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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

A Contravention of Established Principles of Interspecific Allometric Metabolic Scaling in Developing Silkworms, Bombyx Mori.

Blossman-Myer, Bonnie 05 1900 (has links)
Established interspecific metabolic allometric relationships do not adequately describe the complexity and variable physiological states of developing animals. Consequently, intraspecific allometric relationships of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production as a function of body mass; the respiratory quotient; the function of the silk cocoon; and body composition were investigated for each distinct developmental stage of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Whole animal O2 consumption in Bombyx ranged from 0.00064 + 0.000047 ml O2 .hr-1 at larval instar I to 0.77 + 0.06 ml O2 .hr-1 in pre-pupal, falling to 0.21+ 0.01 ml O2 .hr-1 in the pupae. Those instars having a significant relationship between O2 consumption as a function of body mass, the slope of the line relating O2 consumption to body mass varied between 0.99 and 1.02, while across all instars the slope was 0.82. Developmental allometry should be presented for individual developmental stages because the individual allometric exponents of the stages can be significantly different from the overall allometric exponent throughout development and in some cases, the overall allometric exponent can be a statistical artifact. The first larval instar of Bombyx mori has the lowest cross sectional area of high metabolic tissue of the midgut (27%) and had one of the highest percentages of some metabolically inert tissues (i.e. lipid, 7.5%). Body composition of the first instar does not support the idea that smaller mass animals having the highest O2 consumption are composed of a greater percentage of metabolically active organs when compared to larger animals. However, this developmental stage has the highest percentage of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase, which correlates well with the high O2 consumption rate of the smaller mass. Therefore, established interspecific principles should not be assumed to function as valid models for intraspecific developmental relationships of metabolism as a function of body mass. Developmental allometry should include an analysis of individual stages of development as well as an analysis of development as a whole to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of allometry of the developing animal such as the silkworm.
22

Modelling the structuring of animal communities in heterogeneous landscapes : the role of individual home range formation, foraging movement, competition and habitat configuration

Buchmann, Carsten January 2012 (has links)
This thesis aims at a better mechanistic understanding of animal communities. Therefore, an allometry- and individual-based model has been developed which was used to simulate mammal and bird communities in heterogeneous landscapes, and to to better understand their response to landscape changes (habitat loss and fragmentation). / Diese Doktorarbeit strebt ein besseres mechanistisches Verständnis von Tiergemeinschaften an. Dafür wurde ein allometrie- und individuen-basiertes Modell entwickelt und dazu benutzt, Säugetier- und Vogelgemeinschaften in heterogenen Landschaften zu simulieren, und ihre Reaktion auf Landschaftsveränderungen (Habitatverlust und -fragmentierung) besser zu verstehen.
23

Radar backscatter modelling of forests using a macroecological approach

Brolly, Matthew January 2012 (has links)
This thesis provides a new explanation for the behaviour of radar backscatter of forests using vegetation structure models from the field of macroecology. The forests modelled in this work are produced using allometry-based ecological models with backscatter derived from the parameterisation of a radiative transfer model. This work is produced as a series of papers, each portraying the importance of macroecology in defining the forest radar response. Each contribution does so by incorporating structural and dynamic effects of forest growth using one of two allometric models to expose variations in backscatter as a response to vertical and horizontal forest profiles. The major findings of these studies concern the origin of backscatter saturation effects from forest SAR surveys. In each work the importance of transition from Rayleigh to Optical scattering, combined with the scaling effects of forest structure, is emphasised. These findings are administered through evidence including the transition’s emergence as the region of dominant backscatter in a vertical profile (according to a dominant canopy scattering layer), also through the existence of a two trend backscatter relationship with volume in the shape of the typical “saturation curve” (in the absence of additional attenuating factors). The importance of scattering regime change is also demonstrated through the relationships with volume, basal area and thinning. This work’s findings are reinforced by the examination of the relationships between forest height and volume, as collective values, providing evidence to suggest the non-uniqueness of volume-toheight relationships. Each of the studies refer to growing forest communities not single trees, so that unlike typical studies of radar remote sensing of forests the impact of the macroecological structural aspects are more explicit. This study emphasises the importance of the overall forest structure in producing SAR backscatter and how backscatter is not solely influenced by electrical properties of scatteres or the singular aspects of a tree but also by the collective forest parameters defining a dynamically changing forest.
24

