The treatment of water for human consumption results in the production of residual waste flows that vary depending on source waters and water treatment technologies. Water treatment plant residual waste is defined as a pollutant that requires treatment either on site or through other means. Due to strict and evolving regulatory requirements, treatment of water treatment plant residual waste several common methods of disposing of water plant residuals exist including discharge to surface waters, discharge to sanitary sewers, and sanitary landfill disposal of dewatered wastes. Although originally discharged to the neighboring City Reservoir, the Carbondale Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) conducted an initial study to determine if plant residual waste could be treated at one of the City’s two wastewater treatment plants. No negative impacts were identified as part of this study and infrastructure was put in place to divert CWTP residual waste from the City Reservoir to the Carbondale Southeast Wastewater Treatment Plant (SEWWTP). This study focused on accessing and quantifying any impacts of Carbondale Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) residual solids sewer discharge on biological treatment processes, effluent water quality, and sludge production at the SEWWTP. The Carbondale SEWWTP treats raw water influent through a number of physical and biological processes including screening, clarification, nitrification/denitrification, and aeration. Of the tests run as part of this study daily samples were collected of SEWWTP influent, mixed liquor, return sludge, and effluent and measured for changes in pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), solids, sludge volume index (SVI), dissolved oxygen (DO), and nitrogen. No significant changes were documented other than percent BOD removal did improve after the introduction of the residuals. Anions were also tested weekly. Samples were collected from the SEWWTP’s oxidation ditch to monitor biological life using biological activity reaction tests (BART) for nitrifying, denitrifying, and heterotrophically active bacteria. BART testing showed no decline in biological activity and increased populations of denitrifying bacteria. Additionally, both metals and acute toxicity of SEWWTP effluent were tested by outside testing facilities to confirm that CWTP residual solids sewer discharge did not interfere with discharge limits established as part of the plant’s permits. No significant changes were observed during testing but plant staff did indicate that more extensive cleaning of the basins was implemented post-introduction. Overall, the case study confirmed that the treatment of CWTP residual solids sewer discharge did not negatively impact treatment processes at the SEWWTP and is sustainable.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T10:42:20Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Susane Campos Mota Angelim - 2015 (1).pdf: 18841997 bytes, checksum: 81d8b3c8746995f8815dfec4fc05909b (MD5) Dissertação - Susane Campos Mota Angelim - 2015 (2).pdf: 3115044 bytes, checksum: fb522cec32010b346517744c51a7c7c7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T10:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Susane Campos Mota Angelim - 2015 (1).pdf: 18841997 bytes, checksum: 81d8b3c8746995f8815dfec4fc05909b (MD5) Dissertação - Susane Campos Mota Angelim - 2015 (2).pdf: 3115044 bytes, checksum: fb522cec32010b346517744c51a7c7c7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T10:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Susane Campos Mota Angelim - 2015 (1).pdf: 18841997 bytes, checksum: 81d8b3c8746995f8815dfec4fc05909b (MD5) Dissertação - Susane Campos Mota Angelim - 2015 (2).pdf: 3115044 bytes, checksum: fb522cec32010b346517744c51a7c7c7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In Brazil water treatment plants (WTP) residuals are usually discharged into waterways, with negative impacts on water quality, aquatic biota and sediments, which may also pose risks to human health. This paper presents a study on real scale disposal of aluminum sludge from the settling of a WTP in a primary facultative pond, both located in Piracanjuba-GO, wishing to contribute as an alternative for residuals management. