxidante total (TAC). Como parâmetro de avaliação da resposta imune celular, realizou-se o teste de hipersensibilidade cutânea tardia (DTH) nos dias 0 e 98. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de covariância, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Não houve efeito de inclusão de espirulina sobre a produção de IgG anti-leishmania, DTH, sub-populações... / The cyanophyceae algae Spirulina spp. presents your composition relatively high concentrations of antioxidants. Because of its effect on the maintenance of the oxidation-reduction reaction (redox) in the body, antioxidants are able to modulate various physiological functions, like the immune system. A dose-response experiment it was designed to assess the immunological effects in vivo and ex vivo and the oxidative status in dogs fed with extruded diets having Spirulina. Four experimental isonutrient rations were formulated, being one Control diet (Co) and others three containing 0,5%, 1,0% or 3,0% of Spirulina, externally added after extrusion. 35 Beagle adult dogs were distributed in a randomized alignment in four groups. The animals received this diet for 98 days and the immunologic system was stimulated on the 70 day with leishmania vaccine. In the period 0, 70 and 98 days it was evaluated the ex vivo cytokine production in mononuclear cell culture, flux cytometry for Lymphocyte subpopulations quantification and concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-leishmania, and oxidative status avaliation. Concentrations of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined, as well as seric total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the animals. Delayed-type hypersensitivity test (DTH) too was determined on 0 and 98 day. We conducted the analysis of covariance and Tukey's test was used to compare means. There was no effect of spirulina inclusion on the IgG anti-leishmania production, DTH, lymphocyte subpopulation (CD5+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+) and ex vivo cytokine production IL-4, TNF-alpha and INF-gamma. Moreover, there was significant decreases in the IL-10 production in the groups receiving 1 and 3 % of spirulina (p<0,05). The inclusion of spirulina diet caused a reduction in the concentration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Coorientador: Ricardo Souza Vasconcellos / Banca: Cristiana Ferreira Fonseca Pontieri / Banca: Danielle Cardoso Geraldo Maia / Resumo: A Spirulina spp. é uma alga cianofícea que apresenta altas concentrações de substâncias com ação antioxidante em sua composição. Devido ao seu efeito na manutenção das reações de oxidação-redução (redox) do organismo, os antioxidantes são capazes de modular diversas funções orgânicas, dentre elas, a imunológica. Tendo isso em vista, delineou-se um experimento dose-resposta, no qual avaliou-se os efeitos imunológicos in vivo, ex vivo e indicadores do status oxidativo em cães alimentados com dietas extrusadas contendo espirulina. Foram formuladas cinco rações isonutrientes: Controle (Co), Co+β-caroteno (controle positivo), Co+0,5%; Co+1,0% e Co+3,0% de espirulina, sendo a espirulina e o beta-caroteno adicionados externamente após o processo de extrusão. Utilizou-se 35 cães adultos beagle, distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os tratamentos. Os animais receberam as dietas por 98 dias e foram estimulados imunologicamente no dia 70 com vacina anti-leishmania. Nos períodos 0, 70 e 98 dias avaliou-se a produção ex vivo de citocinas em cultura de células mononucleares de sangue periférico, a quantificação de subpopulações linfocitárias por citometria de fluxo, de imunoglobulina G (IgG) anti-leishmania e o status oxidativo pela determinação das concentrações séricas de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e pela determinação da capacidade antioxidante total (TAC). Como parâmetro de avaliação da resposta imune celular, realizou-se o teste de hipersensibilidade cutânea tardia (DTH) nos dias 0 e 98. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de covariância, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Não houve efeito de inclusão de espirulina sobre a produção de IgG anti-leishmania, DTH, sub-populações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The cyanophyceae algae Spirulina spp. presents your composition relatively high concentrations of antioxidants. Because of its effect on the maintenance of the oxidation-reduction reaction (redox) in the body, antioxidants are able to modulate various physiological functions, like the immune system. A dose-response experiment it was designed to assess the immunological effects in vivo and ex vivo and the oxidative status in dogs fed with extruded diets having Spirulina. Four experimental isonutrient rations were formulated, being one Control diet (Co) and others three containing 0,5%, 1,0% or 3,0% of Spirulina, externally added after extrusion. 35 Beagle adult dogs were distributed in a randomized alignment in four groups. The animals received this diet for 98 days and the immunologic system was stimulated on the 70 day with leishmania vaccine. In the period 0, 70 and 98 days it was evaluated the ex vivo cytokine production in mononuclear cell culture, flux cytometry for Lymphocyte subpopulations quantification and concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-leishmania, and oxidative status avaliation. Concentrations of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined, as well as seric total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the animals. Delayed-type hypersensitivity test (DTH) too was determined on 0 and 98 day. We conducted the analysis of covariance and Tukey's test was used to compare means. There was no effect of spirulina inclusion on the IgG anti-leishmania production, DTH, lymphocyte subpopulation (CD5+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+) and ex vivo cytokine production IL-4, TNF-alpha and INF-gamma. Moreover, there was significant decreases in the IL-10 production in the groups receiving 1 and 3 % of spirulina (p<0,05). The inclusion of spirulina diet caused a reduction in the concentration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / An 84-day study was conducted to find a suitable diet and feeding level for the culture of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) in Namibia. Two experimental diets, namely, a seaweed diet (SWD) Laminaria pallida (macrophytic algae) and a formulated diet (FD) (macro-algae), for use in abalone (Haliotis midae) feed development, were evaluated. The animals used in this study were juveniles (24.33 ± 3.14 mm shell length; 2.72 ± 0.83 g live weight, mean ± SE) and sub-adults (58.07 ± 10.33 mm shell length and 41.96 ± 20.61 g live weight, mean ± SE). The nutrient profile of the SWD and FD displayed no differences in the protein and carbohydrate levels. Crude protein levels ranged from 4.91 to 17.68% (dry matter (DM) basis). The lipid levels in the FD (0.25%) were almost 0.56% lower than that in the SWD (0.76%). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for the sub-adult abalone ranged from 2.80 to 10.90 and 0.10 to 0.40, respectively. The juvenile abalone fed on the FD yielded significantly lower (P < 0.05) FCRs (0.8) and higher PERs (1.20) than their counterparts fed on the SWD. A similar trend was observed for the sub-adult abalone although the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The relative growth rate (RGR) of juvenile fed on the FD was 25% lower compared to those fed on the SWD, while that of the sub-adult abalone fed on the FD was 29% lower compared to the abalone fed on the SWD. From the daily growth rate (DGR) in terms of daily body weight (DGRBW) calculated after the 84-day period, repeated-measures ANOVA (RANOVA) indicated no interaction between time period and diet. Although slightly lower, the DGRBW for the juvenile abalone fed on the SWD diet (0.033 g/day) did not differ significantly from the DGRBW of abalone fed on the FD (0.079 g/day). In contrast, sub-adult abalone fed on the SWD exhibited significantly higher DGRBW compared to those fed on the FD. Although the abalone fed on the FD was slightly higher in nutritional content, there was no significantly difference (P > 0.05) in the nutritional profile of the abalone soft body tissue fed on either the SWD or FD. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in preference when comparing the aroma of the abalone meat samples fed on either the SWD or FD. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the consumers’ preference in terms of flavour for the abalone sample fed on the FD. The trained taste panel results indicated that there was no difference in the aroma and flavour of the abalone fed on the different diets (P > 0.05). This study showed that cultured juvenile H. midae, readily accepted a FD, producing high consumption and survival rates. The FD still warrants further refinement and testing for it to become a more effective mariculture feed with commercial potential.