Estimating the above-ground biomass of mangrove forests in Kenya

Cohen, Rachel January 2014 (has links)
Robust estimates of forest above-ground biomass (AGB) are needed in order to constrain the uncertainty in regional and global carbon budgets, predictions of global climate change and remote sensing efforts to monitor large scale changes in forest cover and biomass. Estimates of AGB and their associated uncertainty are also essential for international forest-based climate change mitigation strategies such as REDD+. Mangrove forests are widely recognised as globally important carbon stores. Continuing high rates of global mangrove deforestation represent a loss of future carbon sequestration potential and could result in significant release into the atmosphere of the carbon currently being stored within mangroves. The main aims of this thesis are 1) to provide information on the current AGB stocks of mangrove forests in Kenya at spatial scales relevant for climate change research, forest management and REDD+ and 2) to evaluate and constrain the uncertainty associated with these AGB estimates. This thesis adopted both a ground-based statistical approach and a remote sensing based approach to estimating mangrove AGB in Kenya. Allometric equations were developed for Kenyan mangroves using mixed-effects regression analysis and uncertainties were fully propagated (using a Monte Carlo based approach) to estimates of AGB at all spatial scales (tree, plot, region and landscape). In this study, species and site effects accounted for a large proportion (41%) of the total variability in mangrove AGB. The generic biomass equation produced for Kenyan mangroves has the potential for broad application as it can be used to estimate the AGB of new trees where there is no pre-existing knowledge of the specific species-site allometric relationship. The 95% prediction intervals for landscape scale estimates of total AGB suggest that between 5.4 and 7.2 megatonnes (Mt) of AGB is currently held in Kenyan mangrove forests. An in-depth evaluation of the relative contribution of various components of uncertainty (measurement, parameter and residual uncertainty) to the magnitude of the total uncertainty of AGB estimates was carried out. This evaluation was undertaken using both the mixed-effects regression model and a standard ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model. The exclusion of measurement uncertainty during the biomass estimation process had negligible impact on the magnitude of the uncertainty regardless of spatial scale or tree size. Excluding the uncertainty due to species and site effects (from the mixed-effects model) consistently resulted in a large reduction (~ 70%) in the overall uncertainty. Estimates of the uncertainty produced by the OLS model were unrealistically low which is illustrative of the general need to account for group effects in biomass regression models. L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was used to estimate the AGB of Kenyan mangroves. There was an observable relationship (R2 = 0.45) between L-band HH and AGB with HH backscatter found to decrease as a function of increasing AGB. There was no significant relationship found between L-band HV and AGB. The negative relationship between HH and AGB in this study can possibly be attributed to enhanced backscatter at lower AGB due to strong double-bounce and direct surface scattering from short stature/open forests and attenuation of the SAR signal at higher AGB. The SAR-derived estimate of total AGB for Kenyan mangroves was 5.32 Mt ± 18.6%. However, due to the unexpected nature of the HH-AGB relationship found in this study the SAR-derived estimates of mangrove AGB in this study should be considered with caution.
25

A quantitative assessment of infraorbital morphology in Homo: testing for character independence and evolutionary significance in the human midface

Maddux, Scott David 01 January 2011 (has links)
Features of the infraorbital region, such as infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation, and curvature of the zygomaticoalveolar crest, have long played a prominent role in phylogenetic analyses of Homo. However, there is currently considerable debate regarding the phylogenetic reliability of infraorbital characters, as numerous researchers have questioned the degree to which these features are morphologically independent of one another and facial size. These questions largely stem from methodological limitations for accurately quantifying the curvilinear morphology of the infraorbital surface and zygomaticoalveolar crest, which have significantly impeded the ability to discern patterns of infraorbital integration and allometry. In this study, infraorbital surface and zygomaticoalveolar crest morphology are precisely assessed, through geometric morphometric methodologies well-suited for quantifying complex curvilinear structures, in a large sample of fossil (n = 71) and recent Homo (n = 303). Once quantified, measures of infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation and zygomaticoalveolar crest curvature are further evaluated for intercorrelation and allometry in order to more fully evaluate the morphological independence of commonly cited infraorbital characters. The results of this study indicate that most aspects of infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation and zygomaticoalveolar crest curvature are significantly correlated with facial size across Homo. Moreover, certain aspects of infraorbital shape, such the degree of infraorbital surface depression and the overall curvature of the zygomaticoalveolar crest, appear to show additional, size-independent, intercorrelations, suggesting they form a singular "infraorbital complex." In light of these results, the use of infraorbital characters as separate independent characters in phylogenetic assessments of Homo is called into question, while the importance of facial size in human craniofacial evolution is further highlighted.
26

