The subject of this thesis is criminal justice policy. It focusses on diversion, that is, alternatives to the court system. I argue that the current criminal justice system, which is rooted in retributive principles, has shortfalls which are of such a degree that it makes sense to consider alternatives. A new movement in criminal justice policy, restorative justice, reflects a theory that may provide a framework for new programs. Restorative justice is based on principles that are fundamentally different from retributive ideology and the translation of these ideas results in dramatically different programs. In my thesis I delineate the differences between restorative and retributive principles. The retributive system leads to dissatisfaction among the stakeholders in the criminal process. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether implementation of restorative justice principles could lead to more satisfaction and a higher quality of justice. The restorative justice theory has a strong rhetoric, as will be made clear. The implementation of restorative programs, however, does not develop quickly. There are several reasons for the slowness, including the reluctance of criminal justice officials to give new initiatives a chance to develop and to co-operate in their development. I describe three restorative programs that divert criminal cases from the court system, they are: mediation, dading, and family group conferences. On the basis of these programs I make clear which are the strengths and the possible weaknesses of restorative justice. The comparison of different programs from different countries, provides a useful insight in the dynamics of restorative justice in practice. International research and comparison will lead to understanding in how to design a suitable and valuable process. My conclusion is that a truly restorative system is neither a realistic, nor a wished situation. For a variety of cases, though, restorative programs provide a better locus for resolving the problems involved in crime, than the court process does. I therefore advise that the development of restorative programs must go on. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Unequaled improvements in processor and I/O speeds make many applications such as databases and operating systems to be increasingly I/O bound. Many schemes such as disk caching and disk mirroring have been proposed to address the problem. In this thesis we focus only on disk mirroring. In disk mirroring, a logical disk image is maintained on two physical disks allowing a single disk failure to be transparent to application programs. Although disk mirroring improves data availability and reliability, it has two major drawbacks. First, writes are expensive because both disks must be updated. Second, load balancing during failure mode operation is poor because all requests are serviced by the surviving disk. Distorted mirrors was proposed to address the write problem and interleaved declustering to address the load balancing problem. In this thesis we perform a comparative study of these two schemes under various operating modes. In addition we also study traditional mirroring to provide a common basis for comparison.

En el presente proyecto de investigación se busca poder mejorar la confiabilidad del Plan de Distribución Primaria en una empresa de consumo masivo que se vino disminuyendo en el transcurso del año, teniendo como caso de estudio la distribución a la región de Juliaca que es la más significativa. Se inició analizando la situación actual de la distribución a la Región de Juliaca identificando así las causas de la disminución de la confiabilidad del plan de Distribución, teniendo como problema central las nuevas restricciones de transitabilidad dadas por el área de seguridad. Luego, con la información obtenida se realizaron propuestas para poder mitigar los problemas en la cadena y así evaluar las mejores opciones para dar una solución a los problemas de distribución a la Región de Juliaca. Posteriormente se evaluó económicamente el impacto de la propuesta final, concluyendo que la empresa podría percibir ingresos mayores por 267,366.51 soles, los cuales de acuerdo a la política de la empresa son relevantes y viables. Se finalizó el presente proyecto con algunas alternativas de solución a mediano y largo plazo para poder ser evaluados por la gerencia y así mejorar el proceso de distribución a la Región de Juliaca de manera sostenible en el tiempo. / This research project seeks to improve the reliability of the Primary Distribution Plan in a mass-consumption company that has declined over the course of the year, taking as a case study the distribution to the Juliaca region that is the most significant. It began by analyzing the current situation of distribution to the Juliaca Region thus identifying the causes of the decrease in the reliability of the Distribution plan, with the central problem having as its central problem the new transitability restrictions given by the area of Security. Then, with the information obtained, proposals were made to mitigate the problems in the chain and thus evaluate the best options to solve the distribution problems to the Juliaca Region. Subsequently, the impact of the final proposal was assessed economically, concluding that the company could receive higher revenues of 267,366.51 soles, which according to the policy of the company. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationships between personality-centered and issue-centered approaches to a study of attitudes. The relationships will be sought through examination of the essential characteristics of the ideas behind each approach and by exposing the same population to both of the data-gathering methods employed by these researchers, i.e., Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, and Sherif, et al.'s Method of Ordered Alternatives.

