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ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the theme of the environmental worth and the contemporary developmental relevance of traditional oral poetry. The specific subject matter is the worth of the traditional oral poetry of Asante/Ashanti (one of the groups of the Akan cultural group in Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Togo in West Africa) and its relevance as a source of inspiration for the raising of environmental consciousness. The premise of the thesis is that there existed within traditional oral literature some environmental knowledge which responded to the needs of traditional society. The knowledge in this literature can be revamped and harnessed to help direct the environmental aspect of current developmental approaches. For that reason, the thesis takes as its point of departure and primary data some traditional Asante proverb-poems. These proverbpoems had the status and role of myths engendered by society to fashion and guide humans’ interaction with Nature. This assimilation between proverb-poem and society’s environmental precepts implied that society had (consciously or unconsciously) cast the proverb-poem in the role of an environmental preceptor to guide society. Beliefs about Nature and the practices thereof which are enshrined in these proverbpoems, therefore, contained the knowledge which guided the use of natural resources and hence the direction of development and sustainability in traditional Asante society. Invariably, the environmental outlook of society, its values and interests, its projections and directions, and its development, all came to be informed by the knowledge contained in this myth/proverb-poem. It is pertinent to note that the type of environmental demands required by contemporary Asante is reminiscent of the sustainability which oral literature helped traditional Asante to attain. This comparison is validated for two main reasons. The first is the fact that today development in perceived as a shift from the prioritization of the military security of states and regimes to an emphasis on seven cardinal areas which complement state and regime security. These are - Economic security, Food security, Health security, Environmental security, Personal security, Community security, and Political security. This thesis focuses on the environmental aspect. Second, development focuses on exploring local alternative approaches to the problem of environmental degradation. In this regard, the thesis argues that aspects of the manner in which cultural communities express their relationship with Nature is recoverable through a literary study of the images and belief system found in their rendition of Nature. These images, their perceptions, and the attitude they express toward Nature, offer a framework within which to evaluate possible culture-specific solutions to contemporary environmental problem. It is for the above reason that this work evaluates a selection of traditional Asante proverb-poems to find out the extent to which they served to mediate environmental consciousness and Nature conservation in traditional Asante. In order to arrive at a more reliable conclusion, this investigation first evaluates the ways in which institutions and practices such as Asante political system, the nature of their myths and taboos, their impact on their environment, their relation with colonial environmentalism, the nature and the archival function of their poetry and their entire cosmovision can be said to resemble or reflect the manner in which the Asante formulated the relationship between humans on one hand and flora, fauna, and landscape on the other. It is revealed that their predilection for co-existence with nature advocated in these literary texts largely resembled the normative values and institutional structures of traditional Asante community. Using Structuralism and Ecocriticism the work presents each persona of the various proverb-poems as opposing some prevailing attitudes to nature by critiquing, teaching, encouraging, condemning, exalting the audience to perceive nature as kin, nature as a beneficent agent to appreciate, nature as a danger to avoid, and nature as a domain to which humans are accountable. The thesis also advances the opinion that those attitudes which sustained environmental viability could be reworked and adapted to feed into the creation of a mind-sets which can enhance human perceptions about Nature today and contribute to the search for solutions to environmental degradation. In addition to the above anthropo-developmental dimension, the analysis reveals some specificities of the literary analysis of oral environmental texts of traditional societies. It equally shows the nature of the peculiar challenges faced in the environmental arena by developmental objectives. The work is, therefore, inspired by the need to contribute ideas and perceptions that can eventually feed into the debates around solutions toward the solving of environmental problems. Thus, the work seeks to do this by using literary approaches to highlight and draw on traditional knowledge to enrich the present search for indigenous ways of conceptualizing human-Nature relations and of solving current environmental problems.

