No description available.

No / PURPOSE. To evaluate whether the Amblyopia and Strabismus Questionnaire (A&SQ) is a suitable instrument for the assessment of vision-related quality-of life (VR-QoL) in individuals with strabismus and/or amblyopia. METHODS. The A&SQ was completed by 102 individuals, all of whom had amblyopia, strabismus, or both. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate the usefulness of individual questionnaire items (i.e., questions); the response-scale performance; how well the items targeted VR-QoL; whether individual items showed response bias, depending on factors such as whether strabismus was present; and dimensionality. RESULTS. Items relating to concerns about the appearance of the eyes were applicable only to those with strabismus, and many items showed large ceiling effects. The response scale showed disordered responses and underused response options, which improved after the number of response options was reduced from five to three. This change improved the discriminative ability of the questionnaire (person separation index increased from 1.98 to 2.11). Significant bias was found between strabismic and nonstrabismic respondents. Separate Rasch analyses conducted for subjects with and without strabismus indicated that all A&SQ items seemed appropriate for individuals with strabismus (Rasch infit values between 0.60 and 1.40), but several items fitted the model poorly in amblyopes without strabismus. The AS&Q was not found to be unidimensional. CONCLUSIONS. The findings highlight the limitations of the A&SQ instrument in the assessment of VR-QoL in subjects with strabismus and especially in those with amblyopia alone. The results suggest that separate instruments are needed to quantify VR-QoL in amblyopes with and without strabismus.

La stéréopsie est souvent présente, bien qu’altérée, chez les sujets microstrabiques. Cependant, leur seuil de stéréopsie serait différent selon que le test utilisé contient (stéréopsie locale) ou non (stéréopsie globale) des contours définis. Peu d’études ont évalué empiriquement la différence de performance selon le type de tests utilisé. Le premier article est une étude rétrospective de 26 enfants microstrabiques. La majorité des enfants (73 %) possédaient un seuil de stéréopsie locale normal ou légèrement inférieur à la normale. Une absence de stéréopsie locale a été observée chez les 7 autres enfants (27 %). Aucune stéréopsie globale n’était mesurable chez 25 des 26 enfants étudiés. La stéréopsie locale est donc présente chez les enfants microstrabiques, mais ceux-ci montrent généralement une absence de stéréoperception globale. La seconde étude avait pour objectif d'étudier le rôle du scotome de suppression dans la perception stéréoscopique de sujets microstrabiques. Trois tâches psychophysiques de stéréopsie locale et globale ont été effectuées chez 9 enfants microstrabiques et 9 enfants contrôles appariés, en utilisant deux grandeurs de cible (4° et 12°). Aucune amélioration des performances n’a été notée chez les sujets microstrabiques pour la tâche de stéréopsie locale, mais les seuils de stéréopsie globale étaient inférieurs avec la cible de 12°. La zone de suppression semble jouer un rôle dans le déficit de stéréopsie globale des sujets microstrabiques. Le scotome de suppression pourrait être partiellement responsable du déficit stéréoscopique puisque même avec l’augmentation de la taille angulaire des stimuli stéréoscopiques, la stéréoperception des microstrabiques demeurent inférieure à celle des sujets normaux. / Stereopsis is often present, although decreased, in subjects with microstrabismus. However, their threshold would differ depending on whether the test contains (local stereopsis) or not (global stereopsis) defined contours. Few studies have evaluated empirically the performance difference depending on the type of tests used. The first article is a retrospective study of 26 microstrabismic children. Majority of the children (73 %) had a normal local stereopsis threshold or slightly lower than normal. An absence of local stereopsis was observed in the 7 other children (27 %). No global stereopsis was measured on 25 of the 26 children. Local stereopsis is present, although reduced, among microstrabismic children, but they generally show a lack of global stereoperception. The objective of the second study was to examine the potential role of the suppression in the stereoscopic perception. Three psychophysical tasks of local and global stereopsis were performed on 9 microstrabismic children and 9 matched controls children using two size of stimulus (4° and 12°). No performance improvement has been noted in microstrabismic subjects for the local stereopsis task, but their global stereopsis thresholds were lower with the target of 12°. The suppression scotoma seems to play a role in global stereopsis deficits noted in subjects with microstrabismus. The area of suppression might be partly responsible for the stereoscopic deficits present in microstrabismic subjects since even with the increase of the angular size of the stereoscopic stimuli, the stereoperception of microstrabimic subjects remain lower than in normal subjects.

