Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de la viscosité de cisaillement par simulation numérique de dynamique moléculaire classique à l'équilibre avec une attention particulière à l'influence des hautes pressions sur cette propriété. La viscosité est obtenue à partir des trajectoires générées par ces simulations et en appliquant la formule de Green-Kubo. Un large panel de systèmes a été étudié, allant de fluides atomiques purs à un liquide moléculaire, en passant par des mélanges binaires. En premier lieu, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les métaux alcalins. La conclusion majeure de cette étude est que la viscosité des alcalins a un comportement universel sur une large plage du diagramme de phases. Par ailleurs, sur cet intervalle, la relation universelle que nous avons proposée permet de prédire la valeur de la viscosité de n'importe quel élément avec une incertitude inférieure à 10%. La validité de la relation de Stokes-Einstein, reliant le coefficient d'autodiffusion à la viscosité, a également été vérifiée. Une étude systématique a ensuite été menée sur des mélanges modèles de type Lennard-Jones an de tester l'influence des paramètres d'interaction sur le comportement de la viscosité. Une estimation théorique basée sur le modèle de fluide effectif pur a été proposée. D'autre part, la relation de Stokes-Einstein a été étendue aux mélanges avec succès. Ces observations ont été confrontées aux cas de deux alliages réels : K-Cs et Li-Bi. Pour finir, une étude préliminaire a été entreprise sur l'eau en modélisant les interactions par deux potentiels : SPC/E, non polarisable, et BK3, polarisable. L'effet de l'introduction de la polarisabilité sur le calcul de la viscosité a été étudié. La validité des relations de Stokes-Einstein et de Stokes-Einstein-Debye, faisant intervenir la rotation de la molécule, a été évaluée à très haute pression / This work is devoted to the study of the shear viscosity by numerical simulation of equilibrium classical molecular dynamics with a particular attention to the influence of high pressures on this property. From trajectories generated by these simulations and using the Grenn-Kubo formula, the viscosity is obtained. A broad range of systems has been studied, covering from pure atomic fluids to a molecular liquid, as well as binary mixtures. First, we focused on alkali metals. The main outcome of this study is that the viscosity of these metals has a universal behavior over a wide range of phase diagram. Furthermore, over this interval, the universal relation that we have proposed permits the prediction of the viscosity value of any elements with an uncertainty lower than 10%. The validity of the Stokes-Einstein relation, connecting the self-diffusion coefficient and the viscosity, has also been verified. Then, a systematic study has been carried out on model mixtures of Lennard-Jones fluids to test the influence of interaction parameters on the viscosity behavior. A theoretical estimation based on the effective one-component fluid model has been proposed. Moreover, the Stokes-Einstein relation has been successfully extended to mixtures. These observations have been compared with two real alloys: K-Cs and Li-Bi. Lastly, a preliminary study on water has been undertaken by modeling the interactions with two models: SPC/E, non-polarizable and BK3, polarizable. The effect of the introduction of the polarizability on the viscosity has been studied. The validity of Stokes-Einstein and Stokes-Einstein-Debye, involving the rotation of the molecule, has been evaluated under very high pressure

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der thermodynamischen Modellierung des British Gas-Lurgi-Vergasungsprozesses (BGL). Es werden auftretende Schwachstellen des Prozesses analysiert und auf das Verhalten der Mineralstoffkomponenten zurückgeführt. Auf Grundlage einer Stoffbilanz sowie zahlreicher Prozessdaten (BGL-Vergaser der SVZ Schwarze Pumpe GmbH) wurde das in SimuSage erstellte Stufenmodell an Nichtgleichgewichtszustände und Transportvorgänge angepasst. Das Modell erlaubt die qualitative und quantitative Beschreibung eines Alkalikreislaufes, welcher durch KCl geprägt ist. Mit dem Modell werden wirksame Maßnahmen abgebildet, um die Anreicherung von KCl und die damit verbundenen technischen Störungen zu vermeiden.

<p>Atoms, molecules and clusters all constitute building blocks of macroscopic matter. Therefore, understanding the electronic and geometrical properties of such systems is the key to understanding the properties of solid state objects.</p><p>In this thesis, some atomic, molecular and cluster systems (clusters of O₂, CH₃Br, Ar/O₂, Ar/Xe and Ar/Kr; dimers of Na; Na and K atoms) have been investigated using synchrotron radiation, and in the two last instances, laser light. We have performed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on all of these systems. We have also applied ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), resonant Auger spectroscopy (RAS) and near-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) to study many of the systems. Calculations using <i>ab initio</i> methods, namely density functional theory (DFT) and Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP), were employed for electronic structure calculations. The geometrical structure was studied using a combination of <i>ab initio</i> and molecular dynamics (MD) methods.</p><p>Results on the dissociation behavior of CH₃Br and O₂ molecules in clusters are presented. The dissociation of the Na₂ molecule has been characterized and the molecular field splitting of the Na 2<i>p</i> level in the dimer has been measured. The molecular field splitting of the CH₃Br 3<i>d</i> level has been measured and the structure of CH₃Br clusters has been determined to be similar to the structure of the bulk solid. The diffusion behavior of O₂, Kr and Xe on large Ar clusters, as a function of doping rate, has been investigated. The shake-down process has been observed from excited states of Na and K. Laser excited Na atoms have been shown to be magnetically aligned. The shake-down process was used to characterize the origin of various final states that can be observed in the spectrum of ground-state K.</p>

Atoms, molecules and clusters all constitute building blocks of macroscopic matter. Therefore, understanding the electronic and geometrical properties of such systems is the key to understanding the properties of solid state objects. In this thesis, some atomic, molecular and cluster systems (clusters of O2, CH3Br, Ar/O2, Ar/Xe and Ar/Kr; dimers of Na; Na and K atoms) have been investigated using synchrotron radiation, and in the two last instances, laser light. We have performed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on all of these systems. We have also applied ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), resonant Auger spectroscopy (RAS) and near-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) to study many of the systems. Calculations using ab initio methods, namely density functional theory (DFT) and Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP), were employed for electronic structure calculations. The geometrical structure was studied using a combination of ab initio and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. Results on the dissociation behavior of CH3Br and O2 molecules in clusters are presented. The dissociation of the Na2 molecule has been characterized and the molecular field splitting of the Na 2p level in the dimer has been measured. The molecular field splitting of the CH3Br 3d level has been measured and the structure of CH3Br clusters has been determined to be similar to the structure of the bulk solid. The diffusion behavior of O2, Kr and Xe on large Ar clusters, as a function of doping rate, has been investigated. The shake-down process has been observed from excited states of Na and K. Laser excited Na atoms have been shown to be magnetically aligned. The shake-down process was used to characterize the origin of various final states that can be observed in the spectrum of ground-state K.