Water is subject to uncertainty of supply (quantity) and quality, which affects decisions determining allocation, use and management for human and environmental functions. Tensions concerning water and its allocation reflect conflicting ideologies influencing development. Focusing on water governance enables the allocation and management of environmental resources and tensions in development to be explored. ¶ This research has as its central argument the notion that water governance is conceptualised differently at different scales and as discourses become localised, hybrid forms emerge. Place-specific hybrid governance systems which are cognisant of transformations in the local political economy and environmental characteristics can be useful in managing risks and uncertainty about water supply. This is particularly so where local knowledge about formal institutions regulating water governance and environmental conditions is low. This is because hybrid systems are more likely to be responsive to local needs than national or supra-national discourse allows. However, there are limitations with hybrid systems, particularly in terms of allocating responsibility and risk, which require effective coordination. ¶ The aim of this research is to uncover local perspectives and knowledge about water governance and hybridity in urban environments which can be used to shape and influence urban water management. I explore the hybridisation of water governance by considering the problem of ensuring urban water supply in a developing country context. The research was undertaken as an inductive, qualitative inquiry comprising a case study in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, the Philippines. Tagbilaran is a small sized city with a population of approximately 87,000 people. The city is experiencing relatively rapid population growth along with urban development and expansion in which water demand already outstrips water supply. Ethnographic, interpretive techniques were used to distil local perspectives about water governance which are juxtaposed with official policy and discourse. Research methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews with government employees, government officials and key informants from other organisations. Other methods included structured household surveys and the use of documentary sources. ¶ This research reveals how formal approaches to urban water governance systems have been shaped by international development thinking and discourse. Current strategies to manage water emphasise an integrated approach which encompasses environmental, social and economic domains. At the same time neoliberal discourse exerts a powerful influence over how urban water is conceptualised and managed, and who should be responsible for its provision. The case study allows for the exploration of the ways in which development and water governance discourse have been articulated and the consideration of the local factors which have enabled the emergence of hybrid water supply services embedded in a localised hybrid governance system. ¶ I show how water governance in Tagbilaran is hybrid because of the global-local dialectic that informs policy and practice, public-private engagement in water provision, and inter-jurisdictional water sharing. I also demonstrate how households’ experiences of water supply and their physical environment influence decisions about household allocation and perceptions about human-environment interactions and water security. As a consequence, knowledge about water governance held at the household level emerges as localised and specific in which everyday experience shapes ideas around responsibility and agency such that local forms of government and engagement have more meaning for households than national and supra-national discourse. The juxtaposition of formal, bureaucratic governance institutions with household knowledge exposes multiple understandings of water governance and water supply in Tagbilaran. ¶ The findings of this research reveal that household conceptions of water governance are divorced from formal conceptions of water governance. There is a risk, therefore, that an over-emphasis on network expansion without due consideration of water resource management may lead to greater levels of consumption. This will continue to place pressure on resources and may ultimately lead to water insecurity. This is because local knowledge of the formal political, economic, and administrative institutions is limited at the household level. Therefore, this research argues that local perspectives and knowledge need to be incorporated more into management and policy decision making. Alternatively, greater effort needs to be made to communicate formal policy to the household level.

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Textiles and clothing represent the world’s second largest industry, which also makes this industry one of the most polluting industries in the world, and therefore this industry should reconsider its practices in respect of the environmental impact it has. The entire life cycle of an apparel item has an impact on the environment, from the product design stage to the disposal of an apparel product. Environmentally friendly apparel products refer to apparel products which have been created with consideration of the environmental impact of the production process. The consumer’s apparel decision-making process consists of five stages, namely: awareness, interest, evaluation of alternatives, decision and post-buying response. Buyer behaviour is inherently determined by a consumer’s knowledge or extra information that a consumer obtains. The acquisition of environmentally friendly apparel is therefore influenced by environmental knowledge. It is consequently crucial to provide consumers with relevant information regarding the environmental impact of their apparel consumption choices in order to facilitate consumers in making more environmental friendly apparel decisions. Very limited research exists on consumers’ environmentally friendly apparel purchasing practices, especially in the South African context. Insufficient literature also exists regarding the role of environmental knowledge and information source exposure in the acquisition of environmentally friendly apparel. The purpose of the research was to explore and describe how environmental knowledge and exposure to information about environmental issues are reflected in consumers’ choice of apparel products. A qualitative approach was used to explore young female consumers’ existing levels of environmental knowledge, and whether that environmental knowledge is reflected in the evaluation and selection of apparel as well as the role environmental information plays on their purchase decision. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to ensure the inclusion of young female students (19–22 years old, n = 29). Participants first had to write an essay on the subject of pertinent environmental issues and then participated in a focus group discussion on the evaluation and selection of a t-shirt. Results suggest that the participants have general environmental knowledge. They have the ability to identify environmental problems as well as the causes and consequences of these environmental problems. However, participants’ environmental awareness and their knowledge pertaining to the actual production and supply of environment-friendly apparel in the South African context were very limited. The results also highlight the product attributes important to the participants when evaluating and selecting apparel such as price, aesthetics and functionality of the garment, but environmental attributes such as organic cotton, locally produced, reduced waste techniques and not using harmful chemicals did not feature high under the attributes participants considered. They prioritized price, aesthetics and fit above other attributes (including environmental attributes). Environmental knowledge was not consciously considered in their general apparel decision-making, even though participants indicated that they do care about the environment. It also seems that information source exposure relating to the environmental impact of clothing had no effect on their purchase decision process. When probed, certain barriers emerged that prevented the participants from using environmental knowledge or the information source exposure in their decision-making. These barriers are: the relevance of non-environmentally related product attributes, the availability of environmentally friendly apparel, a lack of relevant knowledge, and perceived consumer effectiveness. While the study had certain limitations, the findings should be valuable to manufacturers, retailers and marketers of environmentally friendly apparel and further research is needed, especially in the South African context, relating to environmentally friendly apparel and consumer behaviour. Copyright / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Consumer Science / unrestricted

Many of the Swedish environmental targets are related to forests, mostly “Living forests” and “A rich plant and animal life ”. These targets are not being met and the development in the environment is negative. Forests and the species living within them are being affected. With the landmass of Sweden being 69% forest and 47% of this being owned by private forest owners, these people can influence the direction of Swedish forestry. Problems revolve around clear cutting, which influences many species as they cannot survive in the changed habitat. The aim of the report is to investigate how private forest owners in Sweden view their forests and the environmental considerations within it. A survey was sent to 500 Swedish private forest owners, with 11% responding to the questions. The survey asked questions about the respondents, such as age, sex, how much forest they own, their knowledge of environmental consideration in the forest, how they manage their forest and how much environmental consideration they take in doing so. There was no correlation between the respondents' age, sex, how long they had owned their forest, how much forest they owned and how they acquired their forests to what knowledge level they had. Most respondents wish for more economic compensation in order to increase their environmental consideration and consider the economy the most im portant part of their forestry. Thus, the results from this study show more investments are needed, as well as spreading information regarding how continuous stand forestry can be economically profitable.

Background: Ethical consumerism is no longer a niche market and consumers are increasingly aware of the power they have when purchasing ethical and believe they can make a change. Most corporations have realized the importance of being ethical and incorporate it into their business strategies. Therefore, it is important to study consumers’ ethical purchasing patterns and which factors affect their intentions to purchase. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to test which of the following factors: social media, attitude, altruism, environmental knowledge, and financial factors, has a positive influence on female millennials, in Jönköping, purchasing intention towards cruelty-free cosmetic products. Method: This study was based on a conceptual framework which intended to test the most relevant constructs influencing ethical purchase intention, as proposed by previous researchers and theory. Hence, this paper follows a deductive approach which used quantitative methods to fulfil the purpose of this explanatory research. The data was gathered through a survey answered by 108 female millennials regarding their purchasing of cosmetics. Conclusion:   Both factors, attitude and environmental knowledge had a direct positive effect on consumers purchase intention towards cruelty-free cosmetics. The study provides empirical support for an indirect effect of altruism on purchase intention since the analysis showed that altruism had a direct effect on attitude. However, social media and financial constructs did not show any significant support for its positive effect on purchase intention in the empirical findings in this study.

