A norma Brasileira NBR 6122/1996 - Projeto e Execução de Fundações utiliza o conceito de coeficiente de segurança global e parcial na verificação da segurança de fundações. Esta dissertação ressalta que essa verificação, utilizada na prática, é necessária, para que se atenda às exigências da norma, porém, não é suficiente para garantir a segurança de uma fundação. Pois, qualquer medida de segurança deve estar associada a uma determinada probabilidade de ruína. Neste contexto, apresenta-se nessa dissertação uma metodologia de verificação da segurança na qual, a escolha da carga admissível de um estaqueamento é baseada na probabilidade de ruína de um elemento isolado de fundação e, a aplicação dessa metodologia em diversas fundações executadas em diferentes regiões do país. / The Brazilian code NBR 6122/1996 for Foundation Design and Execution is based on the concept of Limit States Design (LSD) and on the traditional Working Stress Design (WSD). This paper shows that this approach, as usually carry out in the foundation engineering practice, although being necessary, is not enough to assure a safe foundation, once any safety measurement should be associated to a given probability of failure. Therefore, in the proposed methodology, the safety verification of the piling allowable load is based on the probability of failure of an isolated foundation element.

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:09:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:09:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:09:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-07T12:09:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / A ampla diversidade do uso dos agrotóxicos pode causar danos ambientais e à saúde humana que muitas vezes, são irreversíveis, ou cujas ações mitigatórias podem ser econômicas, políticas ou socialmente inviáveis. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, os agrotóxicos são potencialmente tóxicos para outros organismos, incluindo seres humanos, portanto necessitam que sejam descartados apropriadamente e utilizados de maneira segura. Os agrotóxicos são avaliados previamente à produção, à exportação, à importação, à comercialização e ao uso sendo por lei, obrigatório o registro desses produtos com a avaliação dos órgãos federais responsáveis pelos setores de saúde, meio ambiente e agricultura. Tal avaliação visa identificar potenciais danos pelo uso dessas substâncias, com o objetivo de estabelecer proibições, restrições e recomendações para o uso de agrotóxicos, prevenindo e dimensionando os perigos à saúde humana e meio ambiente. A proibição de agrotóxicos que provoquem tais danos deve ser feita a partir de informações dos achados científicos e sua relevância para a exposição humana. A relevância dos estudos experimentais que utilizam sistemas in vitro ou in vivo, se dá a partir da elucidação dos modos de ação tóxica do agrotóxico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a reavaliação toxicológica do ingrediente ativo metano arseniato ácido monossódico (MSMA) através de um levantamento bibliográfico criterioso. O intuito é o banimento do MSMA visto que ele quando é metabolizado no solo se biotransforma em espécies arsenicais extremamente tóxicas. Estudos demonstraram que os metabólitos do MSMA que são: As V,As III, MMA e DMAque causam efeitos carcinogênico, teratogênico entre outros que são proibitivos ao seu uso. Este trabalho priorizou os achados mais relevantes para a saúde pública visando o risco do uso de um agrotóxico que causa efeito deletério. / The wide diversity of the use of pesticides can damage the environment and human health, which often are irreversible or whose mitigating actions can be economic, political or socially unviable. According to the World Health Organization, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans, and therefore need to be safely used and properly disposed. Pesticides are evaluated prior to its production, export, import, marketing and use having by law its required registration assessed by the federal agencies responsible for the health, environment and agriculture. This evaluation aims to identify potential damage due to the use of these substances, establishing prohibitions, restrictions and recommendations for their use, preventing and measuring the dangers to human health and the environment. The banishment of pesticides that cause such damage should be basedon information from scientific findings and their relevance to human exposure. The importance of experimental studies using in vitro systems or in vivo, anchors in the elucidation of toxic action mechanisms of pesticides. The present study aimed a toxicological re-evaluation of the active ingredient monosodium methane arsenate acid (MSMA) through a careful literature survey and its official ban, since it is metabolized when the soil biotransforms in extremely toxic arsenic species. Studies have shown that the metabolites of MSMA: AsV, AsIII, MMA and DMA cause carcinogenic, teratogenic and others effects that make their use prohibitive. This work prioritized the most relevant findings for public health about the risk of using a pesticide that causes deleterious effect.

