Performance appraisal ratings provide the basis for numerous employment decisions, including retention, promotion, and salary increases. Thus, understanding the factors affecting the accuracy of these ratings is important to organizations and employees. Leniency, one rater error, is a tendency to assign higher ratings in appraisal than is warranted by actual performance. The proposed study examined how personality factors Agreeableness and Conscientiousness relate to rater leniency. The ability of narrower facets of personality to account for more variance in rater leniency than will the broad factors was also examined. The study used undergraduates' (n = 226) evaluations of instructor performance to test the study's hypotheses. In addition to personality variables, students' social desirability tendency and attitudes toward instructor were predicted to be related to rater leniency. Partial support for the study's hypotheses were found. The Agreeableness factor and three of the corresponding facets (Trust, Altruism and Tender-Mindedness) were positively related to rater leniency as predicted. The hypotheses that the Conscientiousness factor and three of the corresponding facets (Order, Dutifulness, and Deliberation) would be negatively related to rater leniency were not supported. In the current sample the single narrow facet Altruism accounted for more variance in rater leniency than the broad Agreeableness factor. While social desirability did not account for a significant amount of variance in rater leniency, attitude toward instructor was found to have a significant positive relationship accounting for the largest amount of variance in rater leniency.

The focus of this research was to ascertain the indirect effects upon activism of intervening variables and recognized exogenous influences upon activism. In addition, this research also focused upon the differences and similarities of a recruited activist model and spontaneous activist model. Regression and path analysis were used to measure the direct and indirect effects of the exogenous and intervening variables. This research found that when the intervening variables, political interest, political awareness, exposure to media, altruism, and self-interest were introduced to both the recruited and spontaneous models, the direct effects of the variables were enhanced.

Soldier caste is the oldest altruistic caste in termites, highly specialized for defensive tasks. Therefore, a number of adaptations in anatomy and behaviour can be observed in soldier, lacking in other termite castes. The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that in disturbed groups the soldiers will prefer to stand by and defend the reproductives, the most valuable individuals. Therefore, I studied in two species of the genus Prorhinotermes (P. simplex and P. canalifrons) the ability of soldiers to discriminate neotenic reproductives and provide them with defence. In agreement with the initial hypothesis, the soldiers of both species prooved to be able of an instantaneous recognition of reproductives and remained close to them. In P. simplex, the neotenic female was the most attractive individual, while in P. canalifrons, neotenics of both sexes were equally attractive. The observed preference of reproductives appears to occur only with a certain age of the reproductives in incipient colonies, along with their sexual maturation. Caste specificity of cuticular lipids supports the presumption that the caste recognition is based on olphactoric cues in the cuticle of reproductives.

This thesis "The motivation for volunteering in the program of secondary prevention" is conceived as theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part of thesis aims to identify the motives leading to the decision to participate in voluntary activities and what motivates volunteers in its execution. It deals with the basic concepts of volunteering, its historical background and with the analysis of the psychological aspects of motivation for voluntary activity, which is seen as a manifestation of altruism and prosocial behavior. It tries to find the reason that may cause underdevelopment of volunteering while offering possible solutions, which can help to overcome the outlined barriers. Consequently, acquaints readers with a preventive program Five P. Base of empirical part consists of empirical investigation. The aim is to find techniques to reveal the personality characteristics of volunteers in Five P program. In conclusion, author examines the use of acquired knowledge in practice. Keywords motivation, volunteering, volunteer, altruism, secondary prevention program

This diploma thesis deals with the issues of the blood donation and the regulation of trade in blood and blood derivatives. It is generally known that the blood taking is in the majority based upon altruism of donors. Society perceives paid blood taking donations as an unethical and an immoral. Besides, paid donations are in violation of a worldwide long term efforts that have been trying to prohibit a monetary remuneration. A related question is whether the unpaid donations can satisfy the increasing demand for blood, and what sort of problems a state regulation bears. The first part of this work provides us a brief historical development of blood transfusion, which is further connected to economic theory and modified to the market in blood; particularly to the theory of price regulation and product (quality). The second part focuses on a comparison of three different markets and discussion of altruism and donations issue.

My diploma thesis is about social entrepreneurship in the banking sector. The thesis has two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part I examine the social entrepreneurship in general, i.e meaning of altruism in entrepreneurship. The ambit of my interest is interesting also because for-profit and non-for-profit organizations operate or operated on the same market. The practical part contains several case studies of "social banking" institutions. Concretely, I chose charitable banks in Italy and Spain emerging in 15th century, furthermore kampeličky and Raiffeisen cooperatives, microcredit and P-to-P lending. I try to answer the question whether the "social banking" is a meaningful concept and whether we can find in history some development leading to the current form of microcredit.