Etude de la diversité trophique des poissons demoiselles (Perciformes, Pomacentridae) par l'examen des variations du squelette céphalique à partir de leur vie récifale

Frederich, Bruno 15 June 2009 (has links)
Les poissons demoiselles (Pomacentridae) représentent lune des familles les plus importantes des récifs coralliens ; du point de vue du nombre despèces (> 350) et de leur abondance. Malgré cette importance, très peu détudes ont abordé leur diversité trophique et morphologique. Comme la majorité des poissons coralliens, les demoiselles possèdent un cycle de vie complexe divisé en deux phases : (1) une phase larvaire pélagique et océanique potentiellement dispersive et (2) une phase juvénile et adulte sédentaire associée à lhabitat corallien. La fin du stade larvaire coïncide avec la colonisation du récif. Le milieu océanique offre un habitat relativement homogène pour toutes les larves de Pomacentridae et celles-ci se nourrissent exclusivement de copépodes planctoniques. Au contraire, le récif propose une grande variété dhabitats et de ressources alimentaires. Au cours de leur ontogénie, les demoiselles subissent donc un changement de mode de vie qui doit saccompagner de modifications morphologiques, physiologiques et comportementales pour optimiser leur survie dans chaque environnement. La présente thèse a pour premier objectif de tester lhypothèse selon laquelle la plus grande diversité trophique attendue au stade adulte saccompagne dune plus grande disparité (mesure de la diversité morphologique au sein dun taxon) que chez les larves. Répondre à cet objectif a nécessité dorganiser la recherche selon trois axes. Premièrement, Lanalyse des contenus stomacaux et des isotopes stables du carbone et de lazote chez treize espèces a permis de mettre en évidence trois comportements alimentaires : (1) les « pelagic feeders » qui se nourrissent presquexclusivement de copépodes planctoniques, (2) les « benthic feeders » qui sont des espèces principalement herbivores broutant des algues filamenteuses et (3) un groupe intermédiaire incluant des espèces qui se nourrissent en proportions variables dans le compartiment pélagique et benthique (ex : copépodes planctoniques et benthiques, petits invertébrés vagiles et sessiles, algues filamenteuses). La littérature signale en plus deux demoiselles spécialisées dans la consommation exclusive de polypes de coraux. Deuxièmement, une étude écomorphologique a caractérisé la diversité du squelette céphalique chez les adultes. Les variations de forme de quatre unités du squelette céphalique (le neurocrâne, lunité « suspensorium et opercule », la mandibule et le prémaxillaire) ont été explorées au moyen de la morphométrie géométrique chez quatorze espèces adultes montrant des régimes alimentaires différents. Les résultats révèlent un parallélisme entre la diversité du squelette céphalique et la diversité des régimes alimentaires présent au stade adulte. Dune manière générale, les demoiselles planctonophages possèdent des caractères squelettiques optimisant la prise de nourriture par aspiration (ex : hauts suspensoria et opercules, une large crête supraoccipitale, des mandibules courtes formant une petite bouche). Les espèces brouteuses montrent des pièces squelettiques plus robustes (ex : mandibules hautes et massives, hyomandibulaires larges). Parmi les espèces zooplanctonophages, Chromis viridis et C. acares montrent une morphologie céphalique assez divergente de celle des autres. Leurs caractéristiques squelettiques laissent supposer un mode de prise de nourriture où le poisson capture sa proie en nageant vers elle bouche ouverte (type « ram-suction feeder »). La dentition buccale nest pas toujours corrélée au régime alimentaire. Troisièmement, lontogénie post-colonisation et la variation du niveau de disparité squelettique ont été étudiées et comparées chez huit espèces représentant un échantillon complet de la diversité trophique de la famille. Après la colonisation, les demoiselles subissent des allométries de croissance importantes (40 à 87% des variations de forme). La disparité morphologique est plus grande au stade adulte quau stade de la colonisation pour chaque structure squelettique céphalique. Lensemble des paramètres développementaux étudiés ont subi des changements évolutifs. À la colonisation, les formes larvaires sont déjà spécifiques, probablement à cause de différences dans la durée de vie larvaire pélagique des espèces. Laugmentation de la disparité au cours du développement post-colonisation est essentiellement due à la divergence des patrons allométriques. La longueur des trajectoires ontogénétiques et les vitesses de développement apparaissent comme deux facteurs moins variables. Dune manière générale, peu de liens existent entre les données phylogénétiques ou écologiques (régime, durée de vie larvaire,) et les paramètres développementaux. La diversité du genre Dascyllus illustre des cas de gigantisme. Les méthodes de morphométrie géométrique montrent que les petites espèces et les espèces géantes partagent les mêmes trajectoires ontogénétiques pour le neurocrâne et la mandibule. Au sein de ce groupe, lapparition despèces de grande taille au cours de lévolution résulterait de processus hétérochroniques. La morphologie céphalique larvaire suggère une prise de nourriture de type « ram/suction feeding ». Chez toutes les espèces étudiées, les patrons allométriques révèlent une optimisation du système de prise de nourriture par aspiration au cours du développement. Les demoiselles acquièrent au cours de leur croissance des joues et de opercules proportionnellement plus hauts, une crête supraoccipitale plus grande, des mandibules plus courtes et un processus ascendant du prémaxillaire plus long. Chez les espèces herbivores, dautres changements de forme sont liés à lacquisition de capacités de morsure et de découpe. Par exemple, les mandibules et les suspensoria deviennent plus massifs.
27