Konsumtionen har idag blivit en stor del av samhället och människans vardagliga liv. Särskilt hos unga individer förekommer det en benägenhet att konsumera mer för att uppnå en högre social status och skapa en identitet genom konsumtionen. Det var därför intressant att undersöka varför unga individer konsumerar trots att de idag besitter en hög miljömedvetenhet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka unga individers konsumtionsvanor samt hur de förhåller sig till sina konsumtionsvanor i relation till det rådande miljöproblemet. Till det formulerades även tre frågeställningar för att kunna uppfylla syftet, vilka var: ”Hur ser intervjupersonerna på sina konsumtionsvanor?”, ”Hur ser intervjupersonerna på miljön?” samt ”Hur upplever intervjupersonerna sina konsumtionsvanor i förhållande till miljön?”. Det teoretiska ramverket består av teorier om konsumtion och konsumtionssamhället i vilket individer skapar sig en identitet med de varor de konsumerar. Empirin samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta personer i åldrarna 18–25. Under intervjuerna ställdes frågor som var baserade på olika teman, vilka var härledda är det teoretiska ramverket samt från syfte och frågeställningar. Dessa teman rörde intervjupersonernas konsumtionsvanor, miljömedvetenhet samt förhållandet mellan dessa. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonernas konsumtionsvanor varierar, men att konsumtionen är en stor del av deras liv. Merparten konsumerar saker de upplever trendiga eftersom de i viss mån påverkas av andras åsikter och vad de ser andra personer konsumera. Intervjupersonerna upplever positiva känslor vid konsumtion till en början, för att sedan uppleva ångest över att de har spenderat pengar och således minimerat möjligheten för att konsumera ytterligare. Samtliga intervjupersoner ansåg att en bättre ekonomi hade möjliggjort för en önskad ökad konsumtion. Intervjupersonernas miljömedvetenhet varierar även den stort där samtliga är medvetna om det rådande miljöproblemet varpå merparten känner en oro för framtiden. Dock kände intervjupersonerna en hopplöshet eftersom de upplevde att deras engagemang inte hjälper klimatet i det stora hela vilket resulterar i inaktivitet även hos de som har en stor miljömedvetenhet. Medvetenheten kring deras konsumtionsvanors påverkan på miljön är låg varpå samtliga menar att dåliga vanor är svåra att bryta. Intervjupersonerna känner en stark vilja att konsumera nya varor och det finns en ständig rädsla att inte passa in på grund av en bristande konsumtion. Detta väger därför högre än deras medvetenhet kring konsumtionens negativa påverkan på miljön. / Consumption has today become a large part of human life. Especially for young individuals there is a tendency to consume more to achieve a higher social status and create an identity through consumption. It was therefore interesting to investigate why young individuals consume despite the fact that they today has a high environmental awareness. The aim of this study was to investigate the consumption habits of young individuals and how their feelings are towards their consumption habits in relation to the current environmental problem. In addition three questions were stated to fulfill the aim of the study, these were stated as followed: “How do the interviewees understand their consumption habits?”, “How do the interviewees understand the environment?” and “How do the interviewees experience their consumption habits in relation to the environment?”. The theoretical framework consists of theories of consumption and consumption society in which individuals create an identity with the product they consume. The empire was collected through semi-structured interviews with eight people aged 18-25. The interview questions were based on different themes which referred to the interviewees consumption habits, environmental awareness and the relationship between them. The result showed that the interviewees consumption habits varies but that consumption is a big part of their lives. The majority of the interviewees consume things they found to be trendy, as they to some extent are affected by the opinions of others and what they see other people consume. The interviewees experience positive emotions while consuming initially, and then experienced anxiety about having spent money and thus have less money to consume further. All interviewees considered that a better economy had made it possible for a desired increased consumption. The environmental awareness of the interviewees also varies widely, all of which were aware of the current environmental problem and most of them feel anxiety about the future. However, there was a hopelessness amongst the interviewees as they feel that their involvement do not help in the grand scheme of things, which results in inactivity even for those who have environmental knowledge. Awareness of the impact of their consumption habits on the environment is low, and all believed that bad habits are difficult to break. The interviewees feel a strong desire to consume new goods and there is a constant fear of not fitting in because of a lack of consumption and that therefore outweighs their awareness of the negative impact of consumption on the environment.

Green marketi ng is aimed at directing a company‘s efforts to undertake the processes of designing a product, its promotion, pricing, and distribution in a way that can help to protect the environment. The current study is aimed at investigating the influence of green marketing practices including eco-labeling, green branding and green advertising on consumer buying behavior in Pakistan which is a developing country. The study has also analyzed the mediating effect of environmental knowledge in the relationship between green marketing practices and consumer buying behavior. The research useda quantitative approach and a structured survey questionnaire to collect data from 300 respondents. The study results revealed that green advertising and green branding has a significant positive relationship with consumer buying behavior while eco-labeling is not a significant predictor for this purpose. Moreover, environmental knowledge partially mediates the relationship between green marketing and consumer buying behavior. In this way, the current study has contributed to literature by analyzing the green marketing practices with and without the presence of environmental knowledge in Pakistan. The results of the research are helpful for marketers to emphasize more on green advertising being the strong predictor of consumer buying behavior. It also urges them to make their environmental friendly activities closer to reality in order to gain greater acceptability from consumers. However, the study has not taken into account alldimensions of green marketing and the sample responses belong to the population in only urban areas of Pakistan.