Adult siblings of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are often on the front lines of supporting their brothers and sisters with IDD through caregiving and guardianship roles after their parents pass away. However, these siblings are often uninformed or under informed about ways that they can support their brothers and sisters. This study had the following three purposes: to determine what adult siblings of adults with IDD know about guardianship and its alternatives; to explore how adult siblings view guardianship and its alternatives; and to explore what adult siblings think about their role of being a guardian or supported decision maker for their brother/sister with IDD. Ten adult siblings who had brothers and sisters with IDD were interviewed; their interviews were analyzed using a combination of grounded theory and directed analysis. This study found that siblings had a limited knowledge of guardianship and its alternatives, viewed guardianship as necessary, and desired to be involved in future planning and decision making supports with their brother or sister in adulthood. These findings have several implications for future research, as well as for schools and disability service agencies. For example, siblings’ limited knowledge about guardianship and its alternatives highlights the need for schools, disability agencies, and other disability organizations to better inform families about the full range of options available to support people with IDD in making decisions. Likewise, as the sibling participants were concerned about their brother and sister’s decision-making abilities, there is a need for better training of people with IDD to be able to make and express their choices in a variety of situations. Finally, as this study had a small sample size and the participants’ were all White, future research with more diverse and larger sample sizes is needed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum combination of various cattle production, range forage, and crop harvesting alternatives available to ranch owners and managers in Utah. While many promising alternatives are available, determining which alternatives to implement is difficult because the total ranch operation must be considered. Linear programming (LP) is a tool available to ranch managers which allows the profit maximizing combination of improvements to be easily determined. LP allows ranchers to examine the entire ranch operation and to reduce the amount of risk and uncertainty involved in the decision making process. The typical Utah ranch operation was described from a sample of 96 Utah ranches. Sixteen potential cattle options, 11 range forage options, and 3 crop options were developed to improve net variable cash ranch income of the typical Utah ranch. An LP model was developed to determine the optimum combination and level of options, the most efficient options, and the limiting constraints. Four scenarios based on range site and bush infestation type were compared to add flexibility to the model. The optimal solution ran 266 brood cows under the O'Connor Management System (cows in moderate body condition at calving, 60-day calving season, 48-hour calf removal, cows gaining weight for 5 weeks starting 2 weeks before breeding season, and cows bred to fertile bulls) compared to 196 brood cows under the typical situation. In all optimization runs, burning big sage brush (artemesia tridentata) or pinyon-juniper (Pinus - Juniperus) infestations on crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum) foothill ranges was the most economically efficient range forage option. The most economically efficient crop option was the combination of grazing the grass hayfields and custom harvesting the alfalfa hayfields. It was necessary to construct stock water ponds and properly distribute salt to increase summer forage availability. The optimum combination of improvements required 808 hours of hired labor. The net variable cash ranch income after burning sagebrush or pinyon-juniper types was $56,145 and $55,861, respectively compared to $31,278 for the typical Utah cow-calf operation. The optimal solution will change as input and product prices change. The model was not designed to make general recommendations but to be applied to specific ranching operations.

As the international poultry industry searches for antibiotic alternatives, dietary probiotic supplementation has exhibited the ability to decrease FCR, increase live weight gain, and regulate inflammatory responses within the gut of broiler chickens. The in ovo (or in egg) supplementation of probiotics has the potential for promoting early colonization of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and providing enhanced protection against pathogens in the hatchery and grow-out facilities. In the present studies, the in ovo injection of either L. animalis + E. faecium combination or L. animalis + B. licheniformis combination on d 18 of incubation does not negatively affect the chick’s ability to hatch out of the egg. These combinations also influence post-hatch performance, where FCR, gastrointestinal tissue weights, and immune-physiological parameters were impacted under non-challenged and coccidiosis-challenged grow-out conditions. These results indicate the physiological and immunomodulatory role that beneficial bacteria may have on a developing chick.