A norma Brasileira NBR 6122/1996 - Projeto e Execução de Fundações utiliza o conceito de coeficiente de segurança global e parcial na verificação da segurança de fundações. Esta dissertação ressalta que essa verificação, utilizada na prática, é necessária, para que se atenda às exigências da norma, porém, não é suficiente para garantir a segurança de uma fundação. Pois, qualquer medida de segurança deve estar associada a uma determinada probabilidade de ruína. Neste contexto, apresenta-se nessa dissertação uma metodologia de verificação da segurança na qual, a escolha da carga admissível de um estaqueamento é baseada na probabilidade de ruína de um elemento isolado de fundação e, a aplicação dessa metodologia em diversas fundações executadas em diferentes regiões do país. / The Brazilian code NBR 6122/1996 for Foundation Design and Execution is based on the concept of Limit States Design (LSD) and on the traditional Working Stress Design (WSD). This paper shows that this approach, as usually carry out in the foundation engineering practice, although being necessary, is not enough to assure a safe foundation, once any safety measurement should be associated to a given probability of failure. Therefore, in the proposed methodology, the safety verification of the piling allowable load is based on the probability of failure of an isolated foundation element.

The aim of this work is to rise up a procedure to support the management plans. This research is divided into seven chapters. In the first chapter, the introduction, with justification and the objectives of the work are referred. In the second chapter, a review of the literature about management of natural tropical forests is done, considering the difficulties, general and special conditions for effective implementation of the management of natural tropical forests. In the third chapter, it is defined the fundamental point of this work: to propose a procedure for calculating the cutting rate using the method BDq in combination with the growth of species with similar percentage volume increment. In the fourth chapter, it is suggested a procedure for detailed logging plan: road network planning; it was calculated the load and time of the skidder cycle; designed the size and performance of teams and all is compared with outputs obtained on the field. In the fifth chapter, using the method of ratio of diameter movement , fed with data from the permanent plot, a stand table projection of the diameter classes to assess the sustainability of cut rate for the period is done. The sixth chapter is a proposal for monitoring the management system. Finally, the seventh chapter analyses the economic viability of the compartment. Regarding the results for cutting rate from the compartment of 547 ha have been identified 3 groups of species with different rates of growth. Cut intensities were defined as 32.58% for group I; 48.62% for group II; and 56.23% % for group III. The total extraction for all compartment was 50.8%. The potential of the compartment was 17,021.46 m³ (31.11 m³ / ha), and the sustainable rate of cutting was 8,649.97 m³ (15.81 m³ / ha). To recover this extraction it is necessary a MAI of 0.63 m³ / ha / year. The logging indexes were: the optimal distance between landings was 540m. The optimum secondary road density calculated was 18.49 m / ha and the actual obtained in the field is, 21m/ha. The calculation of optimal number of landings was 24, to serve to 23 hectares each one, with capacity of 368m³ of timber in two stages, comprising only 0.22% of the area of the compartment. The maximum load capacity to Skidder was 7 ton in clay ground, dry, without structure and with a maximum gradient of 15%, and 4.6 ton in sand soil, slope of up to 10%. The average cycle time to skid was 11 minutes and 42 seconds; the average load of 6.11 tons was found. The stand table projection indicated an increase of mean annual increment (MAI) of 0.64 m³ / ha / year in the commercial classes (up to 45 DHB) and 0.67 m³ / ha / year in the above classes of 25 DBH. The ingress in the commercial classes was 4.17 trees per hectare to a cut cycle of 25 years. These data report that the recovery is feasible for the rate cut foreseen. It was also simulated a removal of all commercial classes (31.11 m³ / ha), and the result to cut cycle was an increment was 0.35 m³ / ha / year replacing only 28%. This reinforces the importance of evaluating the structure of the forest, besides the sustainable rate cut, to guarantee a replacement of adequate MAI. The girth limit for maximum production was 75 cm of DHB in this stand. The checklist about the sustainability of