La stéréopsie est souvent présente, bien qu’altérée, chez les sujets microstrabiques. Cependant, leur seuil de stéréopsie serait différent selon que le test utilisé contient (stéréopsie locale) ou non (stéréopsie globale) des contours définis. Peu d’études ont évalué empiriquement la différence de performance selon le type de tests utilisé. Le premier article est une étude rétrospective de 26 enfants microstrabiques. La majorité des enfants (73 %) possédaient un seuil de stéréopsie locale normal ou légèrement inférieur à la normale. Une absence de stéréopsie locale a été observée chez les 7 autres enfants (27 %). Aucune stéréopsie globale n’était mesurable chez 25 des 26 enfants étudiés. La stéréopsie locale est donc présente chez les enfants microstrabiques, mais ceux-ci montrent généralement une absence de stéréoperception globale. La seconde étude avait pour objectif d'étudier le rôle du scotome de suppression dans la perception stéréoscopique de sujets microstrabiques. Trois tâches psychophysiques de stéréopsie locale et globale ont été effectuées chez 9 enfants microstrabiques et 9 enfants contrôles appariés, en utilisant deux grandeurs de cible (4° et 12°). Aucune amélioration des performances n’a été notée chez les sujets microstrabiques pour la tâche de stéréopsie locale, mais les seuils de stéréopsie globale étaient inférieurs avec la cible de 12°. La zone de suppression semble jouer un rôle dans le déficit de stéréopsie globale des sujets microstrabiques. Le scotome de suppression pourrait être partiellement responsable du déficit stéréoscopique puisque même avec l’augmentation de la taille angulaire des stimuli stéréoscopiques, la stéréoperception des microstrabiques demeurent inférieure à celle des sujets normaux. / Stereopsis is often present, although decreased, in subjects with microstrabismus. However, their threshold would differ depending on whether the test contains (local stereopsis) or not (global stereopsis) defined contours. Few studies have evaluated empirically the performance difference depending on the type of tests used. The first article is a retrospective study of 26 microstrabismic children. Majority of the children (73 %) had a normal local stereopsis threshold or slightly lower than normal. An absence of local stereopsis was observed in the 7 other children (27 %). No global stereopsis was measured on 25 of the 26 children. Local stereopsis is present, although reduced, among microstrabismic children, but they generally show a lack of global stereoperception. The objective of the second study was to examine the potential role of the suppression in the stereoscopic perception. Three psychophysical tasks of local and global stereopsis were performed on 9 microstrabismic children and 9 matched controls children using two size of stimulus (4° and 12°). No performance improvement has been noted in microstrabismic subjects for the local stereopsis task, but their global stereopsis thresholds were lower with the target of 12°. The suppression scotoma seems to play a role in global stereopsis deficits noted in subjects with microstrabismus. The area of suppression might be partly responsible for the stereoscopic deficits present in microstrabismic subjects since even with the increase of the angular size of the stereoscopic stimuli, the stereoperception of microstrabimic subjects remain lower than in normal subjects.

No / To examine foveal structure in amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Two subject groups were recruited to the study: 85 amblyopes (34 adults, 51 children) and 110 visually normal controls (44 adults, 66 children). METHODS: A detailed eye examination, including an SD-OCT scan, was performed in all participants. A total of 390 eyes of 195 subjects were imaged using a 3-dimensional (3D) macula scan covering a nominal 6 x 6-mm area with a resolution of 256 x 256 (65,536 axial scans). Data from the B-scans bisecting the fovea both horizontally and vertically were fitted with a mathematical model of the fovea to determine a range of foveal parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Foveal thickness, foveal pit depth, and foveal pit slope. RESULTS: Bilateral differences between the eyes of amblyopes compared with visually normal controls were found. The difference between foveal structure in amblyopic participants relative to structure in subjects with normal vision persisted even when variables such as age, ethnicity, axial length, and sex were taken into account. Amblyopes showed increased foveal thickness (+8.31 mum; P = 0.006) and a reduction in pit depth in the horizontal meridian (-10.06 mum; P = 0.005) but not in the vertical meridian (P = 0.082) when compared with subjects with normal vision. Foveal pit slopes were found to be approximately 1 degree flatter in the nasal (P = 0.033) and temporal (P = 0.014) meridians in amblyopes, but differences between amblyopes and controls in the superior (P = 0.061) and inferior (P = 0.087) meridians did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant interocular differences were found in the foveal structure between amblyopic and fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Differences were found in the foveal structure in both eyes of amblyopes compared with subjects with normal vision. These differences consisted of increased foveal thickness, reduced pit depth when measured along the horizontal meridian, and flattening of the nasal and temporal sides of the foveal pit.

Current state: Congenital cataract is an ophthalmic disorder where the clouding of the lens causes defect in its transparency and light dispersion. The child experiences a visual impairment that can be examinated depending on the age and mental state of the child. The treatment is removal of the clouded lens, subsequent correction of dioptric defects and subsequent training and monitoring of amblyopia. Purpose: of this study was to describe the roles of paediatric nurse in nursing care of children with congenital cataract and the specifics in nursing care in this condition, based on reviewed material. The following research problems were explored: What are the roles of paediatric nurse in nursing care of children with congenital cataract? What are the specifics in nursing care of children with congenital cataract? Methods: In order to reach the goal set by this study we used qualitative data and study analysis. This study implements data sources from National Medical Library in Prague, the Academic Library of University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, the library of 2. LF UK and FN Motol in Prague and the library of National center of nursing and non-medical health providers in Brno. Moreover the study reviewed the material from bibliographic databases (Cochrane Library, Ebscohost, Medscape, ProQuest, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus) and online databases of medical associations of ophthalmology (The American Academy of Ophthalmology, The Royal College of Ophthalmologists). Results: The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive view on nursing care of children with congenital cataract. Conclusion: Even though the role of paediatric nurse in nursing care of children with congenital cataract is rather neglected in current literature, it is crucial in all forms of healthcare. In conclusion we define the role of paediatric nurse in nursing care of children with congenital cataract and description of the specifics of this care.