Diploma thesis is focused on design and strenght calculation of the separator according to ČSN EN 13 445. Introductory part introduce problems with design of separators, in the other parts there is a design and strenght calculation of separator according to ČSN EN 14 445, unfired pressure vessels, part 3 - Design, FEM analysis in ANSYS Workbench and stress categorization of the results.

傷害罪的研究，在我國學說實務上對於特定的議題可能有所分歧，但原則上已然有一定的研究成果與結論，對於身體或是健康的定義，或者是所涵攝的範圍等等。然而隨著社會發展，以及對於個人身體期待有更為完整的保護，除了生理機能上的傷害以外，對於心理、精神、或是情緒上的傷害，是否能夠被劃歸於傷害罪的保護範圍，也應有其討論空間。 本文試圖由保護法益出發，討論心理傷害在身體法益的角度下其存在的可能，如果可能存在，則在現行的條文下應該做如何的解釋。這並不是一個純粹學術的討論，而是一個貼近社會每個個體的議題，每個社會個體在社會中的活動，都可能造成他人心理或是情緒上的不愉快；相反的，也可能因為他人的行為而有心理或情緒上的不愉快。這些事實每天重複的發生在我們周遭，重點在於是否有注意到這些心理傷害存在，以及如何給予心理傷害評價。 肯認心理傷害的概念是存在後，如果要作更細緻的分析，就必須先定義心理傷害的概念，去尋找在哪些情況之下，會成為具有法律意義的心理傷害，而為傷害罪之保護範圍。將其具體化，也就是心理傷害的傷害結果是必須符合一些標準的，如果欠缺標準，則會使心理傷害的概念浮動，而可能過度擴張其範圍，故若該結果欠缺實質的情緒傷害、或是未使被害人的反應非屬正常範圍等，則不認為其為心理傷害，而可能是一種負面的情緒反應而已。 心理傷害因為其本質較為特別，是何種行為導致心理傷害結果的存在，也就是行為與結果之間的因果關係並不甚清楚。其理由在於，在心理傷害的情形，特定行為是否確實造成心理傷害結果並不是客觀明顯可見的，是以一個心理傷害結果的存在，是由A行為或是B行為所導致，或是由A、B數行為一同造成，除非有明確的事實證據可以作為依據，否則因果關係的建立上，都只能透過人類經驗的累積作為參考依據，而無法使用條件理論來作為判斷標準，是以在此情形下，透過人類經驗而建立因果關係的假設因果關係理論，在論理上似乎會是比較實用也比較合理的標準。 在因果關係的確立後，同時必須考量該結果是否可以歸責於行為人，如果該行為在社會上是被允許的，則即使該行為可能有造成他人心理傷害的風險，該風險就應該被容許而會是容許風險。而在社會中因為有親疏程度不同之人際關係，如果人與人之間的關係較為緊密，在社會共識上會提高容許風險的門檻，而擴大容許風險的範圍，在結論上，就會是該行為雖然造成心理傷害結果，但是因為該行為本身帶有傷害結果的風險是社會所已經認識且允許的，是以即使該風險確實實現，社會也不會予以處罰。 關鍵字：傷害、心理傷害、負面情緒、情緒傷害、實質情緒傷害、正常範圍、人類經驗、假設因果關係、容許風險 / The researches of assault and battery may exist difference in specific issues between theories and practice, but in general, the researches have got some results and had conclusions, like the definition of body or health, or the area which assault and battery including. However, due to the developing of the society and the more desire to protect individual body, except the harm to the physical functions, if the harm to mind or emotion could be classified as the range of assault and battery may be worth discussing as well. This thesis tries to start from the legal interest(Rechtgut), to talk about the possibility of mental injury included in the legal interest of body. If the legal interest of body include the mental harm, then how to explain the articles which are currently in effect. This is not a pure academic discuss, but a issue which close to every individual in society. The activities of individuals in society may cause mental or emotional unpleasantness. On the contrary, mental or emotional unpleasantness might be caused by other’s behaviors too. Those facts around us happen repeatedly everyday and the importance is whether we noticed the mental harm exist or not, and how to appraisal it. After confirming the notion of mental harm or injury exist, if try to analyze more detailed, defining the mental harm notion is the first step we should take and looking for under what kind of situations the notion of mental harm will become meaningful in legal system. Specifically, which means the results of mental harm must conform with some standards. If lacking of standards, the notion of mental harm will be vague, and the result of the vagueness, it might broaden the range excessively. So if the results lack of substantial emotional harm, or didn’t make victims’ reactions out of normal range, then we don’t admit the result is a mental harm, but a negative emotion. Because mental harm has special quality, the question is which behavior leads to the results of mental harm, and the causation between behavior and result is not clear enough. The reason is that in the situation of mental harm, if the specific behaviors surly cause the result of mental harm can’t be discovered obviously and objectively. As the result, the existence of a result of mental harm is caused by behavior A or B, or is caused by A and B, except we have clear facts and proofs to be reference materials, or we only can apply the accumulation of human experience to the construction of causation and we can not use condition theory(Bedingunstheorie) as the standard to determine the causation. Thus, the theory of hypothesized causation constructs the causation through the human experience seems more practical and reasonable standard. When the causation have been constructed, after that, the question is that if the defendant should be blamed for the result should be considered as well. If the behavior is allowed in the society, then even if the behavior may bring about the risk of mental harm of the others, but the risk shall be allowed or endured and is an allowable risk(das erlaubte Risiko). And the relationships between people are not always as any others, if the relationship is closer, the common consensus of society will raise the line of allowable risk and broaden the range of allowable risk. In conclusion, although the behavior leads to the result of mental harm, the behavior companies the risk of the result of mental harm is recognized and allowed by society, so even the risk occur in deed, society will not punish the behavior. Key Word: assault, battery, harm, injury, emotional harm, mental harm, emotional injury, substantial emotional harm, normal range, causation, allowable risk

