Pelchem NF3 plant produces an ammonium acid fluoride waste stream. The material of construction for the piping and stirrer fabrication in the plant is Monel. As a predominantly nickel-copper alloy, with minute quantities of carbon, manganese, silicon, sulfur and iron, these may leach into process fluids involved. The two biggest constituents of Monel contaminate the ammonium acid fluoride waste stream. Despite being the lesser of the two in terms of the composition of the Monel, copper is higher in concentration than nickel in the waste stream: the solubility of copper (II) cation in ammonium fluoride is higher than that of nickel (II) cation. Additionally, the ammonium acid fluoride is stored in steel barrels because of the relatively high process temperature that preclude the use of polymeric drums. This results in the leaching of iron from the steel drum to the solution. Pelchem expressed an interest in a suitable method of purification of ammonium fluoride, with specific interest of removing nickel (II) cation, copper (II) cation as well as iron (II) cation. The constraints to consider when selecting the appropriate methods are operating costs as well as the capital costs, but the most important factor to consider is the effectiveness of the method in removing the contaminant. In this regard, cationic exchange resins are very suitable, and they are very practical for industrial applications. In its simplest form, ammonium fluoride solutions are prepared by bubbling ammonia gas through solutions of hydrofluoric acid. Quite a few interesting uses of ammonium fluoride are available, these include as a chemical modifier in lead analysis, synthesis of beta zeolites, etc. The most prominent use is as a technical grade etchant in the electronics industry. The main aim of this research was to investigate ion exchange as a method of removing contaminants from Pelchem ammonium acid fluoride. Static equilibrium/selectivity experiments reveal that Purolite S930 Plus and Lewatit TP207 show a great affinity for the copper cation. For the limiting step of the reaction, the analysis includes apparent kinetics modelling contrasted with mass transfer modelling. In the case of reaction kinetics, Arrhenius and Van’t hoff equations were used to determine reaction parameters: the activation energies are 14 368 J∙mol-1 and 24 116 J∙mol-1, for Purolite and Lewatit respectively. The pre-exponential constants are 2 213 and 269 682 L2∙min-1∙mol-2 for Purolite and Lewatit in that order. The heats of reaction are -26 555 and -4 696 J∙mol-1 for Purolite and Lewatit respectively. Whilst the equilibrium pre-exponential constants are 75 057and 150 for Purolite and Lewatit respectively. Diffusivities for the two resins were found to be in reasonable agreement with those recorded in literature. They follow a temperature dependency trajectory. Weisz-Prater analysis of the observed reaction rate and the diffusion rate, in the two resins, reveals that intraparticle diffusion is the limiting step in the reaction. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Chemical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

Em uma das etapas do processo de produção do dióxido de urânio, obtém-se como subproduto o fluoreto de amônio em solução. O dióxido de urânio é utilizado na confecção dos elementos que abastecem às Usinas Nucleares.Na unidade fabril da empresa Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S. A.,esse material sintético é cristalizado em um oneroso e delicado processo de secagem, utilizando grandes equipamentos e considerável quantidade de insumos.A unidade fabril em questão é capaz de produzir anualmente pouco mais de 130 toneladasde fluoreto de amônio seco e a perspectiva atual é favorável à expansão da capacidade instalada. Atualmente, não há destinação final ou aplicação prevista para esse material seco, ou seja, o material é armazenado por tempo indeterminado, onerando ainda mais a produção do combustível nuclear com os custos de manuseio e armazenagem. Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar uma rota alternativapara a síntese da fluorita, ou fluoreto de cálcio (CaF2), a partir da solução de fluoreto de amônio obtida como subproduto do processode produção do Dióxido de Urânio, verificando qual o melhor agente precipitante e estabelecendo as melhores condições para o processo de síntese. A fluorita possui uma vasta aplicação, principalmente nos campos da química, siderurgia e cerâmica. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando-se calcita (CaCO3) como agente precipitante, mantidas as condições de processo: temperatura (Treação) =70 ºC; tempo de residência (treação) = 2 h e relação estequiométrica entre os reagentes (RE) = 1:1. A calcita foi caracterizada por ICP/OES, difratometria de raios-X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura acoplada a espectrômetro de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS).Os produtos foram caracterizados por DRX e MEV/EDS. / At the uranium dioxide production process, ammonium fluoride is obtainedas a byproduct. Uranium dioxide is used at the production of fuel assemblies for Nuclear Mills.At Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S. A. site, synthetic ammonium fluoride is crystallized in a costly and delicate drying process, which spends importantamounts of supplies. The industrial site in question is able to annually produce over 130 tons ofdryammonium fluoride and the current outlook is favorable to the expansion of installed capacity. Currently, there is no final destination or application provided for this dry material, i.e.,the material is stored indefinitely, further burdening the production of nuclear fuel with the handling and storage costs. This work proposes to study an alternative route for the synthesis of fluorite, or calcium fluoride (CaF2), from ammonium fluoride solution obtained as a by-product of uranium dioxide production process, checkingthe best precipitant agent and establishing the best conditions for the synthesis process.The fluorite has a wide application, particularly in the fields of chemistry, steel and ceramic. The best results were achievedusing calcite (CaCO3) as precipitating agent, keeping the process conditions: temperature (Treação) = 70 ° C; residence time (treação) = 2 h stoichiometric ratio between the reagents (ER) = 1:1.The calcite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS).The products were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDS.

Em uma das etapas do processo de produção do dióxido de urânio, obtém-se como subproduto o fluoreto de amônio em solução. O dióxido de urânio é utilizado na confecção dos elementos que abastecem às Usinas Nucleares.Na unidade fabril da empresa Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S. A.,esse material sintético é cristalizado em um oneroso e delicado processo de secagem, utilizando grandes equipamentos e considerável quantidade de insumos.A unidade fabril em questão é capaz de produzir anualmente pouco mais de 130 toneladasde fluoreto de amônio seco e a perspectiva atual é favorável à expansão da capacidade instalada. Atualmente, não há destinação final ou aplicação prevista para esse material seco, ou seja, o material é armazenado por tempo indeterminado, onerando ainda mais a produção do combustível nuclear com os custos de manuseio e armazenagem. Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar uma rota alternativapara a síntese da fluorita, ou fluoreto de cálcio (CaF2), a partir da solução de fluoreto de amônio obtida como subproduto do processode produção do Dióxido de Urânio, verificando qual o melhor agente precipitante e estabelecendo as melhores condições para o processo de síntese. A fluorita possui uma vasta aplicação, principalmente nos campos da química, siderurgia e cerâmica. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando-se calcita (CaCO3) como agente precipitante, mantidas as condições de processo: temperatura (Treação) =70 ºC; tempo de residência (treação) = 2 h e relação estequiométrica entre os reagentes (RE) = 1:1. A calcita foi caracterizada por ICP/OES, difratometria de raios-X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura acoplada a espectrômetro de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS).Os produtos foram caracterizados por DRX e MEV/EDS. / At the uranium dioxide production process, ammonium fluoride is obtainedas a byproduct. Uranium dioxide is used at the production of fuel assemblies for Nuclear Mills.At Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S. A. site, synthetic ammonium fluoride is crystallized in a costly and delicate drying process, which spends importantamounts of supplies. The industrial site in question is able to annually produce over 130 tons ofdryammonium fluoride and the current outlook is favorable to the expansion of installed capacity. Currently, there is no final destination or application provided for this dry material, i.e.,the material is stored indefinitely, further burdening the production of nuclear fuel with the handling and storage costs. This work proposes to study an alternative route for the synthesis of fluorite, or calcium fluoride (CaF2), from ammonium fluoride solution obtained as a by-product of uranium dioxide production process, checkingthe best precipitant agent and establishing the best conditions for the synthesis process.The fluorite has a wide application, particularly in the fields of chemistry, steel and ceramic. The best results were achievedusing calcite (CaCO3) as precipitating agent, keeping the process conditions: temperature (Treação) = 70 ° C; residence time (treação) = 2 h stoichiometric ratio between the reagents (ER) = 1:1.The calcite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS).The products were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDS.

