Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 408-418).

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This thesis examines the evolution of public land law during the early 1930s. It focuses specifically on the development of a federal grazing policy on the remaining public domain located in the eleven western states. This period of intense intellectual conflict, concerning the relationship between private enterprise and the federal government, was a pivotal moment in the history of land law. To explain the profound shift from the entrenched states' rights attitudes of the 1920s to the acceptance of federal control inaugurated by the Taylor Grazing Act in 1934, this thesis explores the emergence of a powerful profederal contingent from 1929 to 1934. Led by Utah politicians, businessmen, and academicians, this profederal group of westerners, USDA officials, and conservationists ultimately defeated the movement to cede the remaining public domain to the states. A series of public-policy-making events, including the Hoover Committee, the National Conference on Land Utilization, and the hearings of the House Committee on Public Lands and the Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, provided these pro-federal advocates with the opportunity to consolidate their efforts and solidify their arguments. Pro-federal proponents used the Hoover Committee to establish valuable communication links and raise a nascent voice against states' rights. The next year, during the National Conference on Land Utilization, this group promulgated the first nationally recognized plan for federal ownership of the public domain. Finally, the persuasive testimony of pro-federal witnesses before the House and Senate public lands committees divided the states' rights supporters into bitter factions and subsequently convinced the legislators to reject the bills favoring state control. By early 1934 these events had molded a formerly disconnected group of individuals into a synergistic force that ultimately afforded Don Colton and Edward Taylor with the momentum to pass the Taylor Grazing Act. Previously scholars have neglected the critical prelude to the Taylor Grazing Act. This thesis attempts to contribute an important piece to the historiographical puzzle of public land law.

Arbetets syfte är att förtydliga konstens närvaro i planeringen av den byggda miljön och hur samspelet har blivit viktigare i stadsutvecklingsprocesser och hur det kan påverka människors involvering och engagemang. Hur ser läget ut i dagens planerings- och stadsbyggnadsprocesser där konsten har varit involverad i utformningen av stadsrum och offentliga miljöer? Teorireflektioner görs utifrån litteratur som uppmärksammar hur stadsutvecklingsprocesser sett ut och resultaten de lett till, historiskt sett.Jag vill genom arbetet betona vikten av att konsten får ta plats i dagens stadsutveckling men samtidigt beskriva vad som fortfarande saknas i processen utöver direktiv och ambitioner.Fyra fallstudier av projekt undersöks och jämförs utifrån Hajer och Reijndorps (2001, s.11) begrepp public domain som även ligger till grund för teorin jag stöttar mig på och det jag eftersöker i mina fallstudier. Summeringen av de olika projektens likheter och skillnader görs för att skapa en tydligare bild av konstens syfte i byggd miljö och sociala sammanhang.Intervjusamtal med personer varav några är involverade i fallstudierna och konstnärer aktiva i liknande projekt har genomförts för att bredda bilden av deras arbetsprocess. Genom konstens involvering uppdagas även involvering i stadsutveckling där människors åsikter genom deltagande får hamna i centrum, därmed närmandes sig ett public domain.Involvering av konst i utformningen av den byggda miljön är ytterst relevant när vi bygger mycket, men i brist på tid och tålamod väljs det ofta genvägar. Konstnärers arbete för en hållbar byggd miljö är inte en vanlig genväg, men genom undersökning av området kan bevis hittas för att det kan göra skillnad. Den byggda miljön är en del av vår livsmiljö och behöver värnas om. Konstnärers involvering är inte den ultimata lösningen, det är ett sätt att komma en bit på vägen mot en hållbar livsmiljö för många generationer att känna tillhörighet till. / The purpose of the work is to clarify the art's presence in the planning of the built environment and how the interaction has become more important in urban development processes today. How does the situation look in today's planning and urban construction processes, where art has been involved in the design of urban spaces and public spaces? Theory reflections made are based on literature that clarifies how urban development processes have been historically.Through the work, I want to emphasize the importance of art having to take place in urban development nowadays but at the same time describe what is still lacking in the process in addition to directives and good intentions.Four case studies of projects were investigated and compared based on Hajer and Reijndorp's (2001, s.11) concept public domain, which also forms the basis of the theory I support and what I seek in my case studies. The summary of the different projects' similarities and differences is made to create a clearer picture of the purpose of art in the built environment and social context.Interviews with people involved in some of the case studies and artists active in similar projects were carried out to expand the image of their work process. Through the involvement of art’s involvement in urban development it’s also discovered that people's opinions through participation may end up in the center, thereby approaching public domain.Involvement of art in the design of the built environment is extremely relevant when we build a lot, but in the absence of time and patience, shortcuts are often chosen. Artists' work for a sustainable built environment is not a common shortcut, but by studying the field of work, art can be found to have the power to make a difference. The built environment is part of our living environment and needs to be protected. The involvement of artists is not the ultimate solution, it is a way to get a bit closer to a sustainable living environment for many generations to come.

