Os alginatos de metais alcalinos (Li+, Na+ e K+), alcalino-terrosos (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ e Ba2+), de amônio, mono-, di- e trietanolamônio foram sintetizados por neutralização do ácido algínico com os respectivos hidróxidos, ou carbonatos, e com as aminas. Os sais foram caracterizados por análise elementar e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, confirmando as sínteses. Após caracterização, os compostos foram submetidos à análise térmica (TG/DTG, DTA e DSC) para avaliar seu comportamento térmico e seus resíduos de decomposição, que foram caracterizados por IR e XRD. Os alginatos de amônio e etanolamônio se decompuseram com liberação de amônia ao final do experimento. Os alginatos de metais alcalinos foram convertidos nos seus respectivos carbonatos, enquanto os alginatos de metais alcalino-terrosos se decompuseram formando carbonatos, em seguida óxidos. Foi feita uma avaliação de procedimentos de secagem por estufa a vácuo a 40 ºC e liofilização; e o último método mostrou-se mais eficaz. A água residual, não-congelável, sai associada à decomposição do material e não foi possível definir exatamente seu teor. Um método de medir o grau de substituição nos sais das aminas foi desenvolvido com base em 13C ? NMR em fase sólida. / The alkaline (Li+, Na+ and K+), earth-alkaline (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+), ammonium, mono-, di- and triethanolammonium alginic acid salts were obtained from the neutralization reaction between alginic acid and the respective hydroxides or carbonates, and the amines, The salts were characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy, confirming the synthesis. After the characterization, the compounds were submitted to thermal analysis (TG/DTG, DTA and DSC), in order to evaluate their thermal behavior. The thermal decomposition residues were characterized by IR and/or XRD. The NH4+ and ethanolammonium alginates decomposed via NH3 release without residue in the crucible at the end of the experiment. The alkaline alginates were converted to the respective carbonates, and the earth-alkaline decomposed with production of the carbonates followed by convertion to the oxides. An evaluation of drying procedures involving heating under vaccum up to 40°C and lyophilization were performed, pointing better results in the last case. The residual water, of the non-freezing type, was completely released only during the decomposition of the biopolymer, and it was not possible to define its exact content in the samples. An attempt to estimate the substitution degree in the ethanolammonium salts using 13C ? NMR data, in solid state, was also described.

Os alginatos de metais alcalinos (Li+, Na+ e K+), alcalino-terrosos (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ e Ba2+), de amônio, mono-, di- e trietanolamônio foram sintetizados por neutralização do ácido algínico com os respectivos hidróxidos, ou carbonatos, e com as aminas. Os sais foram caracterizados por análise elementar e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, confirmando as sínteses. Após caracterização, os compostos foram submetidos à análise térmica (TG/DTG, DTA e DSC) para avaliar seu comportamento térmico e seus resíduos de decomposição, que foram caracterizados por IR e XRD. Os alginatos de amônio e etanolamônio se decompuseram com liberação de amônia ao final do experimento. Os alginatos de metais alcalinos foram convertidos nos seus respectivos carbonatos, enquanto os alginatos de metais alcalino-terrosos se decompuseram formando carbonatos, em seguida óxidos. Foi feita uma avaliação de procedimentos de secagem por estufa a vácuo a 40 ºC e liofilização; e o último método mostrou-se mais eficaz. A água residual, não-congelável, sai associada à decomposição do material e não foi possível definir exatamente seu teor. Um método de medir o grau de substituição nos sais das aminas foi desenvolvido com base em 13C ? NMR em fase sólida. / The alkaline (Li+, Na+ and K+), earth-alkaline (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+), ammonium, mono-, di- and triethanolammonium alginic acid salts were obtained from the neutralization reaction between alginic acid and the respective hydroxides or carbonates, and the amines, The salts were characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy, confirming the synthesis. After the characterization, the compounds were submitted to thermal analysis (TG/DTG, DTA and DSC), in order to evaluate their thermal behavior. The thermal decomposition residues were characterized by IR and/or XRD. The NH4+ and ethanolammonium alginates decomposed via NH3 release without residue in the crucible at the end of the experiment. The alkaline alginates were converted to the respective carbonates, and the earth-alkaline decomposed with production of the carbonates followed by convertion to the oxides. An evaluation of drying procedures involving heating under vaccum up to 40°C and lyophilization were performed, pointing better results in the last case. The residual water, of the non-freezing type, was completely released only during the decomposition of the biopolymer, and it was not possible to define its exact content in the samples. An attempt to estimate the substitution degree in the ethanolammonium salts using 13C ? NMR data, in solid state, was also described.