Les composés diazocétoniques sont des intermédiaires utiles en synthèse organique et l’élaboration de motifs diazocarbonylés est à ce titre un enjeu important. Les diazocétones terminales peuvent subir une addition sur des aldéhydes dans des conditions basiques pour conduire de façon convergente à des composés béta-hydroxy-alpha-diazocétoniques à fort potentiel synthétique. Dans ce contexte, notre projet visait à promouvoir ce type de réaction dans des conditions douces et peu basiques. La stratégie adoptée reposait sur l’utilisation des alpha-trialkylsilyl-alpha-diazoacétones et leur activation nucléophile spécifique par un ion fluorure. Dans un premier temps, la synthèse de la TES-diazoacétone a été optimisée, puis une étude approfondie des paramètres réactionnels a permis la mise au point de la réaction d’aldolisation de la TES-diazoacétone, induite par le TBAF. Deux protocoles expérimentaux faciles de mise en œuvre ont ainsi été mis en place pour conduire à une large gamme de béta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoacétones avec des rendements élevés. L’extension asymétrique de cette méthodologie a ensuite été étudiée en mettant en jeu un fluorure d’ammonium chiral dérivé d’alcaloïde de Cinchona conduisant à la formation des premières béta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoacétones énantioenrichies (e.e = 35%) avec des rendements élevés. Enfin, cette méthodologie a été étendue avec succès à la TIPS-diazoacétone. La robustesse du groupement protecteur TIPS permet d’envisager une large gamme de transformations synthétiques « methyl-side », sans induire une désilylation partielle de la position azométhine du diazo-aldol. Ceci ouvre la voie à l’exploration future de la réactivité des diazoaldols TIPS. / Diazoketones are valuable intermediates in organic synthesis and the elaboration of α-diazocarbonyl scaffolds has aroused a steady interest for many years. The terminal diazoketones can be added to aldehydes under basic conditions to produce beta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoketone compounds with a high synthetic potential. In this context, our project aimed at promoting this type of reaction under mild conditions without using a base. The strategy adopted was based on the use of α-trialkylsilyl-α-diazoacetones and their specific nucleophilic activation by a fluoride ion. Initially, the synthesis of α-trialkylsilyl-α-diazoacetone was optimized and then, an extensive study of the reaction parameters allowed the development of an efficient aldolisation of TES-diazoacetone induced by TBAF. The nucleophilic, weakly basic conditions employed tolerate a wide range of substrates and constitute a practical high-yielding experimental procedure. The asymmetric extension of this methodology was then studied by using a chiral ammonium fluoride derived from Cinchona alkaloid. The condition set up allowed to elaborate the first enantioenriched beta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoacetones (e.e = 35%) in high yields. Finally, this methodology was successfully extended to TIPS-diazoacetone. The robustness of the TIPS protective group makes it possible to envision a range of synthetic « methyl-side » transformations without desilylation of the azomethine position of the diazo-aldol. This study paves the way for future exploration of the reactivity of TIPS diazoaldols.

Hydrogen is currently considered by many as the “fuel of the future”. It is particularly favoured as a replacement for fossil fuels due to its clean-burning properties; the waste product of combustion being water. While hydrogen is relatively easy to produce, there is currently a lack of practical storage methods for molecular H2, and this is greatly hindering the use of hydrogen as a fuel. Gases are normally stored in vessels under only moderate pressures and in liquid form where possible, which yields the highest energy density. However, to store reasonable quantities of hydrogen in similar volume containers, cryogenic temperatures or extreme pressure are required. Many potential hydrogen storage technologies are currently under investigation, including adsorption on metal hydrides, nanotubes and glass microspheres, and the chemical breakdown of compounds containing hydrogen to release H2. Recent studies have sparked interest in hydrates as a potential hydrogen storage material. The molecular storage of hydrogen in clathrate hydrates could offer significant benefits with regard to ease of formation/regeneration, cost and safety, as compared to other storage materials currently under investigation. Here, we present new experimental hydrate stability data for sII forming hydrogen–water (up to pressures of 180 MPa) and hydrogen–water–tetrahydrofuran systems, the structure-H forming hydrogen–water–methyclycohexane system, and semi-clathrate forming hydrogen–water–tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide/tetra–n-butyl ammonium fluoride systems.