Submitted by TAMARA QUINTEIRO null (tamaraquinteiro@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-27T17:07:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertaçao_mestrado.pdf: 2416264 bytes, checksum: 9039ba01b06bbac6673065c6e4605d24 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T19:08:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 quinteiro_t_me_bauru.pdf: 2416264 bytes, checksum: 9039ba01b06bbac6673065c6e4605d24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T19:08:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 quinteiro_t_me_bauru.pdf: 2416264 bytes, checksum: 9039ba01b06bbac6673065c6e4605d24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa realizada com os acadêmicos do curso de Ciências Biológicas – Licenciatura durante a disciplina de Educação Ambiental sobre suas concepções a respeito do ambiente e das infrações ambientais. A pesquisa procurou trazer dados de uma realidade para investigar essas concepções ambientais de forma sistêmica, além de analisar a metodologia dos projetos didáticos e sua relação com os problemas ambientais. O processo de investigação foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, foi realizado um levantamento das infrações ambientais ocorridas na região de Bauru/SP, durante um período de cinco anos. Segundo o levantamento, foram encontrados 22 tipos de infrações com alto índice de ocorrência: animais silvestres em cativeiro (26,75%), pesca irregular (17,72%), intervenções em área de floresta (13,37%) e intervenções em área de preservação permanente (11,74%). Essas infrações ambientais foram analisadas segundo a metodologia da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (1977) e agrupadas em seis temáticas para elaboração de projetos didáticos pelos acadêmicos da graduação em Biologia: 1) causar danos a qualquer tipo de animal; 2) causar prejuízos ecológicos devido à retirada de animais silvestres da natureza; 3) atividade poluidora; 4) pesca irregular; 5) intervenção em Área de Preservação Permanente (APP); e 6) intervenção em árvores isoladas e área florestal. Na segunda etapa, os acadêmicos se dividiram em seis grupos e cada grupo apresentou um seminário e na terceira etapa, eles elaboraram um projeto ambiental e desenvolveram material didático que pudesse ser utilizado por professores de Ciências/Biologia na Educação Básica. Segundo a análise dos seminários, os acadêmicos apresentaram dificuldade em buscar novos conhecimentos. Apenas um grupo sugeriu novas fontes de informação para ampliar o artigo estudado para a apresentação do seminário. Apesar de a maioria dos acadêmicos terem se posicionado quanto ao assunto abordado e proposto formas pautáveis para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental, esse comportamento somente ocorreu após serem estimulados pela professora da disciplina. Os projetos desenvolvidos pelos acadêmicos constituíram ferramentas eficazes no processo de aprendizagem. Os acadêmicos partiram de um problema real, pois utilizaram dados de infrações ambientais da Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente, e construíram um saber ambiental, envolvendo as questões ecológicas, sociais e éticas. Todas as equipes realizaram entrevistas com grupos sociais específicos, o que auxiliou na reflexão sobre o assunto. Durante a análise dos projetos, concluiu-se que apenas os grupos 4 e 5 não aprofundaram o conteúdo da pesquisa, ao passo que o grupo 2 não elaborou um material didático eficiente para ser utilizado pelos professores da Educação Básica. / The purpose of this work is to present a research conducted with students taking a licentiate course in Biological Sciences. The meetings were held in the Environmental Education classes. The objective was to investigate the students’ conceptions of the environment and the environmental violations. The research aimed at collecting actual data to investigate these environmental conceptions on a systemic basis, in addition to reviewing the methodology of educational projects and their relationship with the environmental problems. The investigational process was divided into three phases. First, the information on environmental violations occurring in the region of Bauru/SP, within five years, was gathered. According with the information collected, 22 types of violations happening very often were found, namely: wild animals in captivity (26.75%), irregular fishing (17.72%), intervention in forest areas (13.37%) and intervention in permanent preservation area (11.74%). Secondly, these environmental violations were reviewed following Bardin Content Analysis methodology (1977) and grouped into six theme areas, so the undergraduate Biology students could propose their educational projects: 1) causing damages to any kind of animals; 2) causing ecological losses for removing the wild animals from nature; 3) polluting activity; 4) irregular fishing; 5) intervention in Permanent Preservation Area (PPA); and 6) intervention in isolate trees and forest area. In the second phase, the students were divided into six groups and each group made a presentation and in the third phase, they designed an environmental project and developed a teaching material to be used by Sciences/Biology teachers in Elementary Schools. By reviewing the presentations given, the students had difficulties to look for new knowledge sources. Only one group suggested new information sources to complement the article studied for the presentation. Although most of them have made their position on the matter discussed and proposed feasible ways to improve the environmental quality, they only had this behavior after being encouraged by their professor. Projects developed by the students became efficient tools in the learning process. The students started from an actual problem, as they used data on environmental violations provided by the State Secretariat for the Environment, and built an environmental knowledge, involving ecological, social and ethical issues. All the teams interviewed specific social groups, which helped thinking on the matter. While reviewing the projects, it was concluded that only groups 4 and 5 could not deepen the research content, while group 2 did not create an efficient teaching material to be used by the Elementary School teachers.