Most taste-and-odor problems in the United States are caused by algal blooms in rivers and reservoirs. In the past, most of the attention has been focused on the formation of geosmin and MIB by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), which cause earthy and musty odors, respectively. Little work has been performed, however, on equally obnoxious odors caused by other golden-brown and yellow-brown algae which are responsible for fishy, grassy, floral, and melon odors. Additionally, the production of odorous compounds can occur upon oxidation of a nonodorous parent compound. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of three oxidants - chlorine, potassium permanganate, and chlorine dioxide - on solutions of pure odorous as well as nonodorous compounds and algal extracts containing a mixture of odor-related compounds. Oxidant dosages used were in the ranges expected during water treatment. Rashash (1994) identified several odor-causing compounds in pure cultures of golden-brown, yellow-brown, green, and blue-green algae. The compounds selected for oxidation during this study were isolated by Rashash (1994) and are as follows: isovaleric acid (rancid, dirty socks), β-cyclocitral (tobacco, grape), phenethyl alcohol (roses), myristic acid (odorless), palmitic acid (odorless), linoleic acid (odorless), and linolenic acid (watermelon). All seven compounds were oxidized and evaluated by a trained flavor panel for sensory analysis. Because the three oxidants used in this study produced substantial changes in the odors of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, test solutions buffered to a pH of 7 of linoleic acid and linolenic acid were further evaluated by Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA) for sensory determination and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for quantitative measurement of odorous compounds. Volatile compounds produced by Synura petersenii (fishy/cucumber) were also analyzed and evaluated. When linoleic acid (odorless) was treated with potassium permanganate (0.25 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, and 1.5 mg/L) and chlorine dioxide (1.0 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L), a grassy odor was produced at an FPA intensity of 2-4 (weak). The compound causing this odor was confidently identified from GC/MS analysis as n-hexanal. The compound 2,4-decadienal, which exhibits a frying odor, was also identified in oxidized samples and could contribute to off-odors. Chlorine dioxide and potassium permanganate at the same doses were also effective in eliminating watermelon odors in linolenic samples. Flavor Profile Analysis of samples treated with chlorine was inconclusive since chlorine and acetone, which was used as an organic solvent, produce an alcohol odor at an FPA intensity of approximately 2 (weak) which masked other odors present. Flavor Profile Analysis of oxidized Synura extracts indicated that the fishy odor was destroyed and cucumber or grassy odors were unmasked. Potassium permanganate at a concentration of 0.25 mg/L was effective in eliminating all odors in Synura culture samples. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide at concentrations of 2.0 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L, respectively, eliminated the fishy odor in Synura samples. In both cases, however, vegetation or grassy odors were detected at an FPA intensity of less than 2 (very weak). / Master of Science

The purpose of this investigation is to attempt to relate the distribution and periodicity of the plankton to the variations in the biological, chemical, and physical factors.

Lakes and oceans are threatened by harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused mostly by toxic cyanobacteria. When people or animals drink the toxic water, it can be damaging to their health, potentially leading to hospitalization or even death. In some cases, these toxins are not just limited to the water, but can become airborne through wave breaking, bubble bursting, and spume droplet formation. New information is needed regarding the transport and fate of HAB-associated aerosols. The overall goal of this research was to monitor particle concentrations and measure meteorological conditions near HAB sites to determine the conditions that may lead to increased exposure to HAB cells and toxins in the atmosphere. By creating predictions of which conditions and locations will be experiencing higher aerosol levels at any given time, models could be used to inform the public and policy makers to ensure that appropriate responses and safety measures can be taken. The research also includes experiments to study plumes of colored smoke, as a proxy for the transport of biological particles such as HAB cells, pollen, and pathogens. The first objective of this research was to explore associations between measured weather conditions and particle concentrations measured above active HABs and HAB sites using drone-based sensor packages. The second objective was to monitor wind and particle concentrations near freshwater and marine HABs using ground-based sensor packages. The third objective was to model HAB aerosol behavior at a beach level to predict respiratory irritation. The fourth objective was to use aerial and ground-based sensors and images of colored smoke to predict particle concentrations at different distances and intensity levels downwind from the source(s). / Doctor of Philosophy / Certain environmental conditions in lakes and oceans can favor unhealthy amounts of algal growth. Overgrowth can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs). This occurs when algae produce toxins that make the water unsafe for humans and animals to drink. Sometimes these toxins don't stay in the water and can become toxic airborne particles. We need more information to understand what happens to create and transport these airborne toxins produced by HABs. This research aims to monitor particle concentrations and weather to find what conditions lead to more aerosolized toxins. Accurate predictions of high levels of HAB toxins in the air could be used to alert the public. This work utilized colored smoke released outdoors as a visual indicator of particle movement in the air. The specific objectives of this research were to (1) find associations between weather and particle concentrations at lake HAB sites using drone-mounted samplers at a height above 30 feet from the ground, (2) find associations between weather and particle concentrations at lake and ocean HAB sites using samplers at a height of 5 feet from the ground, (3) predict human throat irritation levels from airborne toxins at the beach level, and (4) use a drone sensor, a ground sensor, and simultaneous video footage of a controlled smoke release to visually track airborne particles.