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of WTP residuals (WTPR) in the performance of the wastewater stabilization pond (WSP), in terms of quality of the effluent and volume of bottom sludge accumulated. Worked up in two identical parallel ponds, one in which WTPR was applied (test pond) and another without application (control pond) to serve as comparison of results. The study was carried out in two stages, with dosage of 37 mg TS/L in Phase 1 and 44 mg TS/L in Phase 2, totaling 125 days of application and 191 days of monitoring. It was evaluated several effluent parameters such as BOD, solids, nitrogen, total phosphorus, Escherichia coli, metals, among others. Sludge volumes in the ponds were obtained from bathymetric survey using a sludge depth meter (sludge gun) and modeling by Surfer 8.0 software. The addition of the WTPR did not impair the performance of the test pond, with minimal reduction of BOD and nitrogen. It was not possible to identify any influence of WTPR for the removal of total phosphorus of the sewage, which was attributed to high pH and low dosage. There was no statistical difference (95% confidence level) between the means of 15 parameters evaluated in two phases, except for nitrogen ammonia. There was no difference between the increases of sludge volume accumulated in the bottom of the ponds, although total solids content was higher in the test pond. This behavior was associated with particle size characteristics of the material. The study indicates technical feasibility of WTP residuals disposal in the WSP studied, revealing an alternative for its management that can also be applied in other same type systems if evaluated the specific conditions in each case. / A realidade brasileira atual é de que a grande maioria dos resíduos de ETA são lançados diretamente em cursos d'água, com impactos negativos sobre a qualidade das águas, biota aquática e sedimentos, podendo também representar riscos à saúde humana. O trabalho apresenta um estudo em escala real da disposição do resíduo do decantador da ETA do tipo convencional (ou de ciclo completo) da cidade de Piracanjuba-GO, cujo coagulante utilizado é o sulfato de alumínio, na lagoa facultativa primária da ETE Piracanjuba, visando contribuir como alternativa adequada para a gestão dos resíduos sólidos de sistemas de saneamento. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da disposição do resíduo no desempenho da lagoa quanto à qualidade do efluente líquido e ao volume do lodo de fundo acumulado. Trabalhou-se com duas lagoas idênticas em paralelo, uma de teste, onde foi aplicado o resíduo, e outra de referência, sem aplicação, para servir de comparação dos resultados. O estudo foi realizado em duas fases de aplicação do resíduo e monitoramento das lagoas, com dosagem de 37 mgSTresíduo (bs)/Lesgoto na Fase 1 e 44 mgSTresíduo (bs)/Lesgoto na Fase 2, totalizando 125 dias de aplicação e 191 dias de monitoramento. Foram avaliados diversos parâmetros físico-químicos do efluente, tais como DBO, SST, Namoniacal, fósforo total, E.coli, metais, dentre outros. Os volumes de lodo nas lagoas foram obtidos a partir de levantamento batimétrico com uso de medidor de óptico de lodo (Sludge Gun) e calculados por modelagem matemática pelo programa Surfer 8.0. A adição do resíduo de ETA não prejudicou o desempenho da lagoa facultativa de teste, com discreta redução de DBO e Namoniacal. Não foi possível apontar nenhuma influência do resíduo de ETA sobre a remoção de fósforo total do esgoto, o que foi atribuído a fatores como elevado pH e baixa dosagem. Na análise estatística dos resultados do efluente, ao nível de confiança de 95%, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre as médias dos 15 parâmetros avaliados nas duas fases, exceto para Namoniacal. Não houve diferença entre os acréscimos de volume de lodo de fundo acumulado nas lagoas, sendo que concentração de sólidos totais do lodo de fundo foi maior na lagoa de teste. Esse comportamento foi associado a características granulométricas do material. O estudo indica a viabilidade técnica da disposição do resíduo da ETA nas lagoas facultativas da ETE Piracanjuba, mostrando-se como uma alternativa ambientalmente adequada para a gestão do resíduo, que pode ser aplicada também em outros sistemas de mesmas tipologias, desde que avaliadas as condições específicas de cada caso.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-02-02T17:29:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.AlineMansur.04092016.pdf: 3671406 bytes, checksum: 0deab42bbd5b80baf1c0a321d755a707 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-02T17:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.AlineMansur.04092016.pdf: 3671406 bytes, checksum: 0deab42bbd5b80baf1c0a321d755a707 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica Ambiental. Niterói, RJ / As estações de tratamento de água (ETA) são projetadas para fornecer água continuamente, de maneira a atender a critérios de potabilidade. No entanto, além da água tratada e potável, essas estações são igualmente produtoras de resíduo, o material em suspensão decantado da água, reconhecido como resíduo de Estações de Tratamento de Água, ou resíduo de ETA. O descarte direto de resíduos de ETA em corpos d`água deve ser evitado, considerando que a essas descargas podem comprometer a qualidade da água, podendo gerar efeitos crônicos na comunidade aquática O Reservatório de Juturnaíba, considerado o segundo maior reservatório de água do estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi o repositório final dos resíduos produzidos por duas Estações de Tratamento de Água por cerca de 30 anos. Estes resíduos foram descartados nas margens do reservatório, podendo comprometer a qualidade da água e do sedimento do reservatório. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se a disposição de resíduos de ETAs nas margens do reservatório causou contaminação no ambiente, através do estudo sobre mobilidade de metais (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu e Ni) entre os compartimentos: resíduos de ETAs, sedimentos superficiais e água do reservatório. Foram realizadas análises quantitativas e qualitativas dos resíduos de ETAs, bem como uma avaliação diagnóstica dos sedimentos superficiais adjacentes as áreas de descarte de resíduos. Através de modelos digitais de terreno construídos no software Surfer® e por equações matemáticas usando dados declarados pela empresa, foi possível calcular os volumes de resíduos presentes nas margens do reservatório, totalizando em cerca de 60.370 e 62.479 toneladas de resíduos em cada pilha de resíduo. Método de extrações de metais foram aplicados, para elucidar o teor pseudo-total (USEPA 3051A) e as frações geoquímicas dos metais (extração sequencial - BCR) nos resíduos de ETAs e nos sedimentos adjacentes a área de descarte. O fracionamento geoquímico de metais mostrou que existe uma a variação espacial entre os sedimentos localizadas próximos e distantes das áreas de descarte de resíduos. Os sedimentos localizados distantes da área de descarte não mostraram anomalias nas concentrações de metais, estando os metais Al, Fe, Zn e Cr associados predominantemente à fração residual (F4). O fracionamento do Al apresentou ser um bom traçador da presença de resíduos de ETA em sedimentos, já que apenas nos sedimentos localizados próximos aos resíduos, esse metal esteve predominantemente associado às frações prontamente mobilizáveis (F1+F2+F3) do sedimento, com elevadas concentrações na fração ácido-solúvel (F1). Assim, através do modelo de atenuação das concentrações pseudo-totais de Al no sedimento, aliado as avaliações de fracionamento geoquímico desse metal no sedimento, foi possível delimitar a área de abrangência da contaminação do sedimento, provenientes da dispersão espacial dos resíduos de ETAs. Experimentos usando microcosmos foram realizados para avaliar a dessorção de metais entre resíduo de ETA e a água do Reservatório, sob diferentes condições físico-químicas. Esses experimentos mostraram que o contato direto do resíduo com a água propicia a liberação de Al, Fe e Mn, e que a acidificação e o incremento de ácido húmico dissolvido na água favorece a dessorção do Al do resíduo. Conclui-se que a contaminação do sedimento por resíduos de ETAs está restrita a pequenas áreas localizadas próximas aos descarte de resíduo. No entanto, devido a proporção de Al associada as frações prontamente mobilizáveis do resíduo, a presença de resíduos de ETAs em contato direto com a água do reservatório, funciona como uma fonte pontual de Al para o ambiente. / Water treatment plants (WTP) are conceived to continuously produce clean water, responding to defined criteria of portability. However, besides treated and potable water, water treatment plants produce sludge resulting from decantation of the suspended matter that are disposed in the environment. The discharge of the water treatment residue into aquatic ecosystems may cause negative environmental impact on the natural water quality and chronic effects in the aquatic community. Juturnaíba Lake is an important water reservoir in Rio de Janeiro. For about 30 years, the residue generated by two Water Treatment Plants, were systematically discarded in two restricted areas in the Juturnaíba Reservoir edges. In direct contact with water, this residues may have been spread throughout the reservoir, affecting water and sediment quality. The aim of this study was to access the contamination of the Juturnaíba Reservoir, by evaluating the mobility of the metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu e Ni), between sludge, sediment, and water spatial and geochemical distribution of metals, mainly the Al, in the superficial sediments. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were performed, as a diagnostic evaluation of surface sediments adjacent waste disposal areas. The calculated mass of the residues piles are similar and respectively 60.3170 e 62.479. The residue mass was calculated based on the model terrain digital model and mathematical equations, which provided the following measures 60.370 e 62.479 tons in each piles of residue. Pseudo-total metal in sediment was assessed after aqua regia inverted digestion, with microwave assistance (EPA 3051A). The BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied, and geochemical fractions of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr e Ni were determined. The geochemical fractionation of metals showed that there is a spatial variation between near and far located sediments of residue disposal areas. In distant located sediments of the waste disposal area, the highest percentages Al, Zn, Fe and Cr was found in the residual fractions (F4), meaning that these metals were strongly bound to the sediments. Fractionation Al showed to be a good marker for the presence of ETA waste sludge, since only in the sediments located near the waste sludge, had aluminum predominantly associated with the mobile fractions (F1 + F2 + F3), with high concentrations in the acid-soluble fraction (F1). Through the model of attenuation of Al pseudo-total concentration in the sediment and along the geochemical fractionation assessments of Al in the sediments, it was possible to delimit the area of extent of sediment contamination, from the spatial dispersion of water treatment residue. Experiments using microcosms were performed to evaluate the desorption of metals from the residue and water reservoir under different physicochemical conditions. These experiments showed that the direct contact of the residue with water, promotes the release of Al, Fe and Mn, and that the acidification and the increase of humic acid dissolved in the water favor the desorption of Al present in the residue. The results show that the residue affected the sediment quality, although this contamination does not spread uniformly through the reservoir. It was concluded that the sediment contamination by water treatment residue is restricted to small areas located close to residue disposal. However, because the proportion of the Al associated with the mobility fractions, the presence of such residues in direct contact with the reservoir water,acts as a source of Al to the environment.

La forte augmentation de la population mondiale entraîne une demande croissante en eau potable. La production d'eau potable est accompagnée par la génération de résidus du traitement de l'eau dont la boue d'aluminium qui est donc largement disponible mondialement. Ce travail se concentre sur l'identification des différentes voies de valorisation des boues d'aluminium afin de les réutiliser dans le domaine de l’environnement. Deux sources de boues d'aluminium, collectées en France et en Irlande, ont été étudiées dans divers domaines d’application en fonction de leurs caractéristiques. Tout d'abord, les boues d'aluminium ont été utilisées en remplacement d’une partie de l'argile dans la fabrication des briques, en incorporant différents pourcentages de boues d'aluminium et à différentes températures. Les briques résultantes ont été caractérisées et les résultats ont montré que les briques composées de boues d'aluminium et d'argile sont conformes aux « normes européennes et irlandaises » et démontrent ainsi le potentiel pour une application industrielle des boues d'aluminium dans la fabrication de briques en terre cuite irlandaises. Dans un second temps, les boues d’aluminium ont été utilisées comme adsorbant des polluants présents dans l’agriculture. Le glyphosate est un ingrédient actif dans les pesticides utilisés massivement dans l'agriculture irlandaise et représente une problématique environnementale. La boue d’aluminium et la tourbe irlandaise ont été comparées pour l’élimination du glyphosate lors de tests en pot à l’échelle laboratoire. Les résultats ont montré que la boue d’aluminium permet d’éliminer le glyphosate à plus de 99% et réduire les niveaux de DCO. Cet aspect scientifique a permis d’être dans la sélection des adsorbants possibles pour le traitement des eaux usées agricoles en Irlande. Le co-conditionnement et la déshydratation des boues de station d’épuration avec des boues d’aluminium liquides ont également été étudiés. Pour cela, le Jar test a été effectué sur des boues issues d’une station de traitement des eaux française. Les résultats ont montré que le rapport optimal de mélange des boues est de 1:1 (boues d’épuration : boues d’aluminium). Ainsi, la quantité de polymère utilisée peut être diminuée de 14 fois par rapport aux technologies