Cette thèse en sciences de Gestion se concentre sur l'étude de la relation triptyque entre le Crowdfunding axé sur I’investissement, la RSE et l'investissement socialement responsable (ISR). L'étude repose sur un modèle de recherche tridimensionnel identifiant trois dimensions de la RSE : la dimension éthique, managériale et mesurable, la dimension éthique remet en question l'engagement social de la «foule», en fonction de sa motivation d'investissement (suite l'approche ISR). La dimension managériale tente d'identifier la «foule» en tant que partie prenante par l'adaptation modèle de Mitchel et al (1997). Enfin, la dimension mesurable illustre la capacité que les plateformes ont développé ce qui concerne la mesure de l'impact des projets sélectionnés. Le modèle de recherche identifie les différents niveaux réactivité sociale des plateformes de Crowdlnvesting observées, en fonction de la présence de ces trois dimension indiquées ci-dessus. La thèse est basée sur la recherche qualitative avec un objectif exploratoire, en utilisant l'étude cas comme une méthode de recherche avec deux cas, à savoir 100/PACT et LUMO. l'analyse empirique comprend 13 entretiens semi-directifs, deux questionnaires en ligne menés sur un site Web d'enquête en ligne. La «foule» se caractérise par un «investisseur à impact actif», confirmant l'existence de la dimension éthique de la RSE. la «foule affirme posséder les caractéristiques identifiées par Mit chef et al. (! 997), et se qualifie comme «partie prenant principal» (légitimité, pouvoir et urgence) de l'entreprise dans le cas de 100/PACT et comme «partie prenante dominante» dans le cas de lUMO (légitimité et pouvoir). La dimension mesurable de la RSE apparaît comme inexistante. Notre modèle de recherche identifie les plateformes de « Social Crowdlnvesting » s'inscrivant dans u niveau » de réactivité sociale « progressive ». Toutefois, la dimension mesurable étant en phase de développement, nous ne pouvons pas confirmer de façon précise, la classification de Crowdlnvesting en tant qu' ISR. / This thesis in management sciences focuses on studying the triptych relation between investment-based Crowdfunding, CSR and responsible investment (SRI). The research reposes on a three-dimensional research model identifying three dimensions of the CSR. The ethical, managerial and measurable dimension. The ethical dimension questions the social engagement of the “crowd”, based on their motivations to invest (following the “SRI approach”). The managerial dimension tries to identify the “crowd” as a stakeholder through the adaptation of the Mitchel et al (1997) model. Finally the measurable dimension illustrates the capacity that the platforms have developed with regards to measuring the impact of the projects they select for funding. The research model identifies different levels of social responsiveness of the observed CrowdInvesting platforms, according to the presence of these three above stated dimensions. The thesis is based on the qualitative research with an exploratory aim, using the case study as a research method based on a two case study design, namely 1001PACT and LUMO. The empirical analysis includes 13 semi direct interviews two online questionnaire conducted through an online survey website. The “crowd” is characterized as an “active impact investor”, confirming the existence of the Ethical CSR dimension. The “crowd” affirms to possess the characteristics of Mitchel et al. (1997) model, and qualifies as a “core stakeholder” (Legitimacy, power and urgency) of the enterprise in the case of 1001PACT, and as a “dominant stakeholder” in the case of LUMO (Legitimacy and power). The measurable CSR dimension appears as non-existent. Our research model therefore identifies “Social CrowdInvesting” platforms as integrating the category of a “progressive” level of social responsiveness. However, since the measurable CSR dimension is still in the development phase, we cannot confirm CrowdInvesting's classification as an SRI.

P2P 網路借貸是近年快速發展的新興產業,也是目前全球網路替代金融 市場最為活絡的項目之一,其主要概念為透過網路平台直接實現個人一對一 或一對多的資金借貸服務。台灣的 P2P 網路借貸直到 2016 年才開始起步, 本文以台灣目前成立的三家 P2P 網路借貸平台為出發點,從平台的商業模 式與申貸數據進行分析,試圖以台灣 P2P 網路借貸的發展現況,找出 P2P 網路借貸在台灣的機會與挑戰。 本文發現目前台灣 P2P 網路借貸產業的主要客群為信用評等位在中間 階層的借款者,推論目前台灣 P2P 網路借貸對於金融產業是補充關係多於 競爭關係,此種補充角色為投資者與借款者帶來更多選擇,加上台灣有足夠 成熟的徵信環境,可視為此產業的發展機會。但目前台灣的法律規範使得 P2P 網路借貸平台的發展受限,同時現有模式存在的風險也未受到明確的規 範,將會是未來發展所面臨的一大挑戰。 / Peer-to-peer lending is one of the most active financial services in the online alternative finance industry and has grown rapidly in the last few years. The main idea of P2P lending is to realize lending without the financial institutions through online platforms. In Taiwan, P2P lending market is just in the early stage in 2016. This thesis analyzes the business models and data of three Taiwan’s P2P lending platforms. Try to find out what are the opportunities and challenges for developing P2P lending industry in Taiwan. The study found that the main borrowers on Taiwan’s P2P lending platforms are people with medium level of credit rating. It could be inferred that P2P lending industry so far acts as a supplementary role more than as a competitor in Taiwan’s financial market. The supplementary role of P2P lending platforms provides more options for investors and borrowers. In addition, the credit reporting industry in Taiwan is well-developed. They are both the opportunities for P2P lending industry. However, current regulations limit the development of P2P lending and the risks from the current business models are not clearly regulated. It will be a challenge for developing P2P lending in the future.