logging operations shows the adaptation of the enterprise to the new concepts of management. About the economical valuation, it was positive according Net Preset Value for the taxes of 6% a.a ., getting R$ 439,81/ha and R$ 240.579,31 for all compartment of 547 ha. / Esta pesquisa visa levantar procedimentos que devem ser incluídos nos planos de manejo. O trabalho está dividido em sete capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, são mencionados introdução, justificativa e objetivos do trabalho. No segundo capítulo, é realizada a revisão bibliográfica sobre o manejo das florestas naturais tropicais, avaliando as dificuldades, condições gerais e específicas para implantação efetiva do manejo das florestas naturais tropicais. No terceiro capítulo, foi definido o ponto fundamental do trabalho: propor um procedimento para cálculo da taxa de corte utilizando o método de Área Basal Máximo DAP-q em combinação com o crescimento de espécies com ritmo semelhante, baseado em seu incremento percentual em volume. No quarto capítulo, é detalhado o procedimento sugerido de planejamento da exploração, o planejamento de rede de estradas, o cálculo do ciclo de arraste e carga do skidder, além de projetado o dimensionamento das equipes e das performances e comparado com resultados obtidos na exploração. No quinto capítulo, utilizando-se o método de razão de movimentação, alimentado com dados de crescimento das espécies segundo as parcelas permanentes, é feita uma projeção das classes diamétricas visando avaliar a sustentabilidade da taxa de corte para o período considerado. No sexto capítulo, é apresentada uma proposta de monitoramento das empresas com alguns resultados de pesquisas já realizadas na área ou em compartimentos contíguos. E, finalmente, no sétimo capítulo, são realizadas análises de viabilidade econômica do compartimento em diferentes situações de venda da madeira. Com relação aos resultados para taxa de corte do compartimento de 547 ha, foram definidos 3 grupos de espécies com diferentes ritmos de crescimento. Assim, foram definidas intensidades de corte de 32,58% para o grupo I; 48,62% para o grupo II; e 56,23% para o grupo III. Em conjunto, a extração ficou em 50,8% sobre as classes comerciais. O potencial do compartimento era de 17.021,46 m³ (31,11m³/ha) e a taxa de corte sustentável orçou em 8.649,97 m³ (15,81 m³/ha). Para recuperar essa extração, será necessário um incremento médio anual de 0,63 m³/ha/ano. Os cálculos de planejamento da exploração indicaram para a distância ótima entre estaleiros o valor de 540 m. A densidade ótima de estradas calculada foi de 18,49m/ha e a real obtida em campo foi 21m/ha. O número ótimo de pátios calculado foi de 24 pátios de estocagem, visando servir a 23 hectares cada um, com capacidade de 368m³ de madeira por pátio em duas etapas, perfazendo apenas 0,22% da área do compartimento. As cargas máximas calculadas para o skidder na unidade de produção foram de 7 ton em terreno argiloso, seco, sem estruturação e com um máximo de 15% de inclinação, e de 4,6 ton em areia solta e inclinação máxima de 10%. O tempo de ciclo médio do trator de arraste foi de 11 minutos e 42 segundos; a carga média encontrada foi de 6,11ton. A prognose de incremento indicou um incremento médio anual (IMA) de 0,64m³/ha/ano nas classes comerciais (acima de 45 de DAP) e 0,67m³/ha/ano nas classes acima de 25 de DAP. O ingresso nas classes comerciais foi de 4,17 árvores por hectare para um ciclo de 25 anos. Esses dados informam que a recuperação é viável para a taxa de corte considerada. Foi também simulada uma remoção de todas as classes comerciais (31,11 m³/ha), e o resultado como incremento para 25 anos foi de 0,35/ha/ano, repondo apenas 28% do retirado. Isso reforça a importância da avaliação da estrutura da floresta, além da taxa de corte, para garantia de um IMA passível de reposição. A classe de DAP de máxima produção nesse povoamento é a de 75 cm. Foi elaborado um checklist para checagem da sustentabilidade do sistema de manejo utilizado, havendo boa aceitação da empresa às novas técnicas de exploração. A avaliação econômica foi positiva com relação ao valor presente líquido a uma taxa de 6% a.a., atingindo R$ 439,81/ha e R$ 240.579,31 para todo o compartimento de 547 ha.

The main content of the diploma thesis is the strength calculation of the heat exchanger according to ASME Code. The introduction is a summary of issues within the design of this equipments. In the practical part there are a strength calculation of the main parts of heat exchanger and the FEM analys with their evaluation. In the last part there is the calculation of cumulative damage.