The relationship between canopy structure, light dynamics and deciduousness in a seasonal tropical forest in Panama : a multiple scale study using remote sensing and allometry /

Bohlman, Stephanie Ann. January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-194).
28

Allometric Scaling in Centrarchid Fish: Origins of Intra- and Inter-specific Variation in Oxidative and Glycolytic Enzyme Levels in Muscle

Davies, Rhiannon 01 November 2007 (has links)
The influence of body size on metabolic rate, muscle enzyme activities, and the underlying patterns of mRNA for these enzymes were explored in an effort to explain the genetic basis of allometric variation in metabolic enzymes. Two pairs of sister species of centrarchid fishes were studied: black bass (largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui), and sunfish (pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus and bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus). The goal was to assess the regulatory basis of both intraspecific and interspecific variation in relation to body size, as well as gain insights into the evolutionary constraints within lineages. Whole animal routine metabolic rate showed scaling coefficients not significantly different from 1, ranging from +0.87 to +0.96. However, there were significant effects of body size on the specific activities of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes. Mass-specific activity of the oxidative enzyme citrate synthase (CS) scaled negatively with body size in each species, with scaling coefficients ranging from -0.15 to -0.19 whereas the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK) showed positive scaling, with scaling coefficients ranging from +0.08 to +0.23. The ratio of mass-specific enzyme activity in PK to CS increased with body size, whereas the ratio of mRNA transcripts of PK to CS was unaffected, suggesting the enzyme relationships were not due simply to transcriptional regulation of both genes. The mass-dependent differences in PK activities were best explained by transcriptional regulation of the muscle PK gene; PK mRNA was a good predictor of PK specific enzyme activity within species and between species. Conversely, CS mRNA did not correlate with CS specific enzyme activities, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms may explain the observed inter-specific and intraspecific differences in oxidative enzymes. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2007-10-31 11:55:28.757
29

Membrane lipid composition and its effect on sodium pump molecular activity a comparative study /

Turner, Nigel. January 2003 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2003. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 168-188.
30

Relationship between allometric variables and biomass in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) /

Sabin, Breanna S. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-44). Also available on the World Wide Web.

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