Ju fler skakiga rapporter som levereras angående den svenska marknaden, desto fler blickar riktasmot öst. Den finska fastighetsmarknaden är idag hetare än någonsin och många svenska aktörerväljer att resa över Östersjön för att ta del av tillväxten. Den här uppsatsen syftar dock till attundersöka de mindre fastighetsutvecklarna som sedan tidigare befinner sig på finsk mark. Fokuskommer att ligga på hur små och medelstora privata utvecklare finansierar sina projekt och vilkeninställning de har till de eventuella alternativa finansieringsalternativ som finns tillgängliga idagsläget.Information har hämtats från fem stycken intervjuer, varav fyra har genomförts med representanterfrån olika små och medelstora bolag vars huvudverksamhet är fastighetsutveckling. Den femteintervjun genomfördes med en marknadsanalytiker för att få en helhetsbild av marknaden.Undersökningen har givit ett varierat resultat där den gemensamma nämnaren för samtliga bolag ärbankfinansiering. Bankens generositet som finansiär gentemot de olika bolagen varierar och detfinansiella gap som uppstår tvingar bolagen att hitta egna kreativa lösningar när det egna kapitaletinte räcker till för att täcka gapet. De egna modellerna innefattar ofta externa investerare med dyravillkor. Utöver de finansieringslösningar som nu nyttjas finns det i dagsläget inga tillgängligaattraktiva alternativ. Inställningen till nya lösningar är dock mycket positiv och majoriteten tror attbankens roll kommer att minska i framtiden. / As the Swedish real estate market is getting shakier, investors tend to look east to find betteralternatives. Many investors travel across the Baltic sea to get into the blooming Finnish real estatemarket. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the local Finnish small and medium sized realestate developers raise funds for development projects and their perception of alternatives totraditional sources of funds.The information has been gathered from five interviews, four of them with representatives fromsmall to medium-sized companies with real estate development as their core business and the fifthinterview with a market analyst to get a comprehensive picture of the Finnish real estate market. Theresults are varied but one common denominator for the companies which participated in theinterview is that they receive most of their funding from the bank sector. The size of funding thecompanies receive from banks differs and is not always sufficient to cover the funding requirementsfor a project. The companies are expected to use equity to cover the financial gap but in somesituations this is not possible. This fosters companies to invent creative solutions to cover thefinancial gap that often involve external investors and expensive terms. There are sparse alternativesapart from the methods used today and this is probably why the common perception amongst thecompanies is to welcome new forms of funding as they all expect that the banks will play a smallerrole when raising funds in the future.

Purpose -- Given the enduring COVID-19 pandemic, this thesis set out to reveal an updated perspective of the service-oriented small business experience, particularly in their access and choice of financial resources to fund operations and adapt marketing strategy. By the time this study started, it was clear which businesses had been rising with the new tides of swelled categorical demand vs. those that were persevering like embers in a 'slow burn' state of low income against persistent expenses. Therefore, the research sought to compare the results of marketing experimentation with current plans for increasing resiliency, or enabling robust growth, coming out of the pandemic.  Methodology / Design / Approach -- As the quantitative understanding of the business impacts had been generalized, a closer look was needed into what entrepreneurs and small business leaders were thinking about in the present moment, by reflecting on factors for survival / thriving, until this point and going forward. To capture this wide range of perspectives and strategies in formulation, qualitative methods with a diverse set of businesses were selected. Theoretically, customer-centric marketing principles were employed, focusing on three intangible firm resources (of the resource-based view): 1) Stakeholder Relationships; 2) Brand Equity and 3) Knowledge / Capabilities. Findings -- With the realization that adequate financing is inaccessible and government support perceivably unreliable, small businesses naturally tested several emergent strategies within the limits of their available resources. During times of crisis and radical change, as entire industry ecosystems are reassuming their fundamentals, companies have the opportunity to maximize and develop their resources, in alignment with differing and changing customer demands.  Practical Implications -- While the recommendations are tailored for small business and optimistically many, cities are also suggested to take a resource-based VRIO (Value, Rarity, Imitability and Organizability) approach to supporting the economic value and potential of their retail, restaurant and service-oriented business communities.  Originality / Value -- Applying a modern customer-centric view for the small business resources most potentially valuable and developable, this research contributes a unique crisis-borne framework, which may be conceptually used as a hotbed -- by both internal and external (i.e. municipalities, partners and customers) stakeholders -- for ideating novel marketing strategies and supporting business growth / resilience.  Keywords: Adaptation, Crisis Management, Financial Liquidity, Access to Capital, Government Aid, Alternative Finance, Marketing Strategy, Resource-based View (RBV), Customer-Centric, Stakeholder View, Brand, Authenticity, Knowledge, Capabilities, Marketing Management, Marketing-Finance Interface, Paid Marketing, Organic Marketing, Customer Loyalty, Community and Decision-Making