With more than 75% of its population experiencing poverty, Zimbabwe was in 2012 considered one of the world's poorest countries. The country sits at the centre of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and remains one of the hardest hit countries accounting for 5% of all new infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Zimbabwe's 15% HIV prevalence rate was 19 times the global average by 2012, and the total years of life lost due to premature mortality increased by over 150% between 1990 and 2010 because of HIV/AIDS. This study draws on notions of 'governmentality' to ask how the 'framing' of the value of PLWHA has influenced their treatment by the Zimbabwean government and society. Four questions are posed: first the study asks, in what ways do health policy decision-makers in Zimbabwe frame the value of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)? Secondly, the study questions the ways in which people not infected by HIV (Non-PLWHA) frame the value of PLWHA. Thirdly, the study turns to PLWHA and asks how they frame their own value. Finally, the study investigates the implications of valuing PLWHA, for their lives, or conversely, their deaths. The study draws upon primary research undertaken through interviews, focus group discussions, observations and document review. While there are some contradictions within and between groups of study participants in the ways they frame the value of PLWHA; the study finds consensus within and between these groups in the manner in which they tend to value PLWHA. Analysing these findings, there are five ways people in Zimbabwe frame the value of PLWHA. Firstly, from a 'citizen' perspective, PLWHA are both legal and political citizens who can identify as equal members of society like other citizens. They have social rights; participate, belong and can access HIV treatment that can reduce risks of death. Secondly, from a 'client' standpoint; PLWHA are customers, gaining access to health services through individual monetary payments or social payments such as Government budget allocations. This introduces a degree of 'rationing', forcing the clients (PLWHA) to behave in ways that increase their chances of receiving services. Those with lower purchasing power struggle to access expensive life-saving anti-retrovirals, thus individual wealth confers value on the lives of the wealthy. Thirdly, framing from a Statistical Representation perspective - through statistics, PLWHA can be used as a means of bargaining for government to gain access to international funding, to increase the chances of survival for PLWHA by bringing services such as antiretroviral therapy (ART). Fourthly, the 'Expendable populations' perspective views subgroups of PLWHA who fail to adhere to norms of behaviour prescribed by the government, including those unable to purchase services, such as the poor and homosexuals, sex workers and prisoners, as populations that may be allowed to die. Finally, the study shows that PLWHA lament the discursive space of technocrats with a counter-narrative of their value in which they emerge not as expendable victims but as victors reframed as an indefatigable population - 'Resiliencers'. PLWHA create a narrative of disobedient materiality, challenging totalising notions of governmentality. This study concludes by considering the relevance in the Zimbabwean context of the concept of 'Allowable Death' as a premature, avoidable death despite consciously crafted narratives that the death happened because nothing could have been done under the prevailing conditions to prevent it.

<p>The study begins with a historical background over the fisheries development in North America and in the Baltic Sea area in Finland and Sweden. As we can see the fisheries development depends on the interaction between ecology, state of production, politic and also social factors. In Sweden the fishery politic has changed over the period of the study. In the 1970: s the main politic focus was on the fisheries progress, expansion and rationalization. The State in Sweden took a vast part in this development and gave economic support. In the 1980: s the fishery politic in Sweden started to change and the environmental politics began to enter the fishery politic. The environmental problems in the Baltic Sea were given attention and it was a great anxiety over the eutrophication. In the 1980: s the codpopulation declined and with them the catches declined. The conflict over the White zone 1978-1988 between Former Soviet Union and Sweden resulted in a plunder fishery in the area east of Bornholm. This plunder fishery effected the cod population enormous and the effect has continued to the late 1990: s. </p><p>In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union and the common fishery politic replaced the Swedish fishery politic. </p><p>The system with TAC (Total Allowable Catch) is central in the common politic and it is used to control the cod catches. But the problem is that the TAC -volume has been higher than the codpopulation could stand. Despite the politic goal in Sweden and EU to preserve the codpopulation in the Baltic Sea, the codpopulation has continued to decline. The reason to this politic failure is that the limit of the ecology has been overseen. Instead, the economic and social values have been dominating the politic and together with a to weak control of the catches and environmental problems in the Baltic Sea, the situation for the cod has been devastating.</p>