actuelles. Cette approche a permis de montrer la possible valorisation des boues d’aluminium comme un moyen durable et technique permettant ainsi l’élimination des boues localement pour une même station de traitement des eaux. Une autre voie de valorisation des boues d’aluminium comme adsorbant pour la purification des gaz a été étudiée lors d’expériences d’adsorption de H2S dans un réacteur à lit fixe dans différentes conditions expérimentales. Les données expérimentales d’adsorption du H2S ont été modélisées à l'aide de modèles empiriques basés sur la cinétique des processus d'adsorption. Les résultats ont montré que les boues d'aluminium sont un adsorbant efficace pour l'élimination du H2S (capacité de 374,2 mg H2S / g solide) et que des mécanismes mis en jeu sont l'adsorption dissociative et l'oxydation. Les coefficients de transfert de masse globaux ont également été calculés et pouvant ainsi être utilisés pour la prédiction. Enfin, les gâteaux de boues d'aluminium ont été réutilisés pour la purification simultanée d’H2S et le traitement des eaux usées. Les résultats ont montré la capacité de cet adsorbant pour éliminer tout le H2S présent avec une grande efficacité d’élimination de la DCO, TN et TP. Ainsi, il a été démontré la valorisation des boues d’aluminium en tant qu’adsorbant pour une purification du H2S simultanée avec le traitement des eaux usées. / The production of drinking water always accompanied by the generation of water treatment residues (WTRs). Alum sludge is one of the WTRs, it is an easily, locally and largely available by-product worldwide. This work focuses on the identification of different ways to valorize the alum sludge for environmentally friendly reuse. Two alum sludges collected from France and Ireland have been reused in various fields as a function of their characteristics. Firstly, alum sludge was used as a partial replacement for clay in brick making, by incorporating different percentages of alum sludge and calcined at different temperatures (range from 800 to 1200 °C). The resultant bricks were tested for compression, Loss on Ignition, water absorption, appearance, etc. Results show that alum sludge-clay bricks have met the “European and Irish Standards” and demonstrated the huge industrial application potential for alum sludge in Irish clay brick manufacturing. Glyphosate is an active ingredient in pesticide which is massive employed in agriculture. Alum sludge and Irish peat were compared for glyphosate removal in pot tests, results show that alum sludge present significant glyphosate removal capacity (>99 %) and could reduce the level of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). It provided a scientific clue for sorbents selection when considering the agricultural wastewater treatment in Ireland and to maximize their value in practice. The co-conditioning and dewatering of sewerage sludge with liquid alum sludge was also investigated in Jar-test based on the case analysis of a water industry in France. Results show that the optimal sludge mix ratio is 1:1, the use of the alum sludge has been shown to beneficially enhance the dewaterability of the resultant mixed sludge, and highlighting a huge polymer saving (14 times less than the current technologies) and provided a sustainable and technical sludge disposal route for the local water industry. The use of alum sludge as a sorbent for gas purification was studied by H2S adsorption experiments in a fixed-bed reactor with various operating parameters. The experimental breakthrough data were modeled with empirical models based on adsorption kinetics. Results show that alum sludge is an efficient sorbent for H2S removal (capacity of 374.2 mg/g) and the mechanisms including dissociative adsorption and oxidation were proposed. Moreover, the overall mass transfer coefficients were calculated which could be used for the process scaling up. Finally, alum sludge cakes were reused in the novel aerated alum sludge constructed wetland (CW), which were designed for simultaneous H2S purification and wastewater treatment. Results show that H2S was completely removed in the six months’ trials, while the high removal efficiencies of COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphates (TP) were achieved. Thus, a novel eco-friendly CW for simultaneous H2S purification and wastewater treatment was developed. In the different approaches and process considered, in particular it was put in investigating and describing the mechanisms involved. Overall, this work demonstrated alum sludge could be a promising by- product for various novel beneficial reuse rather than landfilling and provided a “Circular Economy” approach for WTRs management.