Different types of ambiguous student contributions occur in mathematics classrooms. In this study I identified (1) different types of ambiguous student contributions and (2) the different ways teachers respond to one particular kind of ambiguous contribution, clarifiable ambiguity. Note that clarifiable ambiguity is ambiguity that stems from a student who uses an unclear referent in their contribution and can be clarified in the moment by the particular student. Literature has focused only on ambiguity that has the potential to further the development of mathematical concepts and has only theorized about teacher responses to this specific type of ambiguity. This study identified an additional three types of ambiguous student contributions: Student Appropriation of Teacher Ambiguity, Irrelevant Ambiguity, and General Ambiguity. It was important to identify all the different types of ambiguous student contributions because teacher responses should likely be different to the different types of ambiguity. In addition, through analyzing the teacher responses to the clarifiably ambiguous student contributions, this study found that teachers addressed the clarifiably ambiguous student contributions about half the time. When the teachers did address the clarifiable ambiguity, the majority of the time the teacher clarified the ambiguity themselves with the most common response being the teacher honed in on the clarifiably ambiguity and asked for confirmation from the student on the accuracy of the clarification.

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My goal of studying Chinese ambiguous sentence is to increase CFL students’ awareness about Chinese grammar as well as Chinese culture. In order to promote the CFL students’ learning enthusiasm, speed up their learning process, and assist them to meet society’s challenges, I have designed two sets of questionnaires, spent two semesters in collecting, studying, analyzing, and explaining my data. In the meanwhile, I read many related articles and books which enriched my Chinese linguistic knowledge, deepened my understanding of the reciprical reaction among Chinese linguistic issues and its culture. I was also inspired to generate some typical Chinese sentence structures. These structures could help the CFL students to produce Chinese sentences not only linguistically accurate but also culturally appropriate.

There is an absence of research on the process of identity formation and the related sense of social belonging for adolescent social orphans, that is, those youth who live outside parental care despite the presence of at least one living biological parent. In addition, scant attention has been paid to how culture norms influence the experience of ambiguous loss. Yet this population of children is vast; UNICEF (2012) estimates a total of 151 million orphans worldwide of which at least 8 million languish in institutions (RELAF, 2010). Due to complex social conditions, approximately 40,000 children over the age of seven are under the protection of the Colombian government and of this number, 25,000 reside in institutions (RELAF, 2010). Informed by ambiguous loss and attachment theories, this qualitative study's primary aims were to: (1) understand how parental loss influences the social orphan's social construction of biological as well as psychological family; (2) make explicit the role of adult identity agents who participate in the process of the youth's identity formation; and (3) identify how these youth transitioning to adulthood perceive their futures. The data are derived from two in-depth interviews conducted in Spanish with thirty social orphans aged 14 and 19 residing in two Colombian institutions. Results revealed that, despite having histories of abuse, neglect and/or extreme hardship, the absent birth family is psychologically present for the majority of these youth and their future goals include reunification as well as economic support for biological family members. Findings also suggested that those youth who are able to identify available adults who possess the attributes of an identity agent, and can draw upon the emotional and instrumental resources they offer, are better able to navigate the process of identity formation and imagine futures that are replete with hope and success. From a practice perspective, the study's findings offer insights into strategies for the development of culturally informed models of clinical engagement with adolescent social orphans to improve post-institutional outcomes for those youth for whom the world, without the benefit of parental support, is fraught with challenges and increased risk for social disconnection.

Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit psychischer Gesundheit und Bewältigungsstrategien von Menschen mit Fluchterfahrung aus Syrien. Primäres Forschungsziel dieser Dissertation stellte die Untersuchung des Beitrags von soziodemographischen, kriegs- und fluchtbedingten sowie postmigrationsbedingten Faktoren auf die psychische Gesundheit bei syrischen Geflüchteten mit posttraumatischem Stress in Deutschland dar. Darüber hinaus wurden Prädiktoren für psychische Belastung nach ambigem Verlust identifiziert und das Wissens zu Perspektiven syrischer Geflüchteter in Hinblick auf psychische Gesundheit und Bewältigungsstrategien gefördert. Die in der vorliegenden Dissertation ausgewerteten Daten stammen aus dem Projekt 'Help@App: Entwicklung und Evaluation einer Selbsthilfe-App für traumatisierte syrische Flüchtlinge in Deutschland' (SANADAK-Studie; N=133). Auf Basis der vorliegenden Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation werden notwendige Maßnahmen auf politischer, institutioneller und individueller Ebene diskutiert und die Diskrepanz zwischen psychischer Belastung und der (psychosozialen) Versorgungssituation syrischer Geflüchteter in Deutschland hervorgehoben.:1 Introduction 1.1 The humanitarian crisis in Syria 1.2 Mental distress in Syrian refugees 1.3 Predictors of mental distress 1.3.1 Flight-independent factors 1.3.2 War- and flight-related factors 1.3.3 Post-migration factors 1.3.4 Loss and ambiguous loss 1.4 Resilience and coping among refugees 2 Structure and aims of the dissertation 2.1 Research aim 1: Predictors of mental distress in traumatized refugees 2.2 Research aim 2: Predictors of mental distress in refugees experiencing ambiguous loss 2.3 Research aim 3: Refugees’ perspectives on mental health and coping strategies 3 Data sources 4 Publications 5 Discussion 5.1 Central findings of included studies 5.1.1 Research aim 1 5.1.2 Research aim 2 5.1.3 Research aim 3 5.2 Limitations 5.3 Implications 5.3.1 Policy and healthcare level 5.3.2 Institutional and organizational level 5.3.3 Individual level 5.4 Further Research 6 Summary 7 Bibliography 8 Appendix 8.1 Spezifizierung des eigenen wissenschaftlichen Beitrags 8.1.1 Publikation 1 8.1.2 Publikation 2 8.1.3 Publikation 3 8.2 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 8.4 Publikationsliste 8.4.1 Peer-reviewed 8.4.2 Kongressbeiträge 8.5 Danksagung / This dissertation focuses on the mental health and coping strategies of people with refugee experience from Syria. The primary research objectives of this dissertation were to investigate the contribution of socio-demographic, war-related, flight-related, and post-migration factors on mental health among Syrian refugees with post-traumatic stress in Germany. In addition, predictors of mental distress after ambiguous loss were identified and knowledge of Syrian refugees' perspectives on mental health and coping strategies was promoted. The data analyzed in this dissertation comes from the project 'Help@App: Development and evaluation of a self-help app for traumatized Syrian refugees in Germany' (SANADAK study; N=133). Based on the results of this dissertation, necessary measures at the political, institutional, and individual level are discussed, and the discrepancy between psychological distress and the (psychosocial) care situation of Syrian refugees in Germany is highlighted.:1 Introduction 1.1 The humanitarian crisis in Syria 1.2 Mental distress in Syrian refugees 1.3 Predictors of mental distress 1.3.1 Flight-independent factors 1.3.2 War- and flight-related factors 1.3.3 Post-migration factors 1.3.4 Loss and ambiguous loss 1.4 Resilience and coping among refugees 2 Structure and aims of the dissertation 2.1 Research aim 1: Predictors of mental distress in traumatized refugees 2.2 Research aim 2: Predictors of mental distress in refugees experiencing ambiguous loss 2.3 Research aim 3: Refugees’ perspectives on mental health and coping strategies 3 Data sources 4 Publications 5 Discussion 5.1 Central findings of included studies 5.1.1 Research aim 1 5.1.2 Research aim 2 5.1.3 Research aim 3 5.2 Limitations 5.3 Implications 5.3.1 Policy and healthcare level 5.3.2 Institutional and organizational level 5.3.3 Individual level 5.4 Further Research 6 Summary 7 Bibliography 8 Appendix 8.1 Spezifizierung des eigenen wissenschaftlichen Beitrags 8.1.1 Publikation 1 8.1.2 Publikation 2 8.1.3 Publikation 3 8.2 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 8.4 Publikationsliste 8.4.1 Peer-reviewed 8.4.2 Kongressbeiträge 8.5 Danksagung