Foram preparados produtos da reação do ácido algínico com a monoetanolamina (MEA), dietanolamina (DEA) e trietanolamina (TEA) sob refluxo em meio de clorofórmio, os quais foram denominados MEA, DEA e TEA-produtos. Os compostos foram caracterizados por Análise Elementar e Espectroscopia Vibracional na Região do Infravermelho. As técnicas termoanalíticas Termogravimetria (TG), Termogravimetria Derivada (DTG), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) foram utilizadas para avaliar o comportamento e estabilidade térmica, as etapas envolvidas e determinar os parâmetros cinéticos da decomposição térmica do Halg e dos produtos de reação. A 13C RMN foi utilizada para propor uma possível estrutura para o MEA-produto e também para estimar o grau de conversão de ácido a produto. A organização estrutural do Halg e de um de seus produtos de reação foi avaliada usando difração de raios X. A Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura foi utilizada para estudar a morfologia do Halg e dos produtos de reação. O MEA-produto foi misturado aos fármacos Paracetamol, Tioconazol e Ramipril e essas misturas foram caracterizadas por Espectroscopia Vibracional na Região do Infravermelho e por Análise Térmica, com o objetivo de verificar a interação de fármacos com o material biopolimérico. / The products of the reaction between alginic acid and monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) were prepared in chlroform under reflux, named MEA, DEA e TEA-products. These compounds were characterized by Elemental Analysis and Spectroscopy in the Infrared region. The Thermal analytical techiniques Thermogravimetry (TG), Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate the thermal behavior and stability of the compounds as well as the steps and the kinetic parameters involved in the thermal decomposition of Halg and the MEA, DEA e TEA-products.<br /> The 13C NMR was used to propose a possible structure for MEA-product and to estimate the degree of the conversion. The structure order of Halg and MEA-product was evaluated by X-ray diffraction. The scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of Halg and the reaction products. The MEA-product was mixed with the drugs Paracetamol, Tioconazole and Ramipril. The mixtures were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy and Thermal Analysis, in order to verify the interaction of drugs with the biopolymeric material

Several workers have reduced acidic polysaccharides for structural studies, for sorption studies, and for studies on chemical reactivity. All these investigators have used reduction procedures which have not been extensively studied and do not completely reduce the acidic groups. In addition, it is not known to what extent the other functional groups such as esters and hemiacetal are reduced. The goal of the present study is to obtain a further understanding of the reduction with both a Lewis acid, diborane, and a Lewis base, lithium borohydride, by comparison of the percent reduction of the functional groups on an acidic polysaccharide. Alginic acid from the stipes of the brown algae Laminaria hyperborea was selected as the acidic polysaccharide for study.

ABSTRACT BIOSENSOR BASED ON INTERPENETRATED POLYMER NETWORK OF ALGINIC ACID AND POLY (1-VINYLIMIDAZOLE) Kartal, M&uuml / jgan M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare January 2008, 63 pages A new proton conductor polymer was prepared using alginic acid (AA) and poly (1-vinylimidazole) (PVI). The polymer network was obtained by mixing AA and PVI at various stoichiometric ratios, x (molar ratio of the monomer repeat units). The AA/PVI network was characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and FT-IR spectroscopy. Potential use of this network in enzyme immobilization was studied. Enzyme entrapped polymer networks (EEPN) were produced by immobilizing invertase and tyrosinase (PPO) in the AA/PVI network. Additionally, the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were investigated for the immobilized invertase and enzymes. Also, temperature and pH optimization, operational stability and shelf life of the polymer network were examined.

By mixing different stoichiometric ratios of chitosan with alginic acid (AA) and chitosan with p(toluenesulfonicacid) (PTSA), two new polymer networks were prepared. FT-IR spectroscopy results show the protonation of chitosan by AA and PTSA. Elemental analysis (EA) results show the composition of the networks. Thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results were used to characterize the thermal stability of the networks. Then, cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) enzyme were immobilized in these networks and checked for potential use of these enzyme entrapped polymer networks (EEPN) for enzyme immobilization. Additionally, the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were evaluated for immobilized ChOx in these two polymer networks. Also, temperature and pH optimization, operational stability, shelf-life and the proton conductivity of these networks were investigated.