This dissertation consists of three separate research projects. Each paper uses a different applied econometric technique to investigate problems related to air quality economics. The first chapter is a general introduction to all three studies. The second chapter explores adopting an environmentally-friendly public transportation system in Europe. The Bayesian econometric methods show that willingness to pay for a new public transportation system is primarily driven by improvements to public goods, such as air quality and greenhouse gas emission reduction. The third chapter uses the red tide-related stated experience and satellite imagery of chlorophyll-a concentration as well as field data of respiratory irritation. This chapter illustrates that ancillary scientific information can be efficiently combined with choice experimental data. The fourth chapter uses panel fixed-effect models to investigate the short-term effect of air pollution on students' cognitive performance in China. It is shown that PM2.5 has a significantly negative impact on students' exam performance. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation consists of three separate research projects. The first chapter is a general introduction to all three chapters. The second chapter assesses residents' support for environmentally-friendly public transportation (EFPT) upgrades across Europe. We develop a novel Bayesian logit model to investigate residents' willingness to pay for local EFPT upgrades. We find evidence that WTP is primarily driven by expected improvements to public goods, such as air quality and greenhouse gas abatement, as opposed to private ridership benefits. WTP distributions are strongly positive in all nations suggesting implicit public support for EFPT in Europe. The third chapter presents a unique opportunity to validate stated experiences by Florida Gulf coast residents with red tide-related air toxins with satellite imagery of chlorophyll-a concentration, as well as field data on respiratory irritation at local beaches. We find that respondents are more likely to choose our proposed new harmful algal blooms forecast system when the chlorophyll-a concentration or respiratory irritation is higher at nearby coastal locations. Moreover, we illustrate that this ancillary scientific information can be efficiently combined with choice experimental data and consider this research a first step in a broader effort to directly link scientific data on environmental conditions with nonmarket economic outcomes. The fourth chapter investigates short-term exposure of air pollution on students' cognitive performance in a high-stakes exam: China's College English Test (CET). We use student fixed effects in the panel-data model to estimate the effect of air pollution on students' test scores. Our findings indicate a statistically significant negative effect of PM2.5 on exam performance and also show PM2.5 is equally harmful to listening and reading section, and maybe even more for writing section. We also find that short-term exposure causes negative cognitive effects, suggesting that temporary preventative measures could be effective in avoiding the negative effects of PM2.5.

No description available.

Coral reefs worldwide are threatened by many environmental disturbances including harmful algal blooms (HABs) which have been increasing on Florida coasts over the past decade. Research has mainly focused on HAB identification, percent cover and other effects on the benthos but the relationship of HABs with upper trophic levels has received less attention. To study this relationship, a two-year investigation on a 10-m deep reef off of Hallandale Beach, was conducted. Stationary fish census coupled with benthic transect videos were conducted quarterly between April 2005-July 2007. A significant correlation between Lyngbya sp. blooms and alterations in fish assemblages was observed. Lyngbya had a negative interaction with fish species and abundance; additionally, HAB sample periods were significantly different from low algal abundance periods. Blooms of Dictyota sp. had no measurable relationship with the fish assemblage indicating HABs may have variable impacts on fishes depending on family, species and chemistry of the algae. / by Rex E. Baumberger, Jr. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This research integrates the theoretical implications of risk perception, the social amplification of risk, and the role of place-specific contexts, in order to explore the various perceptions surrounding Florida red tides. Florida red tides are a naturally-occurring event, yet most scientists agree that they are increasing in frequency, duration, and severity. This has profound implication for public health, the local economy, and the biological community. While many of the negative impacts are not easily controllable at this time, some of the secondary impacts can be mitigated through individuals' responses. Unfortunately, public perceptions and consequent reactions to red tides have not been investigated. This research uses questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, and newspaper content analysis to explore the various perceptions of risk surrounding red tides. Surveys and interviews were conducted along two Florida west coast beaches, Fort De Soto Park and Siesta Key. Results indicate that the underlying foundations of the social amplification of risk framework are applicable to understanding how individuals form perceptions of risk relative to red tide events. There are key differences between the spatial locations of individuals and corresponding perceptions, indicating that place-specific contexts are essential to understanding how individuals receive and interpret risk information. The results also suggest that individuals may be lacking efficient and up-to-date information about red tides and their impacts due to inconsistent public outreach. Overall, particular social and spatial factors appear to be more influential as to whether individuals amplify or attenuate the risks associated with red tides.