With a rapidly growing world population and increased threats of climate change, Sub-Saharan Africa is most at risk for lower crop yields and facing hunger. Within Sub-Saharan Africa, Senegal has some of the highest levels of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies among women and children. Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] is a pulse crop that has recently been successfully introduced in Senegal to diversify a primarily cereal-based diet consisting of millet, maize, and rice. The potential for mungbean to be harvested as a leafy green as well as a pulse could allow for a more balanced and nutrient-rich diet. This diversification could help combat micronutrient deficiencies while earlier harvest of the leaves could help alleviate the pressures of the "hunger season." To understand the effects of leaf harvest on mungbean grain yield, yield components, and nutrition, a field trial was conducted in Blacksburg, Virginia for three consecutive years from 2020 to 2022. In a split-plot design, four frequencies of leaf harvest (0x, 1x, 2x, and 3x) on seven accessions of mungbean were tested in triplicate. The objective of this experiment was to determine if mungbean can be used as a dual-purpose crop as a leafy green vegetable without decreasing grain yield in Senegal. It was found that mungbeans could undergo up to two leaf harvest of immature leaves without reducing yield, total dry matter (TDM), or yield components. The harvested leaves were also found to be highly nutritious with 22.0% protein, 12.3% fiber and 8.5% ash with no significant differences between leaf harvest treatments. These results indicate that mungbean can be used as a dual-purpose crop for harvest as leafy greens and pulse in Senegal. Further, mungbeans were studied as a viable crop in southside Virginia. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of mungbeans as an alternative crop to tobacco farmers in Virginia. Field trials were conducted on farmers' fields and at Virginia Tech's Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center in 2021 and 2022. A split-plot experimental design was used with early and late planting dates in the beginning and end of June as the whole plots and two commercially-available cultivars, Berken and OK 2000, as the sub-plots. Due to highly variable rain patterns in 2021 and 2022, as well as differing management practices, there were no consistent effects of genotype or planting date on yield, plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod, or seed size. Yield ranged from 0.19 MT ha-1 to 1.18 MT ha-1 with an average yield of 0.84 MT ha-1 in 2021 and 0.38 MT ha-1 in 2022. Though there was variation in yield, across planting dates, cultivars, locations, and years, the highest yield was higher than global averages. It was concluded that while there is great potential with the growing mungbean market, more studies of breeding and supply chain issues and development of a production guide are needed for mungbean to be successful in Virginia. A final study compared soybean, edamame, and mungbean nutritional components and volatiles, two characteristics of importance to breeding objectives and food processing regarding plant alternative proteins. It was found that mungbean had significantly less protein (21.1%) than soy (36.2%) and edamame (38.3%). Mungbean also had lower fat (0.769%) compared to soy (13.5%) and edamame (14.0%). Analysis of aromatic compounds revealed that soybean, edamame, and mungbean each had unique profiles that could be advantageous to the production of specific plant protein foods. Overall, these studies demonstrate the growing importance and potential of mungbean in both Senegal and in the United States. / Master of Science / With a rapidly growing world population and increased threats of climate change, Sub-Saharan Africa is most at risk for lower crop yields and facing hunger. Within Sub-Saharan Africa, Senegal has some of the highest levels of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies among women and children. Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] is a pulse crop that has recently been successfully introduced in Senegal to diversify a primarily cereal-based diet consisting of millet, maize, and rice. The potential for mungbean to be harvested as a leafy green as well as a pulse could allow for a more balanced and nutrient-rich diet. This diversification could help combat micronutrient deficiencies while earlier harvest of the leaves could help alleviate the pressures of the "hunger season." To understand the effects of leaf harvest on mungbean grain yield, yield components, and nutrition, a field trial was conducted in Blacksburg, Virginia for three consecutive years from 2020 to 2022. In a split-plot design, four frequencies of leaf harvest (0x, 1x, 2x, and 3x) on seven accessions of mungbean were tested in triplicate. The objective of this experiment was to determine if mungbean can be used as a dual-purpose crop as a leafy green vegetable without decreasing grain yield in Senegal. It was found that mungbeans could undergo up to two leaf harvest of immature leaves without reducing yield, total dry matter (TDM), or yield components. The harvested leaves were also found to be highly nutritious with 22.0% protein, 12.3% fiber and 8.5% ash with no significant differences between leaf harvest treatments. These results indicate that mungbean can be used as a dual-purpose crop for harvest as leafy greens and pulse in Senegal.

Crossbred beef heifers [Year 1, n = 12 initial body weight (BW) = 400.5 kg] and beef steers (Year 2, n = 24, initial body weight (BW) = 401.9 kg] were used to compare the effect of non-traditional, low-input finishing diets (CORN and SBH) to a traditional finishing diet (DIET) in a small-scale finishing system on animal performance, carcass characteristics, and economic impact. In Year 1, cattle were finished for 132d (n = 6) or 174d (n = 6) and in Year 2, cattle were finished for 154d (n = 8), 162d (n = 8), and 196d (n = 7) then harvested. No differences were noted on animal BW or G:F; however, dry matter intake (DMI) (P = < 0.0001) and average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.0053) was greater for DIET compared to CORN and SBH. No differences were noted in total cost of gain, however there were differences on cost per animal (Year 1, P = < 0.0001; Year 2, P = 0.0003). Results indicate CORN and SBH diets could be a viable option to finish beef just as efficiently as a total mixed ration (DIET).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat, Giessen, 2003.