Background: Ethical consumerism is no longer a niche market and consumers are increasingly aware of the power they have when purchasing ethical and believe they can make a change. Most corporations have realized the importance of being ethical and incorporate it into their business strategies. Therefore, it is important to study consumers’ ethical purchasing patterns and which factors affect their intentions to purchase. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to test which of the following factors: social media, attitude, altruism, environmental knowledge, and financial factors, has a positive influence on female millennials, in Jönköping, purchasing intention towards cruelty-free cosmetic products. Method: This study was based on a conceptual framework which intended to test the most relevant constructs influencing ethical purchase intention, as proposed by previous researchers and theory. Hence, this paper follows a deductive approach which used quantitative methods to fulfil the purpose of this explanatory research. The data was gathered through a survey answered by 108 female millennials regarding their purchasing of cosmetics. Conclusion:   Both factors, attitude and environmental knowledge had a direct positive effect on consumers purchase intention towards cruelty-free cosmetics. The study provides empirical support for an indirect effect of altruism on purchase intention since the analysis showed that altruism had a direct effect on attitude. However, social media and financial constructs did not show any significant support for its positive effect on purchase intention in the empirical findings in this study.

Prosocial behavior can be defined as any behavior that an individual engages in to benefit another (Eisenberg, Fabes, & Spinrad, 2006). Prosociality is not one homogenous trait, however, but is made up of three specific types of behavior: helping, cooperating, and sharing (or, more accurately, donating) (Tomasello, 2009). Although helping and cooperating are important to understanding prosocial development, giving behaviors might be particularly informative when trying to understand prosociality in young children as it poses a distinct problem for younger children (Tomasello, 1998). Research on proximate causes of prosocial behavior state that these behaviors are influenced by emotions of empathy (Batson, 1991), theory of mind, or understanding of social norms of ownership (Blake & Rand, 2010). Research on more ultimate causes of prosociality suggest that these behaviors evolved due to mechanisms or kin selection (Hamilton, 1964) and inclusive fitness (Trivers, 1971), and is evident by the effect of social category and relatedness on donations in resource- allocation games (Gummerum et al., 2009). Research with children using resource- allocations games, such as the dictator game, are sparse, but typically find that children donate more as they get older, and that out-group receive fewer allocations than in-group members (Moore, 2009). This research also highlight the importance of anonymity and its effect on prosociality. When tested using an anonymous design, children donate less and some children don’t donate at all (Benenson et al., 2007). Using an anonymous dictator game, children’s giving behaviors were examined across in- group, out-group, and family members. Thirty-five children (12 3-year-olds (7 male), 13 4-year-olds (8 male), and 10 5-year-olds (7 male) completed the experiment. Each child participated in each condition, as well as measures of theory of mind and ownership understanding. Children’s empathy scores were attained from a parent questionnaire regarding children’s empathic behaviors. Results revealed that some children did not donate any stickers at all; seven in total, and that these children differed significantly from those that gave on measures of empathy. Of those that donated, 3-year-old children donated significantly more than 5-year-old children (F(1,3) =3.64, p < .05). This is contrary to previous findings which find that giving increases across age., The was no main effect for Recipient, and no significant interaction between Age and Recipient. Five-year-olds scored significantly higher on measures of ownership understanding (F(2, 25) = 4.36, p< .05), suggesting that understanding of social norms of ownership may be partially responsible for their decrease in overall giving. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