Diatoms play a fundamental role in marine food webs, and significantly contribute to global primary production and carbon sequestration into the deep ocean. In many offshore areas of the open ocean, iron (Fe) input is low, and its availability often limits phytoplankton biomass. Recently, gene sequences encoding ferritin, a nearly ubiquitous iron storage and detoxifying protein, have been identified in pennate diatoms such as Pseudo-nitzschia, but not in other Stramenopiles (which include centric diatoms, brown algae and some protist plant parasites) or Cryptophyte relatives. Members of this genus readily bloom upon addition of iron to Fe-limited waters, and are known to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid. Until now, the reason for the success of pennate diatoms in the open ocean was uncertain; however, expressing ferritin would allow pennate species to store Fe after a transient input, using it to dominate Fe stimulated algal blooms. Here, the ferritin gene was cloned from the coastal pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia multiseries, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified using liquid chromatography. The ferritin protein sequence appears to encode a non-heme, ferritinlike di-iron carboxylate protein, while gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE indicate that this ferritin is part of the 24 subunit maxi-ferritins. Spectroscopically monitoring the addition of Fe(II) to a buffered ferritin solution shows that the P. multiseries protein demonstrates ferroxidase activity, binding iron and storing it as Fe(III) in excess of 600 equivalents per protein shell. In keeping with the typical stoichiometry of the ferroxidase reaction, oxygen (O₂) is consumed in a 2 Fe:O₂ratio while hydrogen peroxide is produced concurrently. iii Diatoms evolved from secondary endosymbiosis involving eukaryotic red algae; however, a broad phylogenetic comparison suggests that P. multiseries ferritin was likely acquired via lateral gene transfer from cyanobacteria – not from its ancestral endosymbionts. Until recently, no other ferritins have been identified in diatoms, and the protein characterized here is unique in that it seems to be derived from a prokaryotic organism yet it occurs in a marine eukaryote. These findings have direct implications for the success of pennate diatoms in both Fe rich coastal waters and upon Fe addition in the open ocean.

Lake Winnipeg has been subject to intense eutrophication and invasive species such as Rainbow Smelt and Eubosmina coregoni for the last 40 years. This study demonstrated significant increases in total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, overall zooplankton abundance, and specifically Cladocera, between 1969 and the first decade of the 21st century. There were specific basin differences in the long-term changes of the Cladocera community, with the species Chydorus sphaericus and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula negatively affected by high levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. Moreover, long-term change in the Cladocera community composition and abundance throughout the years (1969-2011) during summer was correlated with intensifying eutrophication. Additionally, weak diel vertical migration in the zooplankton community was observed for the first time in Lake Winnipeg.

Lake Winnipeg has been subject to intense eutrophication and invasive species such as Rainbow Smelt and Eubosmina coregoni for the last 40 years. This study demonstrated significant increases in total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, overall zooplankton abundance, and specifically Cladocera, between 1969 and the first decade of the 21st century. There were specific basin differences in the long-term changes of the Cladocera community, with the species Chydorus sphaericus and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula negatively affected by high levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. Moreover, long-term change in the Cladocera community composition and abundance throughout the years (1969-2011) during summer was correlated with intensifying eutrophication. Additionally, weak diel vertical migration in the zooplankton community was observed for the first time in Lake Winnipeg.