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

The study begins with a historical background over the fisheries development in North America and in the Baltic Sea area in Finland and Sweden. As we can see the fisheries development depends on the interaction between ecology, state of production, politic and also social factors. In Sweden the fishery politic has changed over the period of the study. In the 1970: s the main politic focus was on the fisheries progress, expansion and rationalization. The State in Sweden took a vast part in this development and gave economic support. In the 1980: s the fishery politic in Sweden started to change and the environmental politics began to enter the fishery politic. The environmental problems in the Baltic Sea were given attention and it was a great anxiety over the eutrophication. In the 1980: s the codpopulation declined and with them the catches declined. The conflict over the White zone 1978-1988 between Former Soviet Union and Sweden resulted in a plunder fishery in the area east of Bornholm. This plunder fishery effected the cod population enormous and the effect has continued to the late 1990: s. In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union and the common fishery politic replaced the Swedish fishery politic. The system with TAC (Total Allowable Catch) is central in the common politic and it is used to control the cod catches. But the problem is that the TAC -volume has been higher than the codpopulation could stand. Despite the politic goal in Sweden and EU to preserve the codpopulation in the Baltic Sea, the codpopulation has continued to decline. The reason to this politic failure is that the limit of the ecology has been overseen. Instead, the economic and social values have been dominating the politic and together with a to weak control of the catches and environmental problems in the Baltic Sea, the situation for the cod has been devastating.

Introducing effective irrigation management in arid and semi-arid regions, like most areas of South Africa, is an indispensable way of maximising crop yield and enhancing productivity of scarce freshwater resources. Holistic improvements in agricultural water management could be realised through integrating the knowledge of crop-specific water requirements. In order to develop effective irrigation schedules for rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium capitatum x P. radens), greenhouse and field experiments were conducted at the Hatfield Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, from 28 October 2004 to 2006. Results from 20, 40, 60 and 80% maximum allowable depletion (MAD) levels of the plant available soil water (ASW) indicated that plant roots extracted most of the soil water from the top 40 cm soil layer, independent of the treatment. Both essential oil yield and fresh herbage mass responded positively to high soil water content. Increasing the MAD level to 60% and higher resulted in a significant reduction in herbage mass and essential oil yields. An increase in the degree of water stress apparently increased the essential oil concentration (percentage oil on fresh herbage mass basis), but its contribution to total essential oil yield (kg/ha oil) was limited. There was no significant relationship between MAD level and essential oil composition. For water saving without a significant reduction in essential oil yield of rose-scented geranium, a MAD of 40% of ASW is proposed. Response of rose-scented geranium to a one-month irrigation withholding period in the second or third month of regrowth cycles showed that herbage mass and oil yield were positively related. Herbage yield was significantly reduced when the water stress period was imposed during the third or fourth month of regrowth. A remarkable essential oil yield loss was observed only when the plants were stressed during the fourth month of regrowth. Essential oil content (% oil on fresh herbage mass basis) was higher in stressed plants, especially when stressed late, but oil yield dropped due to lower herbage mass. The relationship between essential oil composition and irrigation treatments was not consistent. Water-use efficiency was not significantly affected by withholding irrigation in the second or in the third month of regrowth. With a marginal oil yield loss, about 330 to 460 m3 of water per hectare per regrowth cycle could be saved by withholding irrigation during the third month of regrowth. The overall results highlighted that in water-scarce regions withholding irrigation during either the second or the third month of regrowth in rose-scented geranium could save water that could be used by other sectors of society. In greenhouse pot experiments, rose-scented geranium was grown under different irrigation frequencies, in two growth media. Irrigation was withheld on 50% of the plants (in each plot) for the week prior to harvesting. Herbage and essential oil yields were better in the sandy clay soil than in silica sand. Essential oil content (% oil on fresh herbage mass basis) apparently increased with a decrease in irrigation frequency. Both herbage and total essential oil yields positively responded to frequent irrigation. A one-week stress period prior to harvesting significantly increased essential oil content and total essential oil yield. Hence, the highest essential oil yield was obtained from a combination of high irrigation frequency and a one-week irrigation-withholding period. In the irrigation frequency treatments, citronellol and citronellyl formate contents tended to increase with an increase in the stress level, but the reverse was true for geraniol and geranyl formate. Leaf physiological data were recorded during the terminal one-week water stress in the glasshouse pot trial. Upon rewatering, stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Rt) were significantly lower in the less often irrigated than in the more often irrigated treatments, while leaf water potential (yw) and relative water content (RWC) were the same for all plants, indicating that water stress had an after-effect on Gs and Rt. At the end of the stress period, Gs, Rt, yw and RWC were lower in the plants from the more often irrigated than from the less often irrigated treatments. Irrespective of irrigation treatment, one type of non-glandular and two types (different in shape and size) of glandular trichomes were observed. In water stressed-conditions, stomata and trichome densities increased, while the total number of stomata and trichomes per leaf appeared to remain more or less the same. Water stress conditions resulted in stomatal closure. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted