Les silhouettes ambiguës, comme celle du lapin/canard (Jastrow, 1899), ont été étudiées selon plusieurs approches. Toutefois, les figures prises en exemples dans la large majorité des études sont généralement les mêmes. Cette redondance des images ambiguës utilisées pousse à croire qu'elles sont peut-être assez rares. Certaines observations anecdotiques suggèrent cependant qu’elles seraient au contraire relativement fréquentes. C'est ce que cherche à déterminer cette expérience. Nous avons utilisé des modèles tridimensionnels d'animaux projetés de façon aléatoire afin d'en extraire les silhouettes dont la complexité périmétrique a ensuite été modifiée par lissage. Treize sujets ont dû indiquer ce qu'ils percevaient dans l'image. Nous démontrons qu’une silhouette est classée en moyenne dans 1.9079 catégories de base. Nous avons également démontré qu’une diminution de la complexité périmétrique rend d’abord une silhouette plus ambiguë pour éventuellement atteindre un sommet (équivalent à environ six fois la complexité périmétrique d’un disque) à la suite duquel l’ambiguïté chute. / Ambiguous silhouettes such as the duck/rabbit (Jastrow, 1899) have been studied by several approaches. However, the figures taken as examples in the vast majority of studies are generally the same. This redundancy of the ambiguous images used in litterature implies they may be quite rare. On the other hand, anecdotal evidence suggests that they might be relatively frequent. This is what this experiment is trying to establish. We used three-dimensional models of animals from a random point of view to extract silhouettes whose perimetric complexity was subsequently modified by smoothing. Thirteen subjects were asked to indicate what they saw in the image. We show that silhouettes are classified on average with 1.9079 based categories. We also established that a decrease in the perimetric complexity initially makes a more ambiguous figure but that this effect eventually reaches a peak (at a perimetric complexity of approximately 6 times that of a disk) after which ambiguity drops.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Trudy Salsberry / The purpose of this study was to gain better insight into the perceptions of mothers, caregivers, and school-age children in regard to educational experiences (defined as social, academic, and behavioral by Kansas Department of Education, 2012) during maternal Army Reserve component deployments. Since the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, reserve component deployments have become an integral part of the total military strategy. Because the reserve component could be trained and equipped for a fraction of the active forces, fiscal realities dictated moving routine operational responsibilities to the reserve component (National Guard and Reserve Equipment Report for 2013, 2012). As more citizen soldiers were called to active duty deployments, the effects on children who did not typically identify with being in a military family were particularly important to their well-being. This qualitative case study looked at perceptions regarding maternal reserve component deployments through the theoretical perspective lens of ambiguous loss and boundary ambiguity. “Ambiguous Loss Theory” was a type of family stress termed by Boss (1999) that identified the loss or absence of a family member or loved one that evoked emotional uncertainty and ambiguity in the family (p. 7). “Boundary Ambiguity” was how the family interpreted or perceived the situation of ambiguous loss (Boss, 2002). Research applying Boss’ Ambiguous Loss Theory showed that deployment of a family member in a military family was a major stress factor for military children and caused emotional uncertainty and ambiguity in the family (Faber, Willerton, Clymber, Macdermid, & Weiss, 2008; Huebner, Mancini, Wilcox, Grass & Grass, 2007). As mothers were still recognized as the primary caregivers of children in the United States (Galinsky, Aumann, & Bond, 2011), the absence of a mother due to deployment significantly shifted responsibilities not only to the new primary caregiver, but children also took on new responsibilities as well. Role ambiguity began prior to the deployment, continued during the deployment, and could have the most overwhelming effects post-deployment as family members reintegrated the deployed parent back into the family (Huebner et. al, 2007). Utilizing a qualitative multiple case study, the research was conducted from a social constructivist worldview. Criterion sampling was used to garner four total cases for the study Data from both interviews and documents were collected. The purpose of this study was to gain better insight into the perceptions of mothers/soldiers, caregivers, and school-age children regarding their roles in the educational experiences (defined as social, academic, and behavioral by Kansas Department of Education, 2012) during maternal Army Reserve component deployments. Based on the data, six themes emerged that addressed the overarching research questions of this study: • When deployed mothers/soldiers did not maintain a role in the child’s educational experiences, families perceived role definitions as difficult to establish. • Communication during deployment was a key factor in establishing roles of mother/soldier, child, and caregiver. • Clearly defined roles in educational experiences of the child were a key factor in reintegration. • Schools were perceived as a resource to families experiencing deployment. • Children perceived their roles as maintaining or improving their educational experiences as ways to support mother/soldier during deployment. • When roles in children’s educational experiences were not clearly defined, children perceived stress.

The present study aims to predict which individual factors may influence strategy-choices in wayfinding situations, specifically when participants are faced with ambiguous instructions in unfamiliar environments. Individual differences were measured with self-report forms of the Big Five personality traits and the Santa Barbara sense of direction scale (SBSOD). The study was conducted in a web-based survey format with a n=104 (65 female, and 39 male). A regression analysis concluded that the trait conscientiousness was the only factor that had predictive value in determining choice of strategy. SBSOD had some predictive values towards strategy-choice, but needs further investigation before any general conclusion can be drawn. Future studies should focus on a more goal‑oriented task with more realistic stimulus.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cristina Costa Figueiredo.pdf: 821603 bytes, checksum: 7b78919225430e5379784d86da503e29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Infidelity refers to any form of romantic and/or sexual involvement, for a short or a long period, which occurs while the individual is in a relationship with another person. It has several impacts, especially regarding the losses about what was expected for self, partner and relationship. Marital infidelity can be understand as an ambiguous loss, since even with the presence of the unfaithful partner, he is not seen in the same way, and changes occur in his role within the family. Since it involves ambivalence, it can result in disfranchised grief, a risk factor for complicated grief. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the experience of women who faced the infidelity of their spouses, and identify the losses involved in this process. Case studies were conducted with four straight women who discovered the infidelity of spouse or it was revealed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed qualitatively based on theories that refer to marital relationships and grief. With the analysis of the cases, it was possible to realize that marital infidelity actually result in multiple losses. However, it may have positive aspects such as creativity and maturity, propelling changes. It was noticeable that all participants, somehow, value romantic love. On the other hand, historical influences regarding the naturalization of male sexual behavior are present in their speech. The inherent risks of disfranchised and self-disfranchised grief were confirmed, which may difficult the integration process of elaboration. The understanding of marital infidelity as ambiguous loss and disfranchised grief can help to validate this experience socially and intrapsychically, contributing to build a society that recognizes the mourning in its different manifestations. The results reaffirm the losses involved in the experience of women in the face of marital infidelity, and suggest the need for new empirical studies related to this subject / A infidelidade refere-se a qualquer forma de envolvimento romântico e/ou sexual, de curto ou longo período, que ocorre enquanto o indivíduo está em um relacionamento com outra pessoa. Seus impactos são diversos, especialmente no que se refere às perdas do que se esperava para si, o parceiro e o relacionamento. Pode-se compreender a infidelidade conjugal como uma perda ambígua, dado que mesmo com a presença do parceiro infiel, este não é visto da mesma maneira, ocorrendo mudanças em seu papel na família. Por envolver ambivalência, pode gerar luto não reconhecido, um fator de risco para o luto complicado. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente foi compreender a experiência de mulheres que vivenciaram a infidelidade de seus cônjuges e identificar as perdas envolvidas nesse processo. Foram realizados estudos de caso com quatro mulheres heterossexuais que tenham descoberto ou tenha sido revelada a infidelidade do cônjuge. As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas qualitativamente com base nas teorias que se referem a relacionamento conjugal e luto. Com a análise dos casos, foi possível perceber que a infidelidade conjugal realmente acarreta perdas múltiplas. Todavia, pode apresentar aspectos positivos, como criatividade e amadurecimento, sendo propulsora de mudanças. Foi perceptível que todas as participantes, de alguma forma, valorizam o amor romântico. Por outro lado, influências históricas no que se refere à naturalização do comportamento sexual masculino estão presentes em seus discursos. Foram confirmados os riscos inerentes ao não reconhecimento social ou intrapsíquico das perdas, o que pode dificultar o processo integrativo de elaboração. A compreensão da infidelidade conjugal como perda ambígua e luto não reconhecido pode auxiliar na validação social e intrapsíquica dessa vivência, contribuindo para a construção de uma sociedade que reconhece o luto em suas diferentes manifestações. Os resultados reafirmam as perdas envolvidas na vivência de mulheres diante da infidelidade conjugal e sugerem a necessidade de novos estudos empíricos referentes a esta temática

When viewing ambiguous figures, individuals can exert selective attentional control over their perceptual reversibility behaviour (e.g., Strüber & Stadler, 1999). In the current study, we replicated this finding but we also found that ambiguous figures containing faces are processed quite differently from those containing objects. Furthermore, inverting an ambiguous figure containing faces (i.e., Rubin’s vase-face) resulted in an “inversion effect”. These findings highlight the importance of considering how we attend to faces in addition to how we perceive and process faces. Describing the perceptual reversal patterns of individuals in the general population allowed us to draw comparisons to behaviours exhibited by individuals with Asperger Syndrome (AS). The group data suggested that these individuals were less affected by figure type or stimulus inversion. Examination of individual scores, moreover, revealed that the majority of participants with AS showed an atypical reversal pattern, particularly with ambiguous figures containing faces, and an atypical inversion effect. Together, our results show that ambiguous figures can be a very valuable tool for examining face processing mechanisms in the general population and other distinct groups of individuals, particularly those diagnosed with AS. / October 2008

Four studies including ten experiments adresses interrelations between some major and classical issues in visual perception: 3-D perception, colour constancy, colour perception and colour vision deficiencies. The main experimental paradigm to investigate the issues is within that of simulated shape from shading. 3-D impressions are induced by projecting space-modulated illuminations onto flat surfaces (displays), varying the colours and layout of the displays and the colour and modulation of the illumination. Study I includes four experiments investigating three types of space- modulated illumination. All experiments confirmed earlier findings that chromatic colour and complex display layout with reflectance edges crossed by illumination edges enhances shape from shading. In Study II the impressions of shape from shading and real 3-D objects were compared between persons with deutan colour vision deficiencies and normals. As predicted, the deutans show fewer and less distinct 3-D impressions in situations with their specific "problem colours" red and green. They also show a generally lower tendency for 3-D impressions, interpreted as a generally weaker colour constancy. Study III presents the AMBEGUJAS phenomenon; a novel twofold ambiguous shape from shading situation, continuously alternating between two different 3-D impressions coupled with different colour attributions. One solution is of an object with two clear surface colours, the other one of an object with greyish (desaturated) colours in coloured illumination which means classical colour constancy. The phenomenon illustrates the visual processes of separating reflectance and illumination characteristics and may provide a useful experimental setting to study colour constancy. In Study IV the AMBEGUJAS phenomenon is found to be robust as to chromaticness and different luminance contrasts for both normals and deutans. However, the deutans show slower shifts between percepts and a less pronounced desaturation of colour, which indicates a weaker colour constancy. The studies add evidence to the contribution of colour to 3-D shape perception, validated in a novel way by the results on "colour-blinds". The AMBEGUJAS phenomenon provides further support that the factors affecting shape from shading and the deutans different impressions are to be understood with reference to colour constancy. The deutans different impressions compared to normals are remarkable per se, but probably with very limited implications to everyday life. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå university, 1996, härtill 4 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Deep penetration of personal computers, data communication networks, and the Internet has created a massive platform for data collection, dissemination, storage, and retrieval. Large amounts of textual data are now available at a very low cost. Valuable information, such as consumer preferences, new product developments, trends, and opportunities, can be found in this large collection of textual data. Growing worldwide competition, new technology development, and the Internet contribute to an increasingly turbulent business environment. Conducting surveillance on this growing collection of textual data could help a business avoid surprises, identify threats and opportunities, and gain competitive advantages.Current text mining approaches, nonetheless, provide limited support for conducting surveillance using textual data. In this dissertation, I develop novel text quantification approaches to identify useful information in textual data, effective anomaly detection approaches to monitor time series data aggregated based on the text quantification approaches, and empirical evaluation approaches that verify the effectiveness of text mining approaches using external numerical data sources.In Chapter 2, I present free-text chief complaint classification studies that aim to classify incoming emergency department free-text chief complaints into syndromic categories, a higher level of representation that facilitates syndromic surveillance. Chapter 3 presents a novel detection algorithm based on Markov switching with jumps models. This surveillance model aims at detecting different types of disease outbreaks based on the time series generated from the chief complaint classification system.In Chapters 4 and 5, I studied the surveillance issue under the context of business decision making. Chapter 4 presents a novel text-based risk recognition design framework that can be used to monitor the changing business environment. Chapter 5 presents an empirical evaluation study that looks at the interaction between news sentiment and numerical accounting earnings information. Chapter 6 concludes this dissertation by highlighting major research contributions and the relevance to MIS research.

Les silhouettes ambiguës, comme celle du lapin/canard (Jastrow, 1899), ont été étudiées selon plusieurs approches. Toutefois, les figures prises en exemples dans la large majorité des études sont généralement les mêmes. Cette redondance des images ambiguës utilisées pousse à croire qu'elles sont peut-être assez rares. Certaines observations anecdotiques suggèrent cependant qu’elles seraient au contraire relativement fréquentes. C'est ce que cherche à déterminer cette expérience. Nous avons utilisé des modèles tridimensionnels d'animaux projetés de façon aléatoire afin d'en extraire les silhouettes dont la complexité périmétrique a ensuite été modifiée par lissage. Treize sujets ont dû indiquer ce qu'ils percevaient dans l'image. Nous démontrons qu’une silhouette est classée en moyenne dans 1.9079 catégories de base. Nous avons également démontré qu’une diminution de la complexité périmétrique rend d’abord une silhouette plus ambiguë pour éventuellement atteindre un sommet (équivalent à environ six fois la complexité périmétrique d’un disque) à la suite duquel l’ambiguïté chute. / Ambiguous silhouettes such as the duck/rabbit (Jastrow, 1899) have been studied by several approaches. However, the figures taken as examples in the vast majority of studies are generally the same. This redundancy of the ambiguous images used in litterature implies they may be quite rare. On the other hand, anecdotal evidence suggests that they might be relatively frequent. This is what this experiment is trying to establish. We used three-dimensional models of animals from a random point of view to extract silhouettes whose perimetric complexity was subsequently modified by smoothing. Thirteen subjects were asked to indicate what they saw in the image. We show that silhouettes are classified on average with 1.9079 based categories. We also established that a decrease in the perimetric complexity initially makes a more ambiguous figure but that this effect eventually reaches a peak (at a perimetric complexity of approximately 6 times that of a disk) after which ambiguity drops.

When viewing ambiguous figures, individuals can exert selective attentional control over their perceptual reversibility behaviour (e.g., Strüber & Stadler, 1999). In the current study, we replicated this finding but we also found that ambiguous figures containing faces are processed quite differently from those containing objects. Furthermore, inverting an ambiguous figure containing faces (i.e., Rubin’s vase-face) resulted in an “inversion effect”. These findings highlight the importance of considering how we attend to faces in addition to how we perceive and process faces. Describing the perceptual reversal patterns of individuals in the general population allowed us to draw comparisons to behaviours exhibited by individuals with Asperger Syndrome (AS). The group data suggested that these individuals were less affected by figure type or stimulus inversion. Examination of individual scores, moreover, revealed that the majority of participants with AS showed an atypical reversal pattern, particularly with ambiguous figures containing faces, and an atypical inversion effect. Together, our results show that ambiguous figures can be a very valuable tool for examining face processing mechanisms in the general population and other distinct groups of individuals, particularly those diagnosed with AS.

隨著產業外移和金融風暴，工業用地大量閒置，政府為活化土地資源，於民國91年都市計畫法臺灣省施行細則放寬都市計畫工業區土地使用項目，允許商業和服務業進駐，卻遭建商推出住宅社區，即「工業住宅」。工業住宅是沒有被界定的模糊財產權；行政上，政府的行政不作為助長工業住宅現象；學說上，產權理論和公共領域是形成工業住宅的原因、交易成本和修補制度則為解決工業住宅困境的策略。 本研究從新制度經濟學的財產權、公共領域、尋租理論及法律規定，探討工業住宅的形成及檢視政府的政策與管理制度，也利用法院判決、監察院調查報告及糾正案文、深度訪談來佐證工業住宅形成過程和行政機關的作為。研究結果期對政府都市計畫工業區管理政策及執行提出具體建言。