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The dissertation examines the problem of temporally uneven information processing in the nervous system. We chose binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception for our research, as these phenomena are pronounced examples of cyclical processes in perception. Binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception are cases in perception, when the subjective perception every few seconds vacillates between alternative interpretations, while the physical stimulation remains constant. Our research examines the relationship between these perception alterations and millisecond-order cycles of information processing in the nervous system. We created special equipment to present visual stimuli intermittently (flickering) and examined, whether the flickering rate of the stimuli influences the temporal characteristics (mean dominance duration) of binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception. The results confirmed the relationship, but also highlighted the temporal instability of binocular rivalry dominance durations. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjama informacijos apdorojimo procesų nervų sistemoje laikinio netolygumo problema. Tyrimui pasirinkti akių konkurencijos ir dviprasmių figūrų suvokimo reiškiniai, ryškiai atspindintys suvokimo procesų cikliškumą. Akių konkurencija ir dviprasmių figūrų suvokimas yra reiškiniai, kuomet fiziniam stimului nesikeičiant, subjektyvus suvokimas kas kelias sekundes kaitaliojasi tarp alternatyvių interpretacijų. Tyrime nagrinėjamas šių sekundinių suvokimo ciklų ryšys su milisekundžių eilės informacijos apdorojimo ciklais. Sukurta speciali aparatūra, kuria stimulai į akis buvo pateikti mirksintys nustatytu dažniu, ir tikrinta, ar stimulų mirksėjimo dažnis lemia akių konkurencijos ir dviprasmių figūrų suvokimo laikines savybes (vidutinę dominavimo trukmę). Rezultatai patvirtino šį ryšį, tačiau taip pat nustatyta, kad akių konkurencijos vidutinei dominavimo trukmei yra būdingas laikinis nestabilumas – dominavimo trukmė gana didele amplitude kinta kelių minučių, valandos ir kelių parų eigoje.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama informacijos apdorojimo procesų nervų sistemoje laikinio netolygumo problema. Tyrimui pasirinkti akių konkurencijos ir dviprasmių figūrų suvokimo reiškiniai, ryškiai atspindintys suvokimo procesų cikliškumą. Akių konkurencija ir dviprasmių figūrų suvokimas yra reiškiniai, kuomet fiziniam stimului nesikeičiant, subjektyvus suvokimas kas kelias sekundes kaitaliojasi tarp alternatyvių interpretacijų. Tyrime nagrinėjamas šių sekundinių suvokimo ciklų ryšys su milisekundžių eilės informacijos apdorojimo ciklais. Sukurta speciali aparatūra, kuria stimulai į akis buvo pateikti mirksintys nustatytu dažniu, ir tikrinta, ar stimulų mirksėjimo dažnis lemia akių konkurencijos ir dviprasmių figūrų suvokimo laikines savybes (vidutinę dominavimo trukmę). Rezultatai patvirtino šį ryšį, tačiau taip pat nustatyta, kad akių konkurencijos vidutinei dominavimo trukmei yra būdingas laikinis nestabilumas – dominavimo trukmė gana didele amplitude kinta kelių minučių, valandos ir kelių parų eigoje. / The dissertation examines the problem of temporally uneven information processing in the nervous system. We chose binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception for our research, as these phenomena are pronounced examples of cyclical processes in perception. Binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception are cases in perception, when the subjective perception every few seconds vacillates between alternative interpretations, while the physical stimulation remains constant. Our research examines the relationship between these perception alterations and millisecond-order cycles of information processing in the nervous system. We created special equipment to present visual stimuli intermittently (flickering) and examined, whether the flickering rate of the stimuli influences the temporal characteristics (mean dominance duration) of binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception. The results confirmed the relationship, but also highlighted the temporal instability of binocular rivalry dominance durations.