Foram preparados produtos da reação do ácido algínico com a monoetanolamina (MEA), dietanolamina (DEA) e trietanolamina (TEA) sob refluxo em meio de clorofórmio, os quais foram denominados MEA, DEA e TEA-produtos. Os compostos foram caracterizados por Análise Elementar e Espectroscopia Vibracional na Região do Infravermelho. As técnicas termoanalíticas Termogravimetria (TG), Termogravimetria Derivada (DTG), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) foram utilizadas para avaliar o comportamento e estabilidade térmica, as etapas envolvidas e determinar os parâmetros cinéticos da decomposição térmica do Halg e dos produtos de reação. A 13C RMN foi utilizada para propor uma possível estrutura para o MEA-produto e também para estimar o grau de conversão de ácido a produto. A organização estrutural do Halg e de um de seus produtos de reação foi avaliada usando difração de raios X. A Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura foi utilizada para estudar a morfologia do Halg e dos produtos de reação. O MEA-produto foi misturado aos fármacos Paracetamol, Tioconazol e Ramipril e essas misturas foram caracterizadas por Espectroscopia Vibracional na Região do Infravermelho e por Análise Térmica, com o objetivo de verificar a interação de fármacos com o material biopolimérico. / The products of the reaction between alginic acid and monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) were prepared in chlroform under reflux, named MEA, DEA e TEA-products. These compounds were characterized by Elemental Analysis and Spectroscopy in the Infrared region. The Thermal analytical techiniques Thermogravimetry (TG), Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate the thermal behavior and stability of the compounds as well as the steps and the kinetic parameters involved in the thermal decomposition of Halg and the MEA, DEA e TEA-products.<br /> The 13C NMR was used to propose a possible structure for MEA-product and to estimate the degree of the conversion. The structure order of Halg and MEA-product was evaluated by X-ray diffraction. The scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of Halg and the reaction products. The MEA-product was mixed with the drugs Paracetamol, Tioconazole and Ramipril. The mixtures were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy and Thermal Analysis, in order to verify the interaction of drugs with the biopolymeric material

La possibilité d’administrer des formes sèches orales est encore de nos jours un enjeu dans certaines spécialités médicales telles que la pédiatrie, la neurologie ou la gériatrie. Les mini-comprimés orodispersibles présentent un intérêt majeur pour répondre à cette problématique.L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les différents phénomènes qui régissent la conception de cette forme pharmaceutique par compression directe.Trois axes de recherche ont été fixés pour la réalisation de ce travail : - Premièrement, étudier les paramètres de formulation et de fabrication des mini-comprimés orodispersibles.- Deuxièmement, améliorer notre compréhension des phénomènes qui régissent la désintégration de ces comprimés au travers de l’étude du comportement de l’excipient clé de la désintégration : le super-désintégrant.- Enfin, développer un matériau à base d’acide alginique et d’alginate de calcium ayant pour fonction d’accélérer la désintégration des mini-comprimés orodispersibles.Les résultats obtenus permettent d’orienter les choix des différents excipients et les paramètres techniques pour la fabrication de cette forme. D’autre part, ils mettent en évidence le besoin de définir des spécifications et des techniques de caractérisation qui lui sont dédiées. Les résultats obtenus lors de l’étude du comportement des super-désintégrants au moment de leur hydratation, soulignent l’importance de la capacité de conduction de l’eau des super-désintégrants dans le mécanisme de désintégration des mini-comprimés orodispersibles. Enfin, les résultats des travaux réalisés pour l’obtention de matériaux super-désintégrants à base d’acide alginique permettent d’établir de premières orientations à suivre dans leurs modes de production.Les différentes conclusions issues des travaux menés lors de cette thèse permettront de valoriser cette forme pharmaceutique innovante et d’en favoriser de nouveaux développements. / Patient acceptability of a medical product is a key aspect in the development of medicines. Oral administration of dry forms presents still several limitations in some medical specialties such as pediatrics, neurology or geriatrics. Orodispersible Mini Tablets (ODMTs) have been described as a potential solution to these drawbacks.In this thesis, the different parameters governing the design of these pharmaceutical forms by direct compression have been studied.Three main lines of research have been followed to carry out this work:- Firstly, the different parameters of formulation and manufacture of orodispersible mini tablets were evaluated.- Secondly, the behavior of different commercial super disintegrants, key excipents in the disintegrating action, was studied in order to improve our understanding of the phenomena governing the disintegration mechanisms of the ODMTs.- Finally, various alginate-based materials were developed and its function as super disintegrants in orodispersible mini tablets was tested.The obtained results can be used as indicatives in the choice of excipient and the technical parameters for an effective manufacture of OMDTs. Moreover, they have highlighted the need to continue defining specifications and characterization techniques dedicated to further development of OMDTs. The results obtained during the hydration studies (swelling ratio, swelling force and water uptake) of the super disintegrants underline the importance of wicking in the disintegration mechanism of the ODMT.Finally, the prepared alginate-based materials have shown to present interesting mechanical properties for the development of effective and available super disintegrants for direct compression.The choice of suitable super disintegrants for ODMTs formulation requires extensive knowledge of their properties for promoting the breakout of the tablet and of their interaction with both, water and the various materials constituting the tablet. Thus, the knowledge gained in this thesis on super disintegrant functionality will promote the appropriate development of this innovative pharmaceutical form.