The Peruvian anchoveta fishery was for nearly 60 years characterized by the unsustainable dynamics of open access resource pools. This thesis investigates whether the 2009 Peruvian Legislative Decree 1084 on Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQ's) is an effective response to the industrial overcapacity and race-to-fish problems that threatened the environment before its implementation. It employs Common-Pool Resource theory to assess the impact of the new IVQ scheme on collective dynamics, and Ribot and Peluso's access theory (2009) to elucidate evolving power relations in the fishery. In this framework, DL1084 is evaluated as a regulatory instrument, as a lens on fisheries governance in Peru, and as a source of insight into how environmental impact serves in developing regulations of natural resource exploitation. A triangulated mixed-method design is employed: (1) a two-stream literature review of fisheries management and of the fishery's political ecology; (2) a quantitative analysis of daily state-published landings reports; and (3) seven in-depth intensive interviews with key actors in the fishery, conducted in Peru over two field-trips of approximately 2 months in total. Results indicate that although IVQ's supported existing trends towards large-scale economic efficiency and altered extreme competitive strategies previously associated with open access, fishing companies have built larger ships, favour bigger catches and still concentrate fishing effort around a given annual peak. Meanwhile, capacity has again increased in the unregulated artisanal fishery sector. DL1084 appears to reflect a broader process of growing private sector involvement in managing the fishery, made official by its institutionalization of market self-regulation. Ultimately, it evidences deep structure and capacity limitations in the state's ability to govern marine resources. The law was nevertheless seen as a landmark for the environmental legal process in Peru and an opportunity for reform. This thesis suggests that studying such legislations can provide insight into state identity and the evolving relationship between a nation and its geography. / Durante casi 60 años, la pesquería peruana de anchoveta estaba caracterizada por las dinámicas insostenibles de la explotación de recursos de propiedad común en situación de acceso abierto. Esta tesis investiga si el Decreto Legislativo Peruano 1084 (DL1084) sobre Límites Máximos de Captura por Embarcación (LMCE) es una respuesta efectiva a los problemas de sobrecapacidad industrial y de carrera por el recurso que amenazaban el ambiente antes de su aplicación en 2009. Se basa en la teoría de los Recursos de Propiedad Común (Common-Pool Resource theory) para evaluar el impacto del nuevo modelo de gestión por LMCE sobre las dinámicas colectivas, y en la teoría del Acceso de Ribot y Peluso (2009) para trazar la evolución de las relaciones de poder en la pesquería. En este marco, el DL1084 es evaluado como herramienta regulatoria, como lente sobre la gobernanza pesquera en el Perú y como reflejo del proceso por el cual el impacto ambiental sirve como base para el desarrollo de regulaciones sobre el acceso a recursos naturales. Sigue un diseño triangulado de métodos combinados: (1) una revisión de literatura en dos ramas de la gestión de pesquería como campo general y de la ecología política de la pesquería de anchoveta; (2) un análisis cuantitativo de los informes diarios de desembarques publicados por el estado (IMARPE); y (3) siete entrevistas intensivas de fondo con actores claves en la pesquería, realizadas en Perú durante dos visitas de aproximadamente dos meses en total. Los resultados indican que a pesar de que los LMCE soportaron una tendencia existente hacia una eficiencia económica de mayor escala y alteraron las estrategias competitivas extremas asociadas con el acceso abierto, las empresas pesqueras han construido embarcaciones más grandes, favorecen capturas de mayor tamaño y todavía concentran su esfuerzo pesquero alrededor de un pico anual de abundancia. En paralelo, ha aumentado la capacidad de captura en el sector artesanal, el cual no cuenta con límites de captura. El DL1084 aparece como parte de un proceso más general de creciente involucramiento del sector privado en el manejo de la pesquería, haciéndolo oficial por su misma institucionalización de la autorregulación del mercado. Por último, pone en evidencia profundas limitaciones de estructura y de capacidad en el estado en cuanto a cómo gobierna los recursos marinos. La ley ha sin embargo sido vista como un precedente importante para el proceso legislativo ambiental en el Perú así como una oportunidad para impulsar otras reformas. Esta tesis sugiere que el estudio de tales legislaciones puede ofrecer una mirada sobre los procesos de formación de la identidad de un estado y sobre la evolución de la relación entre una nación y su geografía.

Diploma thesis is fucused on strength calculation of the heat exchanger according to ČSN EN 13 445. Introductory part introduce problems with the design of heat exchangers. In other parts there are a strength calculation of the heat exchanger according to ČSN EN 13 445, the results of the analysis with their appreciation. Annexes included output logs from the program Sant 'Ambrogio, and drawings documentation.

This thesis is focused on the thermal-hydraulic and construction design of heat exchanger with floating head. The introductory part is dedicated to the design of heat exchangers. Next part is focused on the thermal-hydraulic design created in HTRI software (module Xist. The next section is the strength calculation of selected components of the heat exchanger according to EN 13445 in software Sant'Ambrogio. The following part describes each of the analysis in software Ansys Workbench. The final part contains complete manufacturing documentation of heat exchanger.