<p>This master thesis examines the copyright law with the purpose of sorting out the consequences and the effects of the law impacted on libraries. The theories used are mainly discourse analysis and public domain theory. At the centre of the examination is the effects that copyright law bring to libraries and their ability to perform their work. A major part of this thesis is gathered around the analysis of the presumptive key words that give the structures of copyright law the possibility to claim rightfulness. This is an outspoken strategy to illustrate the discourse of copyright law. Through the whole working process the author is trying to keep a critical point of view. The literature that is used consists to the biggest parts of texts written as an examination of the copyright law and the effects of the law. The author also uses legislations and laws regulating libraries work in society. The goal of the examination is to point out and discuss the friction that appears when one system of intellectual property is institutionalized in society. With this comes the mission of opening a discussion concerning the possibilities for libraries to “keep going strong” in a time deeply influenced and regulated by copyright law.</p>

This master thesis examines the copyright law with the purpose of sorting out the consequences and the effects of the law impacted on libraries. The theories used are mainly discourse analysis and public domain theory. At the centre of the examination is the effects that copyright law bring to libraries and their ability to perform their work. A major part of this thesis is gathered around the analysis of the presumptive key words that give the structures of copyright law the possibility to claim rightfulness. This is an outspoken strategy to illustrate the discourse of copyright law. Through the whole working process the author is trying to keep a critical point of view. The literature that is used consists to the biggest parts of texts written as an examination of the copyright law and the effects of the law. The author also uses legislations and laws regulating libraries work in society. The goal of the examination is to point out and discuss the friction that appears when one system of intellectual property is institutionalized in society. With this comes the mission of opening a discussion concerning the possibilities for libraries to “keep going strong” in a time deeply influenced and regulated by copyright law.

La décentralisation et la domanialité publique sont deux notions distinctes qui n’entretiennent, a priori, que des relations limitées. Ce lien parait d’autant plus distendu que la domanialité publique a œuvré pour la construction de l’État et est historiquement et intrinsèquement associée à son caractère unitaire. Le transfert des biens résultant de la décentralisation, plus particulièrement du principe de compensation, a cependant emporté un certain nombre d’évolutions quant au régime des biens domaniaux transférés, amenant inévitablement à reconsidérer ces relations. La refonte de la matière opérée par le Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques moins de deux ans après la fin de l’acte II confirme l’action que la décentralisation a pu avoir sur le régime domanial et l’existence d’influences réciproques entre ces deux notions. Cette liaison n’est toutefois qu’indirecte. Le caractère unitaire de l’État fait de ce dernier le dénominateur commun entre ces deux notions et le place au sommet du triangle d’influences qui l’associe au régime domanial et à la décentralisation. Les évolutions domaniales issues de la décentralisation se sont toujours déroulées sous l’impulsion et le contrôle de l’État, ce dernier pouvant faire de la domanialité publique tantôt l’outil de la décentralisation, tantôt celui de la réunification. Ces changements domaniaux n’opèrent alors pas de profondes ruptures du régime mais des altérations de la vision domaniale classique, unitaire et surprotectrice. Ils contribuent à la modernisation et la mise en oeuvre d’un régime plus fonctionnel qui tend à concilier les impératifs traditionnels de protection, à ceux, plus récents, de valorisation. / Decentralisation and public ownership are two distinct notions that are, a priori, related in only a limited manner. The relationship between them is all the weaker in that public ownership has contributed to the construction of the State and is historically and intrinsically linked to its unitary nature. The transfer of property that comes with decentralisation and, more particularly, the principle of compensation has, however, resulted in a number of changes to the regime governing publicly owned property that is transferred, inevitably leading to a reassessment of these relationships. The revision of the rules set out in France’s ‘general code on public ownership’ less than two years after the end of Act II confirms the impact of decentralisation on public ownership and the presence of mutual influences between these two notions. However, there is only an indirect link. The unitary nature of the State means that the latter is a common denominator to both notions and sits at the summit of the triangle of influences connecting it to the regime of public ownership and decentralisation. Changes in ownership resulting from decentralisation have always occurred under the control of the State, as the latter is able to use public ownership as a tool in either decentralisation or reunification. Changes to public ownership do not therefore trigger any major disruption to the regime, but merely alter the conventional, unitary and overprotective perspective of public ownership. These changes contribute to modernisation and the implementation of a more functional regime, reconciling the traditional imperatives of protection with the more recent requirements for valorisation.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.

This paper proposes an examination of Creative Commons (CC) licensing and considerations for adoption or non adoption among musicians. According to the Creative Commons Web site, the licenses were created to work alongside current copyright law allowing rights holders a “some rights reserved” copyright (“What is CC?”, Creative Commons, 2010). However, despite its current uptick in adoption, many remain hesitant and refuse to adopt the licenses to protect their work. Moreover, for those who have adopted the licenses, little is known about why they chose to adopt the licenses. Thus, the study answers the need for further research in understanding why musicians choose to use or not to use CC licenses. The study attempts to answer the following question: What considerations determine whether musicians adopt CC licenses for their work? In the pages that follow, I survey the historic and current position of copyright law. Specifically, the paper begins by problematizing current copyright law by demonstrating its economic and social inefficiencies in light of new advancements in technology. In other words, current copyright favors incumbent cultural industries who demand increased economic incentives at the expense of the public’s right to access these works. Moreover, it favors existing content holders who insist on creating laws that retain maximum control over their property. It then questions whether Creative Commons licenses can successfully reconcile these inefficiencies. Moreover, the overarching goal of this research is to examine the perceived viability of these licenses and to consider whether current advocacy efforts adequately address concerns of potential adopters. It analyze information gathered from multiple in-depth interviews of musicians who have and have not adopted the licenses. It will also examine advocacy efforts. The study hopes to contribute qualitative data that will shape future discussions on copyright, culture and new technologies by considering adequacies and or inadequacies of current licenses & advocacy efforts. / text