« Empathie » et « manipulation » chez Stendhal : le recours à ces concepts favorise la relecture de son œuvre. L'empathie, concept migrant au travers de diverses disciplines, aboutit dans le domaine littéraire…à la mesure de sa fonctionnalité. Comprendre autrui, cet élément cognitif précède le cas échéant une phase émotionnelle. Mais un partage d’émotions a des gradations possibles, de la sympathie jusqu'à l'acmé. De ce double niveau sortiraient d'éventuelles dérivations, telles les qualités d'altruisme. A l'inverse, un partage d'émotions fondées sur la souffrance peut provoquer chez autrui un plaisir pervers. Tel serait donc l'univers issu de ces concepts, entraînant à l'établissement de types idéaux, de l'« empathiste » et du « manipulateur ». De toute façon se dévoilerait un déséquilibre au profit de l'empathie. Définie morale de l’intention dont tout relèverait, dispositions d'esprit, logos, pathos, elle se distinguerait de la manipulation, restreinte alors à une morale de l’acte. Par une démarche épistémologique, on déclinera différents cas de figure. Mais s'en révèlera l'incomplet, si celle-ci n'est pas corrélée à une approche thématique dans au moins deux domaines-phare de la sémiotique stendhalienne, l'Amour et le Pouvoir. En fonction du diptyque entendement-affectivité, se dégageraient deux pistes : celle d'une littérature en noir et blanc à qui serait dévolu un rôle de progression romanesque. A la littérature en couleur fondée sur l'écriture affective serait réservé celui de mise en valeur de situations de climax ou d'acmé. Par le décryptage de l’œuvre, devrait finalement se dévoiler une construction idéologique de Stendhal, si l'on aboutit là où l'auteur n'aurait pas voulu explicitement aller ou aurait voulu aller sans pour autant se découvrir. / « Empathy » and « manipulation » in Stendhal's writing-using these concepts facilitates the rereading of hid works. Empathy, a migrant concept crossing multiples disciplines, has made its way into the literary sphere…in accordance with its practicality. Understanding others is a cognitive element which precedes, if need be, the emotional phase. The sharing of emotions, however, has varying degrees, ranging from sympathy to acme. Possible derivations could stem from this dual level : expressions of altruism for example. Conversely, the sharing of emotions founded on suffering could provoque perverse pleasures in others. This is the universe that results from these concepts, leading to the establishment of two ideals types, the « empathizer » and the « manipulator ». An imbalance, in any case, will be revealed between the two, the scales tipping in favour of empathy. Empathy is defined as morale de l’intention [intentionally moral], a category within which fall such terms as state of mind, logos and pathos. Precisely, this distinguishes empathy from manipulation, thus limiting the latter to morale de l’acte [acting moral]. Using an epistemological approach, we will examine a variety of different occurrences. This approach, however, will prove to be incomplete if not correlated with a thematic approach in at least two key semiotic fields of Stendhal's works : Love and Power. Two avenues of research will emerge from the diptych understanding-affectivity. On the one hand, there is black and white literatur, which will be given the role of novelistic progression. On the other hand, there is color literature, founded on affective writing, it will be reserved for the role of emphasizing situations containing climax or acme. By deciphering his works, an ideological construction of Stendhal will finally be unearthed, if we are able to reach the place where the author did not want to go explicitly, or where he would liked to have gone, but without having to show his true self.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-08-05T19:01:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 37d.pdf: 492606 bytes, checksum: 68168648e20cef0e5540b3db2b6bd5ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-05T19:01:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 37d.pdf: 492606 bytes, checksum: 68168648e20cef0e5540b3db2b6bd5ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / Este estudo partiu da premissa de conhecer as características e as motivações de doadores de sangue de repetição do Serviço de Hemoterapia do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre - RS (HSCMPA). Objetivando criar estratégias de melhoria no atendimento e fidelização dos doadores de sangue, bem como a possibilidade de transformar doadores de sangue eventuais em doadores fidelizados. Para atender os objetivos do estudo optou-se pela utilização da metodologia mista, abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, buscando identificar, além dos dados relativos à fidelização do doador de sangue, os aspectos relacionados à sua intenção ao realizar a doação. Observou-se que sentimentos como solidariedade, altruísmo e amor ao próximo são os motivadores deste grupo que realiza doações de sangue regularmente (doadores fidelizados). A qualidade do atendimento é apontada como uma das questões de maior impacto no processo de fidelização a doação de sangue e determinante para que a adesão a este comportamento se concretize. As entrevistas de triagem realizada pelo enfermeiro e que antecedem à coleta de sangue pode ser um dos fatores decisórios, não só referente ao local onde realizará as doações de sangue, como a adesão ao comportamento de tornar-se doador de repetição. A triagem clínica, além de fundamental para a doação de sangue de forma segura, proporciona ao profissional um momento de promoção de saúde. O profissional de saúde deve utilizar-se de toda e qualquer oportunidade para educar os cidadãos para uma vida saudável. O contato com candidatos à doação de sangue, pacientes e seus familiares deve ser visto como oportunidade para educação e boas práticas de saúde. O conhecimento técnico deve ser alinhado às necessidades individuais de forma a conduzir as explicações, orientações e responder aos questionamentos de forma efetiva, vendo neste momento a possibilidade de transformação e geração de mudança. Para isso faz-se necessário o treinamento eficaz das equipes de saúde, para que se tornem atuantes de forma motivada e conscientes da causa pela qual estão trabalhando. Há uma necessidade de melhoria e humanização dos processos relacionados ao acolhimento dos doadores, visando potencializar as oportunidades a doação de sangue e contribuindo para a retenção de doadores. / This study started from the premise of knowing the characteristics and motivations of repeat blood donors of the Hematology Service of the Santa Casa de Porto Alegre-RS. Aiming to create strategies for service improvement and retention of blood donors as well as the ability to transform eventual blood donors into loyal donors. To meet the objectives of the study it was decided for the use of mixed methodology, quantitative and qualitative approach, seeking to identify beyond the data concerning blood donor loyalty as well as the aspects related to their intention to make the donation. It was observed that feelings of solidarity, altruism and love for others are the motivators of this group that donates blood regularly (loyal donors). The quality of care is considered one of the questions of most impact on blood donation loyalty process and determinant for the substantiation of the adherence to this behavior. The screening interviews conducted by nurses and that precedes the blood collection may be one of the deciding factors not only referring to the place where the blood donations will be carry out, as adherence to become donor. The clinical trial, so in addition to a key moment for the secure blood donation, provides professionals with a time for health promotion. The health professional should make use of every opportunity to educate citizens for a healthy life. Contact with candidates for blood donation, patients and their families should be seen as an opportunity for education and good health practices. Technical knowledge should be aligned to individual needs in order to conduct the explanations, guidelines and answer the questions effectively seeing at this time the possibility of transformation and change generation. For this the effective training of health teams is necessary, so that they become active in such a motivated way and aware of the cause for which they are working. There is a need for improvement and humanization of the donor related care and treatment processes to reduce barriers to blood